Ha!
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On sensation-seekers and absurd humor, see Andrea Samson, Christian Hempelmann, Oswald Huber, and Stefan Zysset, “Neural Substrates of Incongruity-Resolution and Nonsense Humor,” Neuropsychologia 47 (2009): 1023–1033.
On humor and environmentalism, see Herbert Lefcourt, “Perspective-Taking Humor and Authoritarianism as Predictors of Anthropo-centrism,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 9, no. 1 (1996): 57–71.
On humor and Type A personalities, see Rod Martin and Nicholas Kuiper, “Daily Occurrence of Laughter: Relationships with Age, Gender, and Type A Personality,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 12, no. 4 (1999): 355–384.
On humor and anality, see Richard O’Neill, Roger Greenberg, and Seymour Fisher, “Humor and Anality,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 5, no. 3 (1992): 283–291.
The Fairer Sex
On Robin Lakoff’s take on feminism and humor, see her book Language and Woman’s Place (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
On laughter in natural settings, see Robert Provine, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation (New York: Penguin, 2001).
On sex differences in brain activation during jokes, see Eiman Azim, Dean Mobbs, Booil Jo, Vinod Menon, and Allan Reiss, “Sex Differences in Brain Activation Elicited by Humor,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, no. 45 (2005): 16496–16501.
On cartoons from Playboy versus The New Yorker, see Peter Derks, “Category and Ratio Scaling of Sexual and Innocent Cartoons,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 5, no. 4 (1992): 319–329.
On the consequences of sexist humor, see Thomas Ford, Christie Boxer, Jacob Armstrong, and Jessica Edel, “More Than Just a Joke: The Prejudice-Releasing Function of Sexist Humor,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, no. 2 (2008): 159–170.
Specialization Is for Insects
On object permanence in animals, see Francois Doré, “Object Permanence in Adult Cats (Felis Catus),” Journal of Comparative Psychology 100, no. 4 (1986): 340–347; also Holly Miller, Cassie Gipson, Aubrey Vaughn, Rebecca Rayburn-Reeves, and Thomas Zentall, “Object Permanence in Dogs: Invisible Displacement in a Rotation Task,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 16, no. 1 (2009): 150–155; also Almut Hoffmann, Vanessa Rüttler, and Andreas Nieder, “Ontogeny of Object Permanence and Object Tracking in the Carrion Crow, Corvus Corone,” Animal Behavior 82 (2011): 359–367.
On children’s learning of irony and sarcasm, see Amy Demorest, Christine Meyer, Erin Phelps, Howard Gardner, and Ellen Winner, “Words Speak Louder Than Actions: Understanding Deliberately False Remarks,” Child Development 55 (1984): 1527–1534; also Carol Capelli, Noreen Nakagawa, and Cory Madden, “How Children Understand Sarcasm: The Role of Context and Intonation,” Child Development 61 (1990): 1824–1841.
On humor and conservatism, see Willibald Ruch, Paul McGhee, and Franz-Josef Hehl, “Age Differences in the Enjoyment of Incongruity-Resolution and Nonsense Humor During Adulthood,” Personality and Aging 5, no. 3 (1990): 348–355.
CHAPTER 5: OUR COMPUTER OVERLORDS
On Watson’s victory, see Stephen Baker, Final Jeopardy: Man Versus Machine and the Quest to Know Everything (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011). On Watson’s design, see the white paper released by IBM titled “Watson—A System Designed for Answers,” which can easily be found using online search.
Pattern Detection and Hypothesis Generation
To see The Joking Computer, you can visit the public website at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/jokingcomputer; for an excellent website that chooses jokes specifically matching your own sense of humor based on a filtering algorithm, see http://eigentaste.berkeley.edu.
On humor, computers, and creativity, see almost anything by Margaret Boden, including The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms (New York: Routledge, 2004); also “Creativity and Artificial Intelligence,” Artificial Intelligence 103 (1998): 347–356; also “Creativity and Computers,” Current Science 64, no. 6 (1993): 419–433. The quotations in the text are from personal interviews.
On JAPE, see Kim Binstead and Graeme Ritchie, “An Implemented Model of Punning Riddles,” in Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Menlo Park, CA: American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 1994).
On Hahacronym, see Oliviero Stock and Carlo Strapparava, “Hahacronym: A Computational Humor System,” in Proceedings of the ACL Interactive Poster and Demonstration Sessions (Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2005); also Oliviero Stock and Carlo Strapparava, “Hahacronym: Humorous Agents for Humorous Acronyms,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 16, no. 3 (2003): 297–314.
On DEviaNT, see Chloé Kiddon and Yuriy Brun, “That’s What She Said: Double Entendre Identification,” in Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Portland, OR: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2011).
On the University of North Texas’s one-liner computer program, see Rada Mihalcea and Carlo Strapparava, “Making Computers Laugh: Investigations in Automatic Humor Recognition,” in Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Human Language Technology/Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (Vancouver, Canada, 2005); also Rada Mihalcea and Carlo Strapparava, “Learning to Laugh (Automatically): Computational Models for Humor Recognition,” Computational Intelligence 22, no. 2 (2006): 126–142.
On cloze probability and humor, see Rachel Giora, “Optimal Innovation and Pleasure,” in Proceedings of the Twentieth Workshop on Language Technology (Trento, Italy, 2002).
On humor and N400 effects, see Seana Coulson and Marta Kutas, “Getting It: Human Event-Related Brain Response to Jokes in Good and Poor Comprehenders,” Neuroscience Letters 316 (2001): 71–74.
On semantic priming and humor, see Jyotsna Vaid, Rachel Hull, Roberto Heredia, David Gerkens, and Francisco Martinez, “Getting the Joke: The Time Course of Meaning Activation in Verbal Humor,” Journal of Pragmatics 35 (2003): 1431–1449.
Transformational Creativity
On the neuroscience of creativity, see Arne Dietrich and Riam Kanso, “A Review of EEG, ERP, and Neuroimaging Studies of Creativity and Insight,” Psychological Bulletin 136, no. 5 (2010): 822–848; also Hikaru Takeuchi, Yasuyuki Taki, Hiroshi Hashizume, Yuko Sassa, Tomomi Nagase, Rui Nouchi, and Ryuta Kawashima, “The Association Between Resting Functional Connectivity and Creativity,” Cerebral Cortex 22, no. 12 (2012): 1–9.
On Gaiku, see Yael Netzer, David Gabay, Yoav Goldberg, and Michael Elhadad, “Gaiku: Generating Haiku with Word Association Norms,” in NAACL Workshop on Computational Approaches to Linguistic Creativity (Boulder, CO, 2009).
On computer attempts to model music, painting, and other arts, see Boden’s The Creative Mind: Myths and Mechanisms; also Paul Hodgson, “Modeling Cognition in Creative Musical Improvisation,” unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sussex Department of Informatics; also H. Koning and J. Eizenberg, “The Language of the Prairie: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Prairie Houses,” Environmental Planning B 8 (1981): 295–323; also James Meehan, “The Metanovel: Writing Stories by Computer,” unpublished doctoral thesis, Yale University Department of Computer Science; also Patrick McNally and Kristian Hammond, “Picasso, Pato, and Perro: Reconciling Procedure with Creativity,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Creativity (Mexico City, Mexico, 2011); also Harold Cohen, On the Modeling of Creative Behavior (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation Technical Paper, 1981).
Keeping Salt Out
On measurement of creativity, see Mary Lou Maher, “Evaluating Creativity in Humans, Computers, and Collectively Intelligent Systems,” in Proceedings of the First DESIRE Network Conference on Creativity and Innovation in Design (Lancaster, England, 2010); also Graeme Ritchie, “Some Empirical Criteria for Attributing Creativity to a Computer Program,” Minds and Machines 17 (2007): 67–99.
On The Automatic Mathematician, see G. Ritchie and F. Hanna, “Automatic Mathematician: A Case Study in AI Methodology,” Artifici
al Intelligence 23 (1984): 249–258.
On the Chinese Room Thought Experiment, see John Searle, “Minds, Brains, and Programs,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, no. 3 (1980): 417–457.
CHAPTER 6: THE BILL COSBY EFFECT
On humor and illness, see Norman Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979).
The Doctor Inside
On laughter as exercise, see M. Buchowski, K. Majchrzak, K. Blomquist, K. Chen, D. Byrne, and J. Bachorowski, “Energy Expenditure of Genuine Laughter,” International Journal of Obesity 31 (2007): 131–137.
On laughter and blood pressure, see William Fry and William Savin, “Mirthful Laughter and Blood Pressure,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 1, no. 1 (1988): 49–62; also Jun Sugawara, Takashi Tarumi, and Hirofumi Tanaka, “Effect of Mirthful Laughter on Vascular Function,” American Journal of Cardiology 106, no. 6 (2010): 856–859.
On Michael Miller’s vasoreactivity studies, see Michael Miller and William Fry, “The Effect of Mirthful Laughter on the Human Cardiovascular System,” Medical Hypotheses 73, no. 5 (2009): 636–643; also see accounts of Michael Miller’s presentation to the Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology (Orlando, FL, 2005).
