Mutants
Page 37
Haldane, J.B.S. 298–9, 300, 301, 302
Hamburger, Viktor 147
Hamilton, James 282–3
Hands: ectrodactylous 107–9, 108, 111, 115; missing see acheiropody; see also digits
Harvey, William 9–10; De generatione animalium 10, 51
heart attacks 16, 300, 329
hearts, extra 95–6
‘hedgehog’ genes 41, 74–5; ‘sonic’ 74, 75–7, 76, 124–5, 284
height 188–9, 211–13; of eunuchs 201–2, 203; and longevity 208–9; and poverty 209–11; and testosterone receptors 235; see also dwarfism, gigantism, ‘growth hormone’, pygmies
Hensel, Brittany and Abigail (conjoined twins) 60–1
Hephaestus 109
hermaphrodites 222, 242; see pseudoher-maphrodites
Hermaphroditus Asleep (after Poussin) 215
Hesiod: Theogony 68
Hindus, toothless 286, 287
Hirst, B.C., and Piersol, G.A.: Human monstrosities 5, 46, 74, 79
hirsutism see hairiness
Hkunungs, the 192
Hoefling, Rita 263–5
Hoefnagel, Georg: Petrus family 271
holoprosencephaly 73, 74, 75
homeobox genes 89–90, 95
homeosis/homeotic genes 86–92, 97–9
Homer: Odyssey 68, 78, 181, 182–3
Homo erectus 191
Homo neanderthalensis 191
Homo sapiens 247, 293
Homo troglodytes 249, 249–50, 251
homologies/homologues 100–1, 102; and genitalia 223, 225, 228, 229
Hopi Indians: albinism 255
Hormones: melanocyte-stimulating 265–6; and sexuality 243–4, see also estrogens, testosterone; see also ‘growth hormone’
Hottentots 350
Hox genes 92–4, 98, 126, 128, 129–31
Hufeland, Christian: Markobiotik 311
Humiecka, Comtesse de 171
Hunter, John 179, 206
Hunterian Museum, 66, 178, 179, 206, 259
Huntington, George 298
Huntington disease 297–9, 300, 301, 303
Husserl, Edmund 45
Hyde, William: descendants 304–5
hydrogen peroxide 317
hyenas 240–2
hypertelorism syndrome 77
hypertrichosis lanuginosa 269–76, 270, 272, 277, 285, 286
Ibo, the: albinos 254
Ichthyostega 132–3
insulin-growth-factor (IGF) 189, 190, 203, 204; in dogs 206, 207; in nematode worms 324–5
Inuit, the 341, 342
iodine 196, 197, 198
‘Irish Giants’ 177–8; see Byrne, Charles
isotretinoin 80
Istanbul: eunuchs 201–2, 203, 282
Janin, Jules 26, 61
Jarawas 347
jaws 341
Johnson, Dr Samuel 182, 281
Joseph and Luka (conjoined twins) 60
Jost, Alexandre 233–4
Julius II, Pope 3, 4
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin 146–7
Kakurlakos 249, 251, 253
Kartagener’s syndrome 56–8, 57, 60
Katie and Eilish (conjoined twins) 60
Kaunitz, Prince 171
Keibel, Franz: Normentafel…93
Keith, Sir Arthur 179
Khoisans 341
Kiutzu, the 192
Kobelt, Georg Ludwig 227, 227
Kongbaungs, the 273–4
Kruk, island of 209
kyphosis 201
labia majora and minora 229
Laloo (Indian boy) 53
lambs, cyclopic 73–4
Lamy, Maurice 164
Landriot, Monsignor J.-F 221
Landucci, Lucca 3, 4
lanugo 285
legs 110–11, 112–13, 127–8, 139, 144; missing 112, 118–20, 119
lemurs: armpit breasts 290
Lenz, W. 118
Leonardo da Vinci xv; (attrib.) Cyclopia 72, 72
Leydig cells 234, 235
Liceti, Fortunio: De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis 1, 6, 8, 63, 71, 72
limbs see arms; legs
Linnaeus, Carl 340; Fauna svecica 290–1, 291, 292–3; Systema naturae 247–50, 249, 262
Lisbey (a piebald) 258, 259, 259–60
Lisu, the 192
lobe-fins 129–30
longevity 304–5, 306, 308–9; and diet 309–13, 325; in fruit flies 306–7, 315; and height 208–9; and human genes 325–9; in nematode worms 323–5; and reproduction 307–8, 309
lungfish 129, 130
Luther, Martin 7
Lycosthenes, Conrad: Prodigiorum…(The Doome…) 6
McBride, William 118
McLaughlin, Margaret 106–7, 108–9
Madison, James 211
Magdeleine (a piebald) 258, 259
Magellan, Ferdinand 347
malaria 339, 352
mammary glands 287; see breasts
