A History of South Africa

by Leonard Thompson

  63. David Welsh, The Roots of Segregation: Native Policy in Colonial Natal, 1845–1910 (Cape Town, 1971); Bundy, Peasantry, 165–74; Henry Slater, “The Changing Pattern of Economic Relationships in Rural Natal, 1838–1914,” in Economy and Society, 148–70.

  64. Report of Natal Native Affairs Commission, 1854; Public Record Office, Confidential Print, C.O. 879/1, 15, 20.

  65. Thompson, in Oxford History of South Africa, 1:382–86.

  66. N. Etherington, Preachers, Peasants and Politics in Southeast Africa, 1835–1880 (London, 1978), 47–59, 87–96. Edwin W. Smith, The Life and Times of Daniel Lindley (1801–80) (London, 1949), is a biography of one of the most influential of the American missionaries; Patrick Harries, “Plantations, Passes, and Proletarians: Labour and the Colonial State in Nineteenth-Century Natal,” Journal of Southern African Studies 13:3 (1978): 372–99.

  67. Hugh Tinker, A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas, 1830–1920 (Oxford, 1974); Leonard Thompson, “Indian Immigration into Natal, 1860–1872,” Archives Year Book for South African History (1952), vol. 2; Surendra Bhana and Bridglal Pachai, eds., A Documentary History of Indian South Africans (Cape Town and Stanford, Calif., 1984).

  68. Leonard Thompson, in Oxford History of South Africa, 1:424–46; Maylam, History of the African People, 113–33.

  69. Stanley Trapido, “Reflections on Land, Office and Wealth in the South African Republic, 1850–1900,” in Economy and Society, 350–68.

  70. Leonard Thompson, “Constitutionalism in the South African Republics,” Butterworths South African Law Review (1954): 54–72; Eybers, Select Constitutional Documents, 288–96.

  71. Thompson, “Constitutionalism”; Eybers, Select Constitutional Documents, 362–410.

  72. Joseph Millerd Orpen, Reminiscences of Life in South Africa (Cape Town, 1964), 302–24; Fred Morton, “Captive Labor in the Western Transvaal after the Sand River Convention”; and Jan C. A. Boeyens, “‘Black Ivory’: The Indenture System and Slavery in Zoutpansberg, 1848–1869,” in Slavery in South Africa, 167–214.

  73. F. A. van Jaarsveld, “Die veldkornet en sy aandeel in die opbou van die Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek tot 1870,” in Archives Year Book for South African History (1950), vol. 2.

  74. David Livingstone, Missionary Travels and Researches (London, 1857), and Missionary Correspondence, 1841–56, ed. I. Schapera (London, 1961).

  75. Orpen, Reminiscences, 288–97.

  76. Peter Delius, “Migrant Labour and the Pedi, 1840–80,” in Economy and Society, 293–312.

  77. Neil Parsons, A New History of South Africa (London, 1982).

  78. Thompson, Oxford History, 1:440–41.

  79. Peter Delius, The Land Belongs to Us (Johannesburg, 1983).

  80. Thompson, Survival in Two Worlds, 219–311, and Oxford History of South Africa, 1:442–46.

  81. C. W. de Kiewiet, British Colonial Policy and the South African Republics (London, 1929).

  82. Ibid., 311–29; Thompson, Oxford History of South Africa, 1:446.

  Chapter 4: Diamonds, Gold, and British Imperialism

  1. William Beinart, Peter Delius, and Stanley Trapido, eds., Putting a Plough to the Ground: Accumulation and Dispossession in Rural South Africa, 1850–1930 (Johannesburg, 1986); William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1987); Colin Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (London, 1979).

  2. William H. Worger, South Africa’s City of Diamonds: Mine Workers and Monopoly Capitalism in Kimberley, 1867–1895 (New Haven and London, 1987); Rob Turrell, Capital and Labour on the Kimberley Diamond Fields, 1871–1890 (Cambridge, 1987).

  3. Charles van Onselen, Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886–1914, 2 vols. (London, 1982).

  4. Maureen Swan, Gandhi: The South African Experience (Johannesburg, 1985).

  5. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875–1914 (New York, 1987); Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987).

  6. Leonard Thompson, “The Subjection of the African Chiefdoms,” “Great Britain and the Afrikaner Republics,” and “The Compromise of Union,” in The Oxford History of South Africa, ed. Monica Wilson and Leonard Thompson, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1969, 1971), 2:245–364.

  7. Worger, City of Diamonds, 191.

  8. Geoffrey Wheatcroft, The Randlords: The Exploits and Exploitations of South Africa’s Mining Magnates (New York, 1986), 47.

  9. John Flint, Cecil Rhodes (Boston, 1974); Apollon Davidson, Cecil Rhodes and His Time (Moscow, