34. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Roosevelt (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), 2: 527–28.
35. Ibid., 528.
36. John Paton Davies Jr., Dragon by the Tail: American, British, Japanese, and Russian Encounters with China and One Another (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), 142.
37. Rexford G. Tugwell, “Roosevelt and Frankfurter: An Essay Review,” Political Science Quarterly 85, no. 1 (March 1970): 99–114.
38. “Letters to President Franklin Roosevelt,” Soong Archives, Hoover Institution, as cited in Seagrave, The Soong Dynasty, 18.
39. Missy LeHand, FDR’s companion and secretary for over twenty years, was his best female friend.
40. John Morton Blum, Roosevelt and Morgenthau (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), xvi, 249.
41. Arthur Krock, “Quoddy Project Charges Kindles Republican Hopes,” New York Times, July 3, 1935.
42. Delbert Clark, “The President’s Advisors Come and Go,” New York Times Magazine, August 4, 1935.
43. David McKean, Peddling Influence (Hanover, NH: Steerforth, 2004), 60.
44. Ibid., 70.
45. “Corcoran ‘Deaf and Dumb’ When Queried on Tydings,” New York Times, September 15, 1938.
46. Michael Janeway, The Fall of the House of Roosevelt: Brokers of Ideas and Power from FDR to LBJ (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 15.
47. McKean, Peddling Influence, 71.
48. Noah Feldman, Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDR’s Great Supreme Court Justices (New York: Twelve, 2010), 84.
49. Corcoran’s power was also seen as a harbinger of the coming wave of Catholic influence in Washington.
50. McKean, Peddling Influence, 121.
51. Ibid., 72.
52. Ibid., 72–73.
53. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1: 207.
54. Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1995), 29.
55. Snow, Red Star Over China, 179.
56. Short, Mao: A Life, 298.
57. Snow, Red Star Over China, 180.
58. Ibid., 205–6.
59. Kunming was then called Yunnan Fu.
60. John Service oral history, quoted in Lynne Joiner, Honorable Survivor: Mao’s China, McCarthy’s America, and the Persecution of John S. Service (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2009), 16.
61. Meisner, Mao Zedong, 73.
62. Borg, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis, 75.
63. Arnold J. Toynbee, Survey of International Affairs, 1934 (London: Oxford University Press, 1938), 193. See also “Unofficial Statement by the Japanese Foreign Office,” FRUS, 1: 225.
64. Keiji Furuya, Chiang Kai-shek: His Life and Times, abridged by Chun-ming Chang (New York: St. John’s University Press, 1981), 439.
65. Yosuke Matsuoka, “Matsuoka Challenges the Critics of the Japanese Policy on China,” New York Times, April 29, 1934.
66. Hull to Clarence Gauss, January 26, 1935, FRUS, 3: 21.
67. Short, Mao: A Life, 353–56.
68. Snow, Red Star Over China, 109, 113.
69. Short, Mao: A Life, 364.
70. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 153.
71. Ibid., 158.
72. “China: Chiang Dares,” Time.
73. Ibid.
CHAPTER 6: THE FIRST WISE MAN’S NEW CHINA
1. John Service, interview with Mao Zedong, August 23, 1944, in Lost Chance in China, 302.
2. Madame Chiang, letter to Elizabeth Moore, November 2, 1939, box 4, United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia (UBCHEA) Papers, as cited in Jespersen, American Images of China, 85.
3. Seagrave, The Soong Dynasty, 290.
4. Ibid., 291.
5. Li, Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 104.
6. Ibid., 102.
7. “Man and Wife of the Year,” Time.
8. Li, Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 109.
9. Chiang Kai-shek, “What the Sufferings of Jesus Mean to Me,” Christian Century, May 12, 1937, 612.
10. Jespersen, American Images of China, 35.
11. Quoted in Varg, Missionaries, Chinese, and Diplomats, 255.
12. Zedong, Mao’s Road to Power, 5: 334.
13. Pantsov, Mao: The Real Story, 298.
14. John Service oral history, quoted in Joiner, Honorable Survivor, 18.
15. Chiang never forgave Marshal Zhang for siding with Mao. Chiang jailed Zhang in China from 1937 to 1949 and dragged him to a Taiwan jail when Mao gained the Mandate. Chiang died in 1975. Marshal Zhang was released from Chiang’s jail in 1990, at the age of eighty-nine.