On laughter and diabetes, see Takashi Hayashi, Osamu Urayama, Miyo Hori, Shigeko Sakamoto, Uddin Mohammad Nasir, Shizuko Iwanaga, Keiko Hayashi, Fumiaki Suzuki, Koichi Kawai, and Kazuo Murakami, “Laughter Modulates Prorenin Receptor Gene Expression in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes,” Journal of Psychonomic Research 62 (2007): 703–706; also Keiko Hayashi, Takashi Hayashi, Shizuko Iwanaga, Koichi Kawai, Hitoshi Ishii, Shin’ichi Shoji, and Kanuo Murakami, “Laughter Lowered the Increase in Postprandial Blood Glucose,” Diabetes Care 26, no. 5 (2003): 1651–1652.
For a review on humor and diseases such as arthritis and dermatitis, see Paul McGhee, Humor: The Lighter Path to Resilience and Health (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2010).
On humor and the immune system, see Herbert Lefcourt, Karina Davidson-Katz, and Karen Kueneman, “Humor and Immune-System Functioning,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 3, no. 3 (1990): 305–321; also Arthur Stone, Donald Cox, Heiddis Valdi-marsdottir, Lina Jandorf, and John Neale, “Evidence That Secretory IgA Antibody Is Associated with Daily Mood,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, no. 5 (1987): 988–993; also Mary Bennett, Janice Zeller, Lisa Rosenberg, and Judith McCann, “The Effect of Mirthful Laughter on Stress and Natural Killer Cell Activity,” Alternative Therapies 9, no. 2 (2003): 38–44.
On the Norwegian health study, see Sven Svebak, Rod Martin, and Jostein Holmen, “The Prevalence of Sense of Humor in a Large, Unselected Country Population in Norway: Relations with Age, Sex, and Some Health Indicators,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 17, no. 1/2 (2004): 121–134.
On personality and longevity, see Howard Friedman, Joan Tucker, Carol Tomlinson-Keasey, Joseph Schwartz, Deborah Wingard, and Michael Criqui, “Does Childhood Personality Predict Longevity?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 176–185.
On humor and heart-unhealthy traits, see Paavo Kerkkänen, Nicholas Kuiper, and Rod Martin, “Sense of Humor, Physical Health, and Well-Being at Work: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study of Finnish Police Officers,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 17, no. 1/2 (2004): 21–35.
On neuroticism and longevity, see Benjamin Lahey, “Public Health Significance of Neuroticism,” American Psychologist 64, no. 4 (2009): 241–256.
The Bill Cosby Effect
On humor and recovery of hospital patients, see James Rotton and Mark Shats, “Effects of State Humor, Expectancies, and Choice on Postsurgical Mood and Self-Medication: A Field Experiment,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26, no. 20 (1996): 1775–1794.
On humor, pain tolerance, and the cold pressor test, see Matisyohu Weisenberg, Inbal Tepper, and Joseph Schwarzwald, “Humor as a Cognitive Technique for Increasing Pain Tolerance,” Pain 63 (1995): 207–212.
On the benefits of watching sitcoms like Friends, compared to sitting and resting, see Attila Szabo, Sarah Ainsworth, and Philippa Danks, “Experimental Comparison of the Psychological Benefits of Aerobic Exercise, Humor, and Music,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 18, no. 3 (2005): 235–246.
On humor styles and health, see Paul Frewen, Jaylene Brinker, Rod Martin, and David Dozois, “Humor Styles and Personality—Vulnerability to Depression,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 21, no. 2 (2008): 179–195; also Vassilis Saroglou and Lydwine Anciaux, “Liking Sick Humor: Coping Styles and Religion as Predictors,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 17, no. 3 (2004): 257–277; also Nicholas Kuiper and Rod Martin, “Humor and Self-Concept,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 6, no. 3 (1993): 251–270; also Nicholas Kuiper, Melissa Grimshaw, Catherine Leite, and Gillian Kirsh, “Humor Is Not Always the Best Medicine: Specific Components of Sense of Humor and Psychological Well-Being,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 17, no. 1/2 (2004): 135–168.
On the moderator hypothesis of humor (discussed on page 147), see Arthur Nezu, Christine Nezu, and Sonia Blissett, “Sense of Humor as a Moderator of the Relation Between Stressful Events and Psychological Distress: A Prospective Analysis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 3 (1988): 520–525.
On humor and the movie Faces of Death, see Arnie Cann, Lawrence Calhoun, and Jamey Nance, “Exposure to Humor Before and After an Unpleasant Stimulus: Humor as a Preventative or a Cure,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 13, no. 2 (2000): 177–191.