Mangold, Hilda (née Pröscholdt) 37–9, 44–5
Mangold, Otto 44, 146
Mani, Giovanni 186–7
Manoiloff, E.O.: ‘A rare case of hereditary hexadactylism’ 122
Maphoon 275–6, 277, 286
Margaret, Duchess of Parma 271
Maria Teresa and Maria de Jésus (conjoined twins) 60
Marie Antoinette 172
Marie Sabina (a piebald) 255, 256, 257–8, 259
Marie-Theresa, Empress 171
Maroteaux, Pierre 164
Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de 31, 122
Mead, Margaret 243
Medawar, Sir Peter 40, 302, 303, 306
Medici, Catherine de 170
Megasthenes 69
Meibomian glands 96
Melanchthon, Philipp 7
melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R) 265–6, 267–8, 345
melanocytes 253, 260–1, 266
melanotropins 265–6
Mengele, Josef 147–8, 149, 151–2, 153
mermaid syndrome 78–82, 79
Merrick, James (‘the Elephant Man’) 205, 205–6
mesoderm 37, 39–40, 50, 92, 139, 278
messenger RNA 89
Mexican hairless dog 287
mice: boneless 140; caloric-restricted 311–12; and deletion of Hox genes 94, 131, 133; Disorganisation 96–7; dwarf 189–90; effects of age 322; with extra nipples 290; hair follicles 280, 282, 284; marsupial 308; ‘mermaid’ 79–80, 81–2; myostatin-defective 157; piebald 260; polydactylous strains 122; size and longevity 208; sonic-hedgehog-defective 75–6, 76, 125; telomerase-defective 321–2; telomeres of 322
Miniscalchi-Errizo, Count 187
miscarriages 354, 355
mitochondria 314
molecular switches see transcription factors
Molionides brothers (conjoined twins) 28
monozygotic (identical) twins 33–4
monsters 6–8, 9, 30–1; see also Ravenna, Cracow
Montaigne, Michel de 29, 236
‘moonlighters’ 317–18
Moreschi, Alessandro 201
‘morning after pill’ 94
morphogens 40, 75, 81, 82, 83, 123–4
mortality rates 329–31
Moskovitz, Yoshko 150
Mpho and Mphonyana (conjoined twins) 60
MTHFR (gene) 328
Mustapha, Domenico 200
myostatin 157
Naingvaws, the 192
Naples: Capodimonte Museum 269
neck auricles/ears/lobes 84, 84–6, 85
negritos, Andaman Island 183–4, 184, 341, 346–7
‘Nelson’s syndrome’ 264–5
nematode worms 102, 323–5; and longevity 312, 315–16, 324–5
neural crest cells 260–1
neural tube 50, 51, 66, 93, 94
neurons 42, 297, 317
newt embryos 38–9, 45
nipples, extra 289, 290, 304
noggin (protein) 40–2, 43, 141
Nsévoué (Aka pygmy) 186, 188
nucleotides
13, 298
Nungs, the 192, 194
nutrition see diet
O’Briens (‘Irish Giants’) 177–8
Onge, the 346
osteoblasts 138–9, 140, 144, 154, 160
osteoclasts 160, 161
osteogenesis imperfecta 158–9, 159, 161
osteopetrosis 160–1, 164
osteoporosis 160, 164, 299
osteosarcoma 206, 207
‘ostrich-footed people’ 110
Ovid: Ars amatoria 281; Metamorphoses xiii, 68, 69, 204–5
Ovitz, Elizabeth 148–53, 152
Ovitz, Rabbi Shimshon Isaac 149
Ovitz, Shimshon 151
‘P’ (protein) 254
Pakistan: consanguinous marriages 356
Pan Raping a Goat (statue) 83–5, 84
Papua New Guinea 191, 351–2; the Sambia 236–7, 238, 244
parapagus diprosopus 53
paraquat 314–15
parasitism 53–4, 66
Paré, Ambroise 236; Des monstres et prodiges 6, 7, 28
Parodi, Ritta and Christina (conjoined twins) 23–4, 24, 25–7, 33, 47, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 55, 60, 61–2
Pearson, Karl: A monograph on albinism in man 245, 249, 259, 259–60
penis, the 129, 223, 227, 228, 229, 236
‘Pepin’ see Cazotte, Marc
peptides 158
Pepy II 183
Peter the Great 170
Petrucciani, Michel 159
phaeomelanin 253, 266
phocomelia 118–20, 119
piebalds 255, 256, 257–61, 259
pigs 121; ‘Ditto’ 77, 78; without eyeballs 80
pituitary gland 175, 197, 198, 209; and dwarfism 175–6, 198, see also Boruwlaski, Joseph; and gigantism 178, 178–9, 207, 265; tumors 179, 207, 264–5; see also ‘growth hormone’