16. Buck, China As I See It, 135.
17. China Records Project, box 201, as cited in Jespersen, American Images of China, 34.
18. Snow, Red Star Over China, 390.
19. Elmer T. Clark, The Chiangs of China (New York: Abingdon-Cokesbury, 1943), 102.
20. Quoted in Ch’en, Mao and the Chinese Revolution, 230.
21. Borg, The United States and the Far Eastern Crisis, 315.
22. Steven W. Mosher, China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality (New York: HarperCollins, 1990), 46.
23. Johnson to Hornbeck, March 22, 1938, file “Johnson 1938,” Hornbeck Papers, as cited in Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 184.
24. Blum, Roosevelt and Morgenthau, 105.
25. Ibid., 244.
26. The Sino-Japanese Conflict and the League of Nations, 1937: Speeches, Documents, Press Comments (Geneva: Press Bureau of the Chinese Delegation, 1937), 127.
27. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945, 148.
28. “Man and Wife of the Year,” Time.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Akio Tsuchida, “China’s ‘Public Diplomacy’ Toward the United States Before Pearl Harbor,” Journal of American–East Asian Relations 17 (2010): 40.
32. Ibid.
33. Eliot Janeway, “Japan’s Partner: Japanese Dependence Upon the United States,” Harper’s 177 (June 1938): 1–8.
34. In a July 1938 Fortune poll, Americans were asked what they thought the most disturbing global event of the year was; 29.4 percent said it was Japan’s invasion of China, while 22.8 percent thought it was Germany’s seizure of Austria; cited in Tae Jin Park, “In Support of ‘New China’: Origins of the China Lobby, 1937–1941” (PhD dissertation, West Virginia University, 2003), 114.
Many thanks to Tae Jin Park and his PhD dissertation, “In Support of ‘New China,’ ” which I encountered midway through my research for this book. Some of it confirmed the research I had already done, and other parts were new to me and were confirmed by other sources. Given the narrow subject—the creation of the China Lobby—and the few characters involved, there is inevitable overlap in our work. I cite “In Support of ‘New China’ ” where Dr. Park provided unique guidance. Park’s dissertation can be viewed in its entirety here:
http://wvuscholar.wvu.edu:8881//exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/L2V4bGlicmlzL2R0bC9kM18xL2FwYWNoZV9tZWRpYS82NzE3.pdf.
35. Carl Crow, “We Have Our Orders,” Reader’s Digest 37 (August 1940): 83–86.
36. American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression, “America’s Share in Japan’s War Guilt” (New York: Academy Press, 1938), 2–3.
37. Ibid., 18.
38. Ibid., 16–17.
39. Donald J. Friedman, The Road from Isolation: The Campaign of the American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression, 1938–1941 (Cambridge, MA: East Asian Research Center, 1970), 13.
40. Ibid., 24–25.
41. Ibid., 22.
42. Ludwig Lore, “Behind the Cables,” New York Post, reprinted in American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression, “America’s Share in Japan’s War Guilt.”
43. Owen Lattimore, “Rising Sun, Falling Profits,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1938.
44. Division of Far Eastern Affairs
memorandum, December 5, 1938, as cited in Irvine H. Anderson Jr., “The 1941 de Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex,” Pacific Historical Review 44 (May 1975): 203; http://www.jstor.org/stable/3638003.
45. Grew to secretary of state, January 7, 1939, in FRUS, 3: 478–81.
46. Hamilton memo, June 7, 1940, in ibid., 4: 576.
47. Bullitt to FDR, August 8, 1938, quoted in William C. Bullitt, For the President, Personal and Secret: Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt, ed. Orville Bullitt (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 278–79.
48. Interdepartmental meeting, September 6, 1938, box 138, Henry Morgenthau Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, as cited in Park, “In Support of ‘New China,’ ” 176.
49. Harry Dexter White memo, October 10, 1938, folder 3, “China,” White Papers, as cited in Jonathan Utley, Going to War with Japan, 1937–1941 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985), 45.
