Voss, J.W and M.G. Rosenfeld. 1992. Anterior pituitary development. Cell 70: 527–30
Vrolik, W. 1834. Over den aard en oorsprong der cyclopie. Niewe verhan-delingen der Eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk Nederland Instituut. 5: 25112
Vrolik, W. 1844–49. Tabulae ad illustrandam embryogenesin hominis et mam-malium tarn naturalem quam abnormem. Amsterdam, London
Waaler, H.T 1984. Height, weight and mortality: the Norwegian experience. Acta Medica Scandinavia Supplement 679: 1–56
Walton, M.T. et al. 1993. Of monsters and prodigies: the interpretation of birth defects in the sixteenth century. American Journal of Medical Genetics 47: 7–13
Watanabe, A. et al. 1998. Epistatic relationship between Waardenburg syndrome genes MITF and PAX3. Nature Genetics 18: 283–6
Weber, G. 1995–99. Lonely islands: the Andamanese. The Andaman Association, Switzerland, http://andaman.org
Weinstein, B.S. and D. Ciszek. 2002. The reserve-capacity hypothesis: evolutionary origins and modern implications of the trade-off between tumor-suppression and tissue repair. Experimental Gerontology 37: 615–27
Westendorp, R.G.J. and T.B.L. Kirkwood. 1998. Human longevity and the cost of reproductive success. Nature 396: 743–6
Wilkie, A.O. et al. 1995. Apert syndrome results from localized mutations of FGFR2 and is allelic with Crouzon syndrome. Nature Genetics 9: 165–72
Williams, D. 1996. Deformed discourse. The function of the monstrous in medieval thought. University of Exeter Press
Williams, G.C. 1957. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senesence. Evolution 11: 398–411
Williams, G.R. 1998. Thyroid hormone action on cartilage and bone: interactions with other hormones at the epiphyseal plate and effects on linear growth. Journal of Endocrinology 157:391–403
Williamson, S. and R. Nowak. 1998. The truth about women. New Scientist. 159: 34–5
Willier, B.H. and J.M. Oppenheimer. 1964. Foundations of experimental embryology. Prentice-Hall, N.J.
Wilmoth, J.R. et al. 2000a. Demography of longevity: past, present, and future trends. Experimental Gerontology 35: 1111–29
Wilmoth, J.R. et al. 2000b. Increase of maximum life-span in Sweden, 1861–1999. Science 289: 2366–86
Wilmut, I. 2002. Are there any normal cloned animals? Nature Medicine 8: 215–16
Wilmut, I. et al. 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385: 810–13
Wilson, D. 1993. Signs and portents: monstrous births from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Routledge, London
Wilson, J.D. and C. Roehrborn. 1999. Long term consequences of castration in men: lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84: 4324–31
Winter, R.M. 1996. What’s in a face? Nature Genetics 12: 124–129
Winter, R.M. and D. Donnai. 1989. A possible human homologue for the mouse mutant disorganisation. Journal of Medical Genetics 26: 417–20
Wittkower, R. 1942. Marvels of the East. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5: 159–97
Wolpert, L. 1971. Positional information and pattern formation. Developmental Biology 6: 183–224
Woolf, CM. and F.C. Dukepoo. 1969. Hopi Indians, inbreeding, and albinism. Science 164: 30–7
Worden, G. 2002. Mutter Museum. Blast Books, N. Y.
Wright, S. 1935. A mutation of the guinea-pig, tending to restore the pen-tadactyl foot when heterozygous, producing a monstrosity when heterozygous. Genetics 20: 84–107
Wu, W. et al. 1998. Mutations in prop-1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Nature Genetics 18: 147–9
Yang, A. et al. 1999. P63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development. Nature 398: 714–18
Yang, Y. et al. 1997. Relationship between dose, distance and time in sonic hedgehog mediated regulation of anteroposterior polarity in the chick limb. Development 124: 4393–4404
Yu, C.E. et al. 1989. Positional cloning of the Werner’s syndrome gene. Science 272: 258–62
Yule, H. 1858. A narrative of the mission sent by the Governor-General of India to the court of Ava in 1855. Bell, N.Y.
Zákány, J. et al. 1997. Regulation of number and size of digits by posterior Hox genes: A dose dependent mechanism with potential evolutionary implications. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 1395–13700
Zapperi. R. 1995. Ein Haarmensch auf einem Gamälde von Agostino Carracci. in Hagner, M. (ed.) Der falsche Körper: Bieträge zu einer Geschichte der Monstrositäten. Wallstein, Göttingen
Zekraoui, L. et al. 1997. High frequency of the apolipoprotein 84 allele in African pygmies and most of the African populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Human Biology 69: 575–81
Zeng, X. et al. 2001. A freely diffusible form of sonic hedgehog mediates long-range signalling. Nature 411: 716–20
Zguricas, J. et al. 1999. Clinical and genetics studies on 12 preaxial polydactlyly families and refinement of the localization of the gene responsible to a 1. 9 cM region on chromosome 7q35. Journal of Medical Genetics 36: 32–40
Zhou, X.–P. et al. 2000. Germline and germline mosaic PTEN mutations associated with a Proteus-like syndrome of hemihypertrophy, lower-limb asymmetry, arteriovenous malformations and lipomatosis. Human Molecular Genetics 19: 765–8
Zhou, X.-P. et al. 2001. Association of germline mutation in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and Proteus and Proteus-like syndromes. Lancet 358:210–11
Zimmerman, L.B. et al. 1996. The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates Bone morphogenetic protein-4. Cell 86: 599–606
Zou, H. and L. Niswander. 1996. Requirement for BMP signalling in inter-digital apoptosis and scale formation. Science 272: 738–41
Index
Page references in italic refer to illustrations)
Aborigines, Australian 27, 144, 341, 342
Académie Française, Paris 101, 121
Académie Royale de Médecine 26, 31
Acanthostega 132–3
ACE (gene) 328
acheiropody 114, 114–15, 125, 126
achondroplasia 154–6, 155, 157, 161, 167,175, 185
acromegaly 207, 265
Addison, Joseph: The Battle of the Pygmies and the Cranes 182
adrenal glands 263, 264–5
Afzélius, Bjorn 57–8
ageing 299, 300–4, 313–14; and cells 319–23; disorders 319, 323; and free radicals 314–15, 316–18; mortality rates 329–31; and skin 318–19; see also longevity
AIMs see Ancestry Informative Markers
Ainu, the 268
Aka, the 183, 186–7
Akadimoo (pygmy) 181, 183
albinism/albinos 14, 245, 250, 251, 252, 253–5, 258, 259–60
Aldrovandi, Ulisse 9, 11; Monstrorum historia 4, 6, 8, 273
allegory 5–6, 7, 84–5
alopecia see baldness
ALS see amytrophic lateral sclerosis
Alzheimer’s disease 300, 326–7
American National States Rights Party: Thunderbolt article 110
amino acids 89, 158
amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 316
Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) 339–40
Andaman Islands: negritos 183–4, 184 341,346–7
anencephalic children 51–2
Angela and Amy (conjoined twins) 60
‘anticipation’ 298
apartheid (South Africa) 262–4
apical ectodermal ridges 113, 114, 115–16, 126–7
APOE (apolipoprotein E) gene 300, 326, 327, 328
Aquinas, Thomas 33
aristocracy, British 308–9
Aristotle 9, 10, 241; The generation of animals 32–3, 35; Historia animalium 199, 282; On length and shortness of life 307–8
arms 110–11, 112–13, 127–8; missing 111–12, 118–20, 119, 128
Arnold (Chinese sailor) and his descendants 137–8, 140
aromatase 239�
�40, 241–2
Artemis Ephesia 290–3, 291
Ashberry, Mary 155
Augustine, St 70
auricles, supernumerary 84, 84–6, 85
Auschwitz 148–9, 150–2
Ava, Burma 273–6
Bacon, Francis 10, 48; Novum organum 10–12, 13
Bagydaw, king of Ava 273, 274, 275
baldness 280–4; female 283
Barbin, Herculine (Abel/Alexina) 217–22, 229, 236, 237,238,243
Bateson, William: Materials… 85, 86–7, 123
bearded women 238, 239, 268, 283
beauty 348–53, 355–6
Belgian blues (cows) 157
Bell, Alexander Graham 304–5, 306, 309
Beowulf 105
Bhudas 287
Birds: feathers 8, 280; sex chromosomes 231; and teeth 288; see also chickens
Birkett, J.: ‘Congenital…auricles on the sides of the neck’ 85
Blafards 251, 253, 258
blastopores 38, 39, 40, 41
Blixen, Karen 17
Boaistuau, Pierre: Histoires prodigieuses 6, 28, 29
Boas, Franz 243, 342, 343–4
Bobey, John Richardson Primrose 258
Bonaparte, Napoleon 47, 164, 195
bone(s) 138–40, 140, 160; excess 140–4; growth of 144–6, 153–4; missing 137–8, 140; see also arms; legs
bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 139–40, 141, 144, 280; BMP4 42, 44, 102
Bontius, Jacob: Orang (in Historia naturalis Indiae Orientalis) 249, 250
Borboutin, Isalina 173
Boruwlaski, Joseph 170–5, 172, 176, 177
Bosch, Hieronymus 67
Botticelli, Sandro: Mars and Venus 85
Brandenburg, Electress of 170
Brandt, Alexander 284–5
Brazilians: acheiropodic 114, 114–15; and beauty 352, 356
BRCA1 (gene) 300
breasts 286, 287; cancer gene 300; extra 289, 289–90, 292
British aristocracy, height of 210–11
Browne, Sir Thomas 30, 35; Pseudodoxia epidemica… 8, 91; Religio medici 9, 313
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de 17, 31, 170, 189, 350; Histoire naturelle…21, 57, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257–8
bumblebee bats 190
Burckhardt, Jacob 311
Byrne, Charles 178, 178–9, 207, 265
Caesar, Julius 283
Cafarelli (castrato) 200
Cain 71, 105–6
calf, cyclopic 73
caloric restriction 311–13, 314, 325
Camper, Petrus 340, 341, 350
cancers 299, 300, 302, 314 321: and growth 204–7
Cantimpré, Thomas à: De naturis rerum 70–1
Cape Malays 137–8, 140
cardiovascular disease 326, 328, 330–1; see also heart attacks
Carracci, Agostino: Arrigo Peloso, Pietro Matto e Amon Nano 269–70, 270, 273
Carracci, Annibale: Omnia vincit Amor 85
cartilage 139, 140, 156, 158
castration/castrati 199–201; see also eunuchs
catalase 317
cats: toes 121
Cazotte, Marc (‘Pepin’) 103, 119, 119–20
CBFA1 (gene) 140
cells 35, 36, 41–2, 82–3, 126, 319–21; suicide of 116–17, 207
Chacrelats 249, 251
Chadwick, Edwin 211
Chair-Allah-Luigi 186–8, 187
Charles I, of England 9, 10
Chesnet, Dr 221–2
chickens: embryo experiments 47–8, 59–60, 77, 113, 117, 122–3, 124, 280; and teeth 288
childhood mortality rates 329–30
Chinese, the 201, 210, 268, 350
cholesterol 234, 326
chondrocytes 139, 140, 153–4, 156, 158
chordin 44, 102
chromosomes 13, 230–3, 317–18
cilia 58, 59
Cleopatra xv
‘Cleppie Bells’ 106–9, 115
clitoris, the 225–8, 227, 229; of pseudoher-maphrodites 221, 236, 237, 239
Cloetens, Elsje 298
clones 322–3
club-feet 109
collagens 158
collections, teratology 11, 12–13, 61–2, 65–6, 72, 78, 120, 143; see also Vrolik, Willem
Colloredo, Lazarus 53
Columbus, Renaldus 91, 225–6, 228
‘condensations’ 127–8, 139
consanguinous marriages 356
Cornaro, Luigi 295, 310–11; Discorsi della vita sobria 309–11
Cotter, Patrick 178
Courier Français 26
Cracow, Monster of 6–7
craniometry see skulls
Crawfurd, John 273, 274, 275, 286
cretins/cretinism 194–6, 197, 198, 352; myxedematous 195, 195
Cro-Magnon man 191
Cushing’s disease 263–4
Cuvier, Baron Georges 26, 46, 101
Cyclopes 68–9, 70, 70–1
cyclopia/cyclopic children 67–9, 71–3, 72, 74, 74–5, 78–9, 83
CYP26A1 (gene) 80, 82
Daru, the see Taron, the
Darwin, Charles: The descent of man 267, 286, 287, 349–51; The variation of animals and plants under domestication 131–2
de Camio Scipion, Via?eslav Michailovi? 122
‘Derbyshire neck’ 197
dermis: and hair 278–80
Devonian swamp-beasts 132–3
Devonshire, Duke and Duchess of 174, 177
DHT see dihydroxytestosterone
diabetes (type 2) 339
diet: and growth 209–11; and longevity 309–13, 325
digits (fingers; toes) 117, 121, 122–4, 128; extra see Polydactyly; fused 128,141; missing 128; webbed 117
dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) 238, 244, 284