On humor and positive outlook, see Millicent Abel, “Humor, Stress, and Coping Strategies,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 15, no. 4 (2002): 365–381; also N. Kuiper, R. Martin, and K. Dance, “Sense of Humor and Enhanced Quality of Life,” Personality and Individual Differences 13, no. 12 (1992): 1273–1283.
For examples of humor in hospitals, see John Morreall, “Applications of Humor: Health, the Workplace, and Education,” in The Primer of Humor Research, ed. Victor Raskin (New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009); also Paul McGhee’s Humor: The Lighter Path to Resilience and Health (New York: AuthorHouse, 2010).
CHAPTER 7: HUMOR DANCES
Humor and Dancing
On similarities between humor and jazz, see Kendall Walton, “Understanding Humor and Understanding Music,” The Journal of Musicology 11, no. 1 (1993): 32–44; also Frank Salamone, “Close Enough for Jazz: Humor and Jazz Reality,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 1, no. 4 (1988): 371–388.
On comedic timing, see Salvatore Attardo and Lucy Pickering, “Timing in the Performance of Jokes,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 24, no. 2 (2011): 233–250.
On paratones, see Lucy Pickering, Marcella Corduas, Jodi Eisterhold, Brenna Seifried, Alyson Eggleston, and Salvatore Attardo, “Prosodic Markers of Saliency in Humorous Narratives,” Discourse Processes 46 (2009): 517–540.
On jab lines, see Villy Tsakona, “Jab Lines in Narrative Jokes,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 16, no. 3 (2003): 315–329.
For a review on Paul Grice and his rules of communication, see Daniel Perlmutter, “On Incongruities and Logical Inconsistencies in Humor: The Delicate Balance,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 15, no. 2 (2002): 155–168; also Salvatore Attardo’s Linguistic Theories of Humor (New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994).
On the uniqueness of irony, see Salvatore Attardo, Jodi Eisterhold, Jennifer Hay, and Isabella Poggi, “Multimodal Markers of Irony and Sarcasm,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 16, no. 2 (2003): 243–260.
Peer Pressure
On experimenters’ influencing of participant humor ratings, see Willibald Ruch, “State and Trait Cheerfulness and the Induction of Exhilaration: A FACS Study,” European Psychologist 2, no. 4 (1997): 328–341.
On shared laughter, see Howard Pollio and Charles Swanson, “A Behavioral and Phenomenological Analysis of
Audience Reactions to Comic Performance,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 8, no. 1 (1995): 5–28; also Jonathan Freedman and Deborah Perlick, “Crowding, Contagion, and Laughter,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 15 (1979): 295–303; also Jennifer Butcher and Cynthia Whissell, “Laughter as a Function of Audience Size, Sex of the Audience, and Segments of the Short Film ‘Duck Soup,’” Perceptual and Motor Skills 59 (1984): 949–950; also Alan Fridlund, “Sociality of Solitary Smiling: Potentiation by an Implicit Audience,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60, no. 2 (1991): 229–240; also T. Nosanchuk and Jack Lightstone, “Canned Laughter and Public and Private Conformity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29, no. 1 (1974): 153–156; also Richard David Young and Margaret Frye, “Some Are Laughing, Some Are Not—Why?” Psychological Reports 18 (1966): 747–754.
On experimental manipulations of humor, see David Wimer and Bernard Beins, “Expectations and Perceived Humor,” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 21, no. 3 (2008): 347–363; also James Olson and Neal Roese, “The Perceived Funniness of Humorous Stimuli,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21, no. 9 (1995): 908–913; also Timothy Lawson, Brian Downing, and Hank Cetola, “An Attributional Explanation for the Effect of Audience Laughter on Perceived Funniness,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 20, no. 4 (1998): 243–249.
Lastly, for any old high school friends who are wondering (regarding the section’s final metaphor): no, I wasn’t related to my prom date. Susan, wherever you are now, I hope all is well.
Two Brains, One Mind
I changed Linda’s name out of respect for her privacy. In academic literature she is known as patient N.G. I did the same for Philip, who is known as patient L.B.
On split brains and hemispheric laterality, see Eran Zaidel and Marco Iacoboni, The Parallel Brain: The Cognitive Neuroscience of the Corpus Callosum (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003). The quotations in the text are from personal interviews. On the commissurotomy process, see Joseph Bogen and Philip Vogel, “Neurologic Status in the Long Term Following Complete Cerebral Commissurotomy,” in F. Michel and B. Schott, Les Syndromes de Disconnexion Calleuse Chez l’Homme (Hôpital Lyon, 1974).