50. Hamilton memo, November 13, 1938, FRUS, 3: 569.
51. Treasury meeting, September 22, 1938, Morgenthau Papers, box 142, 184–91, as cited in Park, “In Support of ‘New China,’ ” 179.
52. Morgenthau to Kung, October 8, 1938, Morgenthau Papers, box 145, 69, as cited in ibid., 183.
53. Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 29.
CHAPTER 7: WASHINGTON WARRIORS
1. Henry L. Stimson, letter to the New York Times, October 7, 1937.
2. Henry L. Stimson, letter to the New York Times, January 11, 1940.
3. “Shall America Stop Arming Japan?” (New York: American Committee for Non-Participation in Japanese Aggression, 1940), 37.
4. Quoted in Friedman, The Road from Isolation, 95.
5. Ibid., 49.
6. Ibid.
7. “China Fights Back!,” March of Time; http://www.britishpathe.com/video/march-of-time-china-fights-back.
8. Friedman, The Road from Isolation, 66.
9. Jonathan Marshall, To Have and Have Not (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), xi.
10. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1946), 53.
11. Marshall, To Have and Have Not, 134.
12. Utley, Going to War with Japan, 116.
13. Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 38, 39.
14. Quoted in Hiroyuki Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy, trans. John Bester (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1979), 227–28; emphasis in original.
15. Ernest O. Hauser, “China’s Soong,” Life, March 24, 1941.
16. Ibid.
17. Hornbeck to Welles, June 28, 1940, Hornbeck Papers, box 103, as cited in Park, “In Support of ‘New China,’ ” 222.
18. Ibid.
19. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 239.
20. Davies, Dragon by the Tail, 223–24.
21. Hauser, “China’s Soong.”
22. Davies, Dragon by the Tail, 215.
23. Hart to Stark, August 20, 1940, folder 14, Hart Papers, as cited in Utley, Going to War with Japan, 103.
24. Anderson, “The 1941 de Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan,” 206–7.
25. John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, vol. 2, Years of Urgency, 1938–1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 349–50.
26. Fred L. Israel, ed., The War Diary of Breckinridge Long (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966). 140. See also diary entry for October 4, 1940, Stimson Papers, and memorandum of meeting, October 2, 1940, Morgenthau diary, vol. 318, 121–27.
27. Anderson, “The 1941 de Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan,” 208.
28. Morgenthau memo, September 23, 1940, box 307, 294, Morgenthau Papers, as cited in Park, “In Support of ‘New China,’ ” 233.
29. Harold LeClair Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), 3: 339.
30. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 384–85.
31. Stimson diary, October 1, 2, 3, 1940, box 371, as cited in Utley, Going to War with Japan, 108.
32. Joseph Barnes, Willkie: The Events He Was a Part Of, the Ideas He Fought For (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1952), 254.
33. Joseph P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939–1941: The Partnership That Saved the West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), 235.
34. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York: Harper, 1950), 191.
35. Address at Boston Garden, October 30, 1940, as cited in ibid.
36. “Text of the Address by Willkie,” New York Times, March 27, 1941.
37. Charles Yost memo, November 15, 1940, cited in Utley, Going to War with Japan, 206.
38. Elliott Roosevelt, ed., FDR, His Personal Letters, 1928–1945 (New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce, 1948), 2: 1077.
39. Treasury meeting, November 29, 1940, box 333, 31, in Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, 2: 363.
40. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 270.
41. Hauser, “China’s Soong,” 91.
42. Ibid.
43. Quoted in Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, 344.
44. Thomas Griffith, Harry and Teddy: The Turbulent Friendship of Press Lord Henry R. Luce and His Favorite Reporter, Theodore H. White (New York: Random House, 1995), 8.
45. White, In Search of History, 115.
CHAPTER 8: SECRET EXECUTIVE AIR WAR IN ASIA
1. Chennault Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
2. Claire Chennault, Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee Chennault, ed. Robert Hotz (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1949), 31.
3. Ibid., 34–35.
4. Ibid., 90.
5. David Eli Lilienthal, The Journals of David E. Lilienthal: The TVA Years, 1939–1945 (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), 135.