Disorganisation (mouse mutant) 96–7
DNA 13–14, 40, 80, 314
dogs 121, 206–8, 287
‘Dolly’ (Sheep 6LL3) 322–3
Down’s syndrome 317–18
Dutch, the 141, 209–10, 298, 312, 353
Duverney, Joseph-Guichard 30, 31
dwarfs/dwarfism 169–75, 176; see also achondroplasia, pituitary dwarfism, pseudoachondroplasia, pycnodysostosis
dyenin 58
ears 81; see also auricles
Eastlack, Harry Raymond 141–3, 142, 143
ectoderm 37, 278
ectodermal dysplasia 387
ectodysplasin 287, 288
ectrodactyly 107–9, 108, 111, 115
Ecuador: dwarfs 176, 190
Efe, the 183, 327
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 281
‘Elephant Man, the’ see Merrick, James
embryos, human 18, 31, 32, 94–5; development of 35–7, 40–4, 49–51, 58–9, 93–4, 112–13, 127–8, 228–9, 237–8, 260, 276–8
Emin Pasha 180, 180, 185
Empéraire, Achille 159
ems (gene) 99
endoderm 37, 50
Eng and Chang (Siamese twins) 33, 45
epidermis: and hair 278–80
epigenesis/epigeneticists 31, 32, 47
estradiol 203, 239
estrogen, male 202–3, 239, 240
estrone 203, 239
eugenics programmes 282–3, 305
eumelanin 253, 265, 266
eunuchs 199, 201–2, 203, 282–3
eyelashes, extra 96
eyeless (gene) 99
Fabricius 9
Farinelli (Carlo Broschi) (castrato) 199–200
Farnese, Cardinal Odoardo 269
feet: club 109; missing see acheiropody; webbed 117; see also digits
Ferris, Jeffrey 298
Feunet, Jean-Pierre: Lefabuleux destin d’Amélie Poulain 159
fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 41, 116–17, 118, 120, 126–7, 154–7, 280
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) 141–4, 142, 143
fingers see digits
fish: cyclopic embryos 73; gills 86; and Hox genes 130; lobefinned 129–30; Medaka/scaleless 287–8; opercular bone
s 100; rays 129
Fontana, Lavinia: Tognina Gonsalvus 271–2
FOP see fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Ford, Gerald 281
‘Frau Welt’ 5
Frederick II, of Austria 11
Frederick II, Archduke of Tyrol 271
free radicals 314–15, 316, 317, 318
Freud, Sigmund 226
Frey, Julia 164
fruit flies (Drosophila) 74, 87–8, 92, 98–9, 101; caloric-restricted 312–13; and longevity 306–7, 315–17
FY gene 339
Gasseling, Mary 122–3
gastrula/gastrulation 36–7
Gegenbauer, Carl 132
Gehrig, Lou/Lou Gehrig disease 316
Genara (pygmy queen) 181
genetic variety 336–40, 345; disappearance of 346–7; in skulls 340–5, 342–3, 347
Geneviève (albino) 251, 252, 253, 254
genitalia 223–9; ambiguous 235–6, 240; see pseudoher-maphrodites; effect of chromosomes on 230–3; malformed 14, 128; of spotted hyenas 241–2
genome, human 15–16, 41, 42, 95, 101, 116
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne 46–9, 62, 99–102
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore 26, 47, 48, 169, 170;
Geranomachia (war of the pygmies) 182, 184
Gérard, Marie/Germain 236
gigantism, pituitary 178, 178–9, 207, 265
‘glass bone disease’ see osteogenesis imperfecta
goats: with extra auricles 84, 86; without forelimbs 112
Gobineau, Arthur, Comte de 262
Goethe, Johann von 49
goitres 196, 197, 198, 352
Goldschmidt, Richard 147
gonadotropin 303
gonads 18, 234; see also testes
Gonsalvus, Arrigo 269–71, 270
Gonsalvus, Petrus 271, 272, 272–3, 284, 285
Gonsalvus, Tognina 271–2
Gould, Stephen Jay 344, 346
Goya, Francisco de 119
Gratton, George Alexander 258, 259
Greek mythology 28, 68–9, 109, 181–3, 242; see also Artemis Ephesia, Homer
Greek vases 167, 184–5
‘growth hormone’ 146, 175–6, 189, 203–4, 207, 212
growth rates, human 188–9, 202; and cancers 203–7; see also height
Guanches, the 271
Guéneau de Montbeillard, Count Philibert 189
guevedoche see Salinas
Guilbert, Yvette 161, 164
guinea pigs: digits 121, 122
Gumilla, José: Orinoco illustrado 258
H-Y antigens 232
hair 276–80, 281–2, 286, 287, 288; loss of 280–4; see also hairiness, red-haired people
hairiness/hirsutism/hypertrichosis lanuginosa 268–76, 270, 272, 277, 284–5, 286
Mutants Page 36