Rome
Page 43
Empire Day, 318
England, 170, 211–12, 213, 215, 223, 235, 236–7, 299
Ephesus, Anatolia, 31
equestrian statues, 38, 45, 46, 285, 291
Erasmus of Rotterdam, 189, 217
Eritrea, 355
Esquiline Hill, 10, 11, 12
Ethiopia, 283, 293, 296, 302, 305, 312, 314
Etruscans, 6, 11, 12–13, 16–17, 19, 23, 25, 26, 43, 238, 357
Euboea, 38
EUR district, 356
Eutharic, 84
Excelsior Hotel, 299
executions, 43, 245, 247–8, 271, 274, 301
exhibitions, 294–5, 317, 322
Fahrener, Alfred, 328
di Farnese, Alessandro, 157
fasces, 11
Fascist era (1922–45), 1, 29–31, 172, 277–83, 288–53
Abyssinian War (1935–6), 282–3, 293, 296, 302, 314
Allied bombing of Rome (1943), 281–2
aristocracy, 303–4
armistice (1943), 283, 318–20
Autarky, 296, 314
barruché, 305
beggars, 300, 305
borgate, 305, 340, 346
bridges, 283, 292
campaigns, 296, 299, 304, 312–14
censorship, 301–3
corruption, 311–12, 336
Cosenza, archaeological expedition to (1937), 29–30, 79
crime, 308–11
currency, 296, 299, 312
death penalty, 310
disease, 300–301
Dopolavoro, 295, 301, 307
economy, 296, 299, 312, 314
electricity, 304, 305
English community, 299
entertainment, 301
exhibitions, 294–5, 317, 322
exiles, 310
festivals, 296–8, 318
GIL (Gioventù Italiana del Littorio), 293–4, 311, 356
Grand Council meeting (1943), 279–82, 318
greetings, 313
housing, 290, 291, 293, 304, 305
hygiene, 304
immigration, 299
intelligentsia, 303
Jewish population, 286–7, 309–10, 313, 315, 318
Lateran Treaties (1929), 292
March on Rome (1922), 281, 289, 294, 296, 298
MSVN (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale), 303, 307, 311–12, 314, 323, 332, 336–7, 343, 348, 350
Nazi Germany, alliance with, 302, 309–10, 313, 314–15
Nazi occupation of Rome (1943–4), 321–53
nightlife, 307
police force, 279, 282, 308
population, 283, 296
poverty, 303, 304–5, 340, 347
prostitution, 300, 305, 306–7
redevelopment, 290–93, 355–6
schools, 293
Second World War (1940–45), 52, 277–83, 315–53
sex, 306–7, 308, 312
streets, 290
surveillance, 308–9
torture, 336
tourism, 299–300
trade unions, 303, 311
transportation, 283, 284, 300
violence, 311
welfare system, 303
women, 305–7
Fatebenefratelli hospital, 332
Feast of Christus Rex, 298
Feast of Corpus Christi, 177
Feast of Corpus Domini, 256
Feast of Saint Mark, 177
Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, 126
feminism, 186, 305
Ferdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies, 223, 224, 225, 229, 264, 265
Fernández de Córdoba, Luis, 158
Ferrante I Gonzaga, 206
Ferrara, duke of, see Alfonso I d’Este
festival of tapers, 257–8
Fiat, 349
Filippani, Benedetto, 220
Finger of John the Baptist, 128
fireplaces, 134
First World War (1914–18), 281, 282, 287, 288, 293, 298, 310, 316
fish sauce, 54, 56
Five Star Movement, 355
Flaminian Gate, see Porta Flaminia
Flavian Amphitheatre, 42–4; see also Colosseum
floating mills, 98, 137, 242
floods, 109, 181, 217, 250, 287
Flora Hotel, 337
Florence, Tuscany, 159, 165–6, 194, 208, 213, 214, 215, 314
FMCR (Fronte Militare Clandestino della Resistenza), 337, 341, 344
Foà, Ugo, 328
Folgore Parachute Division, 316
food
Roman Republic era (509–27 BC), 16, 56, 57
Western Roman Empire era (285–476), 54, 56, 57
Papal States era (754–1870), 127, 136, 187–8, 190, 239, 243, 256
football, 125, 301, 356
fora, 38, 44–5, 291
forks, 136
Formosus, Pope, 131–2
Foro Mussolini, 293, 294, 315, 356
Foro Olimpico, 356
fortress towers, 133, 171
Forum
Roman Republic era (509–27 BC), 12, 24
Roman Empire era (27 BC–285 AD), 55
Western Roman Empire era (285–476), 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 75, 90, 91
Ostrogothic Kingdom era (493–553), 91, 92, 96
Byzantine Empire era (553–754), 108, 109
Papal States era (754–1870), 133, 137, 168, 221, 238, 241
Kingdom of Italy era (1870–1946), 284
Forum Boarium, 16, 25, 38
Forum of Peace, 76
Forum Transitorum, 192
Fosse Ardeatina, 345
fountains, 232, 233
Four Rivers Fountain, 232, 233
France
Francis I’s reign (1515–47), 157, 160, 161, 162, 214
Henri II’s reign (1547–59), 214–15
Italian War of Independence, First (1848–9), 229–31, 259–69, 263, 270
Italian War of Independence, Second (1859), 272–3, 274
papal conclave (1523), 157, 160
Prussian War (1870–71), 274
Revolution (1789–99), 221, 222, 235, 245, 248, 251
Revolution (1848), 223, 230
Rome, occupation of (1796–1814), 221, 235, 238, 245, 248, 251, 285, 292
Rome, sacking of (1849), 259–69, 263, 270
Second World War (1939–45), 315, 316, 330
syphilis, 183, 253
War of the League of Cognac (1526–30), 160, 161, 162
Francesco Maria I della Rovere, duke of Urbino, 159, 166, 179, 196, 207–8
Francesco II Sforza, duke of Milan, 164
Francis I, king of France, 157, 160, 161, 214
Franciscans, 255
Frangipani family, 133, 139, 143–4, 147, 149, 168
Frankish Empire (481–843), 88–9, 107, 130
Frascati, Lazio, 319, 329
Fratelli della Arciconfraternita di San Giovanni Decollato, 248
Frattari, Ettore, 279
Freemasonry, 222
Frigidus, battle of (394), 34
von Frundsberg, Georg, 162, 164, 197, 201
Fuller, Margaret, 224, 229, 267, 269, 272
Gaeta, Lazio, 210, 231, 259, 267
Galen, 59, 183, 253
Galicia, 6
Galletti, Guiseppi, 263
GAP (Gruppi di Azione Patriottica), 337, 343, 344, 358
Garbatella, 305
Gardiner, William, 319–20
Garibaldi, Anita, 227–8, 230, 268, 269, 298
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 226–30, 259–69, 261, 272–3, 283, 285–6, 287, 298, 358
gas lighting, 222, 223, 241, 271
Gaskell, Elizabeth, 236
gasworks, 271, 292, 295
Gauls, 5–9, 17–27
geese, 19, 20, 23
geishas, 187
Genoa
Republic of Genoa (1005–1797), 138, 170
Kingdom of Sardinia (1815–61), 226
Genseric, 90
Geoffrey of Malaterra, 129, 144, 145–6, 148
&nbs
p; Gepids, 84, 97
German language, 60, 90
Germany
Charles V’s reign (1519–56), 161, 164–5, 174, 177, 192, 197, 199–203, 205–8, 211–13
First World War (1914–18), 288
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), 274
Henry III’s reign (1046–56), 118
Henry IV’s reign (1084–1106), 114, 118–20, 124, 126–7, 139, 140, 142, 149, 258
Landsknechte, 162, 164–5, 177, 199, 201–3, 205–8, 211–13, 239
Nazi period, see under Nazi Germany
Otto I’s reign (962–73), 132
Revolution (1848), 223
Rome, community in, 170, 174, 191
Rome, sacking of (1527), 192, 197, 199–203, 205–8, 211–13
Second World War (1939–45), 315, 316, 318–53
War of the League of Cognac (1526–30), 164–5, 170, 174, 177, 192, 197, 199–203, 205–8, 211–13
Gestapo, 1, 328, 336, 341
Ghetto degli Inglesi, 236, 299
Ghetto, Jewish, 250–53, 258–9, 271, 286, 311, 329–30, 332, 334–5, 338, 351
Gianicolo Hill, 11, 94, 174, 199, 231, 263, 265, 267, 275, 285
Gide, André, 292
GIL (Gioventù Italiana del Littorio), 293–4, 311, 356
‘Giovinezza’, 303, 336
Girolamo da Camerino, 205
Giuliano the Florentine, 198
gladiators, 11, 42–4
Gladstone, William Ewart, 272
Gonzaga, Ferrante, 206
Gonzaga, Francesco, 215
Gothic War (376–82), 31–2