6. McKean, Peddling Influence, 119.
7. Ibid., 121.
8. Jonathan Daniels, Frontier on the Potomac (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), 135.
9. Chennault, Way of a Fighter, 97.
10. Daniel Ford, Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), 44.
11. McKean, Peddling Influence, 143.
12. Ford, Flying Tigers, 44.
13. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, 2: 365.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Morgenthau memo of phone conversation with President Roosevelt, December 18, 1940, in Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, 2: 357.
17. Morgenthau conversation with Soong, December 20, 1940, in ibid., 2: 342, as cited in Ford, Flying Tigers, 47.
18. Morgenthau’s aide Philip Young also attended. Notes on conference at home of the secretary, Saturday, December 21, 1940, in Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, 2: 368.
19. Jessup, The Ideas of Henry Luce, 108–9, 120.
20. “The New China,” Fortune, April 1941.
21. China Fights for Democracy 1, ND, box 65, as cited in Jespersen, American Images of China, 73.
22. UCR statement, ND [1941], USC Papers, box 54, as cited in Park, “In Support of ‘New China,’ ” 286.
23. “The Purposes and Program of United China Relief,” box 418, Hornbeck Papers, as cited in ibid.
24. “Report to the Annual Meeting of UCR,” box 5, UCR-USC Records, as cited in Park, “In Support of ‘New China,’ ” 283–84.
25. Buck, China As I See It, 123.
26. William Bullitt, “China on the March,” CBS radio, March 20, 1941, Soong Papers, box 20, folder 13, as cited in Jespersen, American Images of China, 156.
27. “Bullitt Declares ‘China Guards Us,’ ” New York Times, April 28, 1941.
28. Bullitt, “China on the March.”
29. Luce to Hu, February 14, 1941, box 281, Hornbeck Papers.
30. White, In Search of History, 76, 77.
31. Lauchlin Currie was later accused of espionage in the Silvermaster case, a topic that is well covered elsewhere and is not related to Currie�
��s delusionary report to FDR about China.
32. Eliot Janeway, “Roosevelt vs. Hitler,” Life, May 5, 1941, 100–103.
33. Ibid.
34. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 239.
35. Currie to Soong, March 17, 1941, Currie Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
36. Joiner, Honorable Survivor, 25.
37. Interview with Chiang Kai-shek, February 7, 1941, Currie Papers.
38. Currie’s confidential report to FDR, March 15, 1941, ibid.
39. Interview with Chiang Kai-shek, February 7, 1941, ibid.
40. Currie’s notes, February 15, 16, and 22, 1941, Currie Papers.
41. Currie interview with Chiang, February 8, 1941, Currie Papers.
42. Chiang to Soong, February 27, 1941, Currie Papers.
43. Ibid.
44. FRUS, 4: 89.
45. Ibid., 90.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid., 85.
48. Ibid., 95.
49. Time, March 24, 1941.
50. Currie to Soong, March 17, 1941, Currie Papers.
51. Transcript of Treasury Department group meeting, May 12, 1941, in Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, 1: 408–18.
CHAPTER 9: A WAR OVER OIL
1. White, In Search of History, 76.
2. Young Dean Acheson did travel to Japan, but with uncomprehending eyes.
3. Dean Acheson, Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 165.
4. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), 3.
5. Ibid., 22.
6. Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, 2: 332.
7. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 23.
8. Ibid., 21, 17, 9, 10.
9. Gauss to Hull, July 24, 1941, FRUS, 5: 684.
10. Welles to Roosevelt, July 25, 1941, ibid., 685.
11. Currie to Madame Chiang, September 18, 1941, box 1, Currie Papers.
12. Ford, Flying Tigers, 54.
13. Secret memo from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Navy secretary Frank Knox, September 30, 1941, as cited in Alan Armstrong, Preemptive Strike: The Secret Plan That Would Have Prevented the Attack on Pearl Harbor (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2006), 103.
14. Chennault, Way of a Fighter, 103.
15. Ibid., 102.
16. State Department to the Chinese embassy (oral statement), December 4, 1940, FRUS, 4: 706.
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