Pius X, Pope 201
Plato: The symposium 242, 348
Pliny the Elder: Historia naturalis 69, 182, 248, 254, 347
Polo, Marco 71
Polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) 111, 121–2, 123, 123, 124–5, 131–3
polymastia see breasts, extra
polymorphisms 16–17, 327–8
Polyphemus (Cyclops) 68–9
preformationism 31–2
‘primitive streak’ 36
Pritchard, Captain B.E.A. 192
progerias 319, 323
prognathism 341, 342
Pröscholdt, Hilda see Mangold, Hilda
Proteus syndrome 204–6, 205
pseudoachondroplasia 149, 152, 153, 154, 158; see also Ovitz, Elizabeth
pseudohermaphrodites 222, 234, 235–6, 238–9, 241, 244; see also Barbin, Herculine
Ptah-Pataikoi 154
PTEN 204
pycnodysostosis 163, 164, 175
pygmies 180, 180–8, 184, 187, 189, 190–2, 327; see also Taron
Quatrefages, Armand de: Crania ethica 333, 342–3; The pygmies 183, 187
rabbits: foetal studies 233–4
race(s): and balding 280; fabulous 69–71, 109–10; and skin colour, see apartheid; see also genetic variety
Ravenna, Monster of 3–6, 4, 8
red-haired people 14, 265–8, 345
retinoic acid 80–2
ribs, extra 91–2, 97
Riebeeck, Jan van 298
‘Ritta-Christina’ see Parodi, Ritta and Christina
Roberts’s syndrome 5, 6
Rodriguez, Clara and Altagracia 60
Röse (German dentist) 342–3
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel: La Ghirlandata 345
RU486 (‘morning after pill’) 94
Rudolf II, Emperor of Austria 11, 271
Ruhe, Jacob 122
salamanders 132, 144–6
Salinas, Dominican Republic: guevedoche 236, 237–8, 243–4
Sambia, the 236–7, 238, 244
Saunders, John 113, 117, 122–3
Scarry, Elaine 348
Schweinfurth, George August 181, 186, 188, 190; The heart of Africa 188, 254
sclerostin/sclerosteosis 141, 300
scrotum, the 225, 229, 263; see also testes
Selk’nam, the 347, 348
Senesino (Francesco Bernardi) (castrato) 200, 200
Serres, Étienne 26, 61; Recherches d’anatomie…24, 26, 47, 49, 52, 52–3
Sex-determining Region on Y see SRY
‘sex-reversed females’ 231–2, 233
‘sex-reversed males’ 233
sexual organs see genitals
sheep: ‘Dolly’ (cloned) 322–3; with extra nipples 304
Shwe-Maong 274–5, 276, 284, 285, 286
Siamese twins see twins, conjoined
Siebold, Carl von 284–5
sirenomelia 78–82, 79, 83
situs inversus 55–6, 58
skin 42, 278; colour 8, 253, 260, 261–2, 265, 268, see also albinism, apartheid, piebalds; wrinkled 318–19
skulls 137, 140–1, 144; shapes and measurements 340–5, 342–3, 347
snakes 97–8
SODs see superoxide dismutases
somites 92, 93, 98
‘sonic hedgehog’ gene 74, 75–7, 76, 124–5, 284
SOST mutation 300
South Africa: apartheid 262–4; Cape Malays 137–8, 140; extra-bone mutation 140–1; Huntington disease 298; sclerosteosis 300
Soviet leaders: and balding 281
Spallanzani, Lazzaro 145
Spemann, Hans 37–8, 39–40, 44, 45, 147
spina bifida 51–2, 58
‘split-hand-split-foot’ syndrome 108, 108–9
SRY (Sex-determining Region on Y) 232–3, 234, 328, 329
Stanislaus, King of Poles 172, 174
Stendhal (Marie Henri Beyle) 219, 356
sterility 240
Strauss, Johann, the Younger 111–12
Sun Yaoting 201
sunlight: and skin 318–19
superoxide dismutases (SODs) 315–16
SOD1 mutations 316–18
Swammerdam, Jan 227
sweat glands 286, 287, 288
Sweden: mortality rates 329, 330, 331
synpolydactyly 128
tadpoles: and retinoic acid 81
Taron/Daru 192, 193, 193–4, 195, 198
Taverne, M. (Burgomaster) 257–8
teeth 286–7, 288
telomerase 320–2, 323
telomeres 320–1, 322–3
teratology 8, 26
teratomas 54
testes/testicles 202, 203, 222
testosterone 203, 234, 235, 237–8, 239, 244; and baldness 282–4; effects on hyenas 241, 242
thalidomide 118–21
thanatophoric dysplasia 66, 135, 156–7
Thibaut-Francesco 186–8, 187