Gothic War (535–54), 87–9, 96–108
Goths, see Ostrogoths; Visigoths
Grand Hotel, 299, 319
Grand Tour, 235, 236–7, 241
Gratian, Roman emperor, 48–9, 63, 67
Gray, Elizabeth, 238
Great Depression (1929–39), 302
Greece, ancient, 10, 12, 13, 14
architecture, 12, 46
Gothic raids, 31, 34, 35
looting of art, 46
marble, 38, 46
Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC), 23, 26
religion, 12, 47
sex, 62
Greek language, 90
Gregory I, Pope, 109, 110, 251
Gregory VI, Pope, 117
Gregory VII, Pope, 114–21, 123, 126–7, 135, 137, 139–49, 150, 152, 178
Gregory XVI, Pope, 222, 241, 251, 271, 307
Gudelina, 87
Guelph–Ghibelline conflict, 139
Guicciardini, Luigi, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 204
Guido, bishop of Ferrara, 144, 145
guillotine, 248
Guiscard, Robert, see de Hauteville, Robert
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), 123
Habsburg monarchy, 222, 223
Hadrian, Roman emperor, 45
Hadrian’s Tomb, 98, 128, 132, 133
Hall of Martyrs, 294
Hanley, J., 315
Hannibal, 23, 25, 26
d’Harcourt, François, 219–20
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 284
Hauteville, Normandy, 122
de Hauteville, Robert, 116, 121–3, 127, 129, 141, 142, 144–9
de Hauteville, Roger, 122
de Hauteville, Tancred, 122
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 236, 237, 240, 241
Head, George, 240, 241, 248, 256
Helena, Roman empress, 49
Helios, 42
Henotoikon, 94
Henri II, king of France, 214–15
Henry III, Holy Roman emperor, 117–18, 180
Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor, 114–23, 115, 139–44, 149, 150, 258
Henry V, Holy Roman emperor, 149
Henry VIII, king of England and Ireland, 211–12, 215, 223
Heruli, 97
Hildebrand of Sovana, see Gregory VII
Himmler, Heinrich, 30, 79, 344
Hinduism, 7
Hippocrates, 59, 183, 254
Hippodrome, 70
History of the Goths (Jordanes), 30–31
History of the Wars, A (Procopius of Caesarea), 85, 86
Hitler, Adolf, 283, 302, 309, 314, 317, 324, 325
Hohenmölsen, battle of (1080), 120
Holy Roman Empire (800–1806)
Charlemagne (800–814), 118
Lothair I (823–55), 131
Charles II ‘the Bald’ (875–7), 153
Otto I (962–73), 132
Henry III (1046–56), 117–18, 180
Henry IV (1084–1106), 114–23, 115, 139–44, 149, 150, 258
Henry V (1111–25), 149
Maximilian I (1493–1519), 159, 183
Charles V (1519–56), 157–65, 180, 181, 191, 206, 211, 214–16
Rome, sacking of (1527), 192–213, 196, 200, 202, 208
Holy Week, 237, 256
Holy Years, 154, 173, 174, 216, 245, 298
Homoean Christianity, 32, 79, 95
homosexuality, 62, 190, 308
Honorius, Pope, 110
Honorius, Western Roman emperor, 35, 36, 40, 53, 64, 67, 70, 76, 80
honour crimes, 184
hospitals, 134–5, 153, 197, 213
Hotel Excelsior, 342
Hotel Regina, 338
housing
Roman Republic era (509–27 BC), 10, 11, 12, 14, 19
Western Roman Empire era (285–476), 38, 39, 57
Ostrogothic Kingdom era (493–553), 89
Papal States era (754–1870), 124, 133–4, 171–2, 240
Kingdom of Italy era (1870–1946), 287, 290, 291, 293, 305
Howard, John, 249
Hudal, Alois, 334
human sacrifices, 25, 43
humanism, 188–90, 204, 217
Hungary, 36, 83, 131, 229, 302
Huns, 32, 35, 79, 83
Hus, Jan, 285
Hut of Romulus, 10, 41, 190
huts, 10, 12, 14, 305
hygiene, 182, 253, 304
Ibn al-Hawas, 144
immigration
Western Roman Empire era (285–476), 58, 60
Papal States era (754–1870), 170, 243
Fascist era (1922–44), 299
Italian Republic era (1946–), 355
Imperia, 187
Imperial Airways, 300
Imperial Palace, 39, 40, 41, 92, 109, 142, 143, 191