thyroid gland 196–7, 198
thyrotropin 197–8
thyroxine 197
Tierra del Fuego: the Selk’nam 347, 348
Times, The 35
Tintoretto, Jacopo: Luigi Cornaro 295, 310
toes see digits
tongues, over-large 157
toothlessness 286, 287
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de 161–5, 163, 267
transcription factors (molecular switches) 88–9, 95, 125, 126, 140
transforming growth factor-betas (TGFß) 41
Treffan, Comte de 172
Turlepreton 132–3
twins, conjoined 23, 27–35, 29, 45–6, 46, 48–9, 53–4, 55–6, 60–1; see also Parodi, Ritta and Christina
Twitty, Victor Chandler 144–7, 153
two-toed people 109–10
Tyson, Edward 182–3, 250
ultraviolet light 318–19
United States of America: eugenics programmes 282–3; heights 209, 211–12, 213; presidents 211, 213, 281; skulls 343–4
Unthan, Hermann (‘The Armless Fiddler’) 111–12, 114
vagina, the 223, 224, 224, 225, 229
Verschuer, Otamar, Freiherr von 147, 148
vertebrae, human 91–3, 98
Vesalius, Andreas: De fabrica 223–4,
224, 225
vestibular bulbs 226–7, 227
Victor Emmanuel II, of Italy 187
Vigenère, Blaise de: Les images Philostratus 70
vitamin A 80
Vrolik, Willem: anatomical collection 65, 66–7, 78, 90–1, 156; Tabula…67–8, 72, 73, 119, 119–20, 135, 156
Wadoma, the 110
Werner’s syndrome 319
Wigtown, Scotland 106, 107, 115
Wilding, Alexa 345
Williams, George 302, 303, 306, 307
Wilson, Margaret 106–7, 108
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 350
Wright, Sewall 122
wrinkles 318–19
X chromosomes 230, 232, 233
Xiphopages 48
Y chromosomes 230–3
Yanomamo tribe 191
Zhang Deyi 268
‘zone of polarising activity’ (ZPA) 123, 124, 126
Zulu albinos 245, 254
FOR THE BEST IN PAPERBACKS, LOOK FOR THE
In every corner of the world, on every subject under the sun, Penguin represents quality and variety–the very best in publishing today.
For complete information about books available from Penguin–including Penguin Classics and Puffins–and how to order them, write to us at the appropriate address below. Please note that for copyright reasons the selection of books varies from country to country.
* * *
In the United States: Please write to Penguin Group (USA), P.O. Box 12289 Dept. B, Newark, New Jersey 07101–5289 or call 1–800–788–6262.
In the United Kingdom: Please write to Dept. EP, Penguin Books Ltd, Bath Road, Harmondsworth, West Drayton, Middlesex UB7 0DA.
In Canada: Please write to Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3.
In Australia: Please write to Penguin Books Australia Ltd, P.O. Box 257, Ringwood, Victoria 3134.
In New Zealand: Please write to Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd, Private Bag 102902, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland 10.
In India: Please write to Penguin Books India Put Ltd, 11 Panchsheel Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017.
In the Netherlands: Please write to Penguin Books Netherlands bv, Posthus 3507, NL-1001 AH Amsterdam.
In Germany: Please write to Penguin Books Deutschland GmbH, Metzlerstrasse 26, 60594 Frankfurt am Main.
In Spain: Please write to Penguin Books S.A., Bravo Murillo 19, 1° B, 28015 Madrid.
In Italy: Please write to Penguin Italia s.r.l., Via Benedetto Croce 2, 20094 Corsico, Milano.
In France: Please write to Penguin France, Le Carré Wilson, 62 rue Benjamin Baillaud, 31500 Toulouse.
In Japan: Please write to Penguin Books Japan Ltd, Kaneko Building, 2–3–25 Koraku, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 112.
In South Africa: Please write to Penguin Books South Africa (Pty) Ltd, Private Bag XI4, Parkview, 2122 Johannesburg.