Index of prohibited books, 217, 271
India, 7
Indonesia, 54
indulgences, selling of, 177
Innocent II, Pope, 151
Innocent III, Pope, 153, 175
Innocent VIII, Pope, 172, 173, 179
Innocentius, bishop of Rome, 69
inoculation, 245, 253
Inside Rome with the Germans (Scrivener/Mother Mary), 323, 324, 327, 333, 335, 338–9, 340, 342, 346–52
Ireland, 25
Irving, Washington, 236
Isabella d’Este, marquesa of Mantua, 206
Isaurians, 97, 104, 107
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), 355, 359
Isis, 47
Islam, 79, 111, 131, 135, 215
Isola Farnese, 167
Italian African Police, 336
Italian Republic (1946–), 355–9
Italian Social Republic (1943–5), 325, 326
Italian tricolour, 223, 226, 285
Italy, Kingdom of, see Kingdom of Italy
Janus, 96–7
Japan, 187
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 308
Jerome, Saint, 64–5, 67, 72–3, 75, 77
Jerusalem, 51, 52, 76, 78, 111, 152, 153, 154
Jesus, 51, 53, 94, 152, 239
Jews
Byzantine Empire (c. 330–1453), 95
Ghetto, 250–53, 258–9, 271, 286, 311, 329–30, 332, 334–5, 338, 351
Liberal era (1870–1915), 286–7
Nazi deportations (1943–4), 327–35, 336, 338, 344, 346, 348, 351, 352
Papal States era (754–1870), 135, 170, 186
Raci
al Laws (1938), 309–10, 313, 315, 318, 327, 330
Spanish pogroms, 170, 250
Western Roman Empire (285–476), 49
John the Baptist, 128, 203
John I, Pope, 95
John VIII, Pope, 132
Johnson, James, 240
Jordan of Capua, 141
Jordanes, 30–31
Julian Alps, 84
Julian, Roman emperor, 64
Julius II, Pope, 173, 174, 175, 176, 181, 183, 190, 191, 202
Juno, 19, 20, 22–3
Jupiter, 13, 17, 26, 39, 48, 64, 79, 90, 357
Justin, Byzantine emperor, 95
Justinian, Byzantine emperor, 85, 86–7, 88, 95, 98–100, 103, 108, 110
Juvenal, 58
Kaas, Ludwig, 52
Kappler, Herbert, 328–9, 332, 341, 344, 345, 350
Keats, John, 236, 340
von Kessel, Albrecht, 328
Kesselring, Albert, 319, 322, 329, 339, 342, 349, 350
‘King Beppo’, 249
‘King Bomba’, see Ferdinand II
Kingdom of Italy era (1870–1946), 275–6, 277–352
Abyssinian War (1935–6), 282–3, 293, 296, 302, 314
Allied bombing of Rome (1943), 281–2
archaeology, 284
aristocracy, 303–4
barruché, 305
borgate, 305, 340, 346
bridges, 283, 292
Capture of Rome (1870), 275
censorship, 301–3
churches, 285
corruption, 311–12, 336
crime, 308–11
currency, 296, 299, 312
death penalty, 310
disease, 300–301
economy, 296, 299, 312, 314
electricity, 304, 305
English community, 299
exhibitions, 294–5, 317
exiles, 310
Fascist Grand Council meeting (1943), 279–82
festivals, 298, 318
First World War (1914–18), 281, 282, 287, 288, 293, 298, 310, 316
floods, 287
housing, 287, 290, 291, 293, 304, 305
hygiene, 304
immigration, 299
intelligentsia, 303
Jewish population, see under Jews
Lateran Treaties (1929), 292
Liberal era (1870–1915), 284–5, 287–8, 290–91, 298, 312, 316
March on Rome (1922), 281, 289, 294, 296, 298
MSVN (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale), 303, 307, 311–12, 314, 323, 332, 336–7, 343, 348, 350
Nazi Germany, alliance with, 309–10, 313, 314–15
Nazi occupation of Rome (1943–4), 321–53
Pius IX, death of (1881), 275–6
population, 283, 296
poverty, 303, 304–5, 340, 347
propaganda, 284–6, 290
prostitution, 300, 305, 306–7
redevelopment, 284, 290–93
schools, 293
Second World War (1940–45), 52, 277–83, 315–53
sex, 306–7, 308, 312
statues, 285–6
streets, 284–5, 287, 290
surveillance, 308–9
tourism, 299–300
trade unions, 303, 311
transportation, 283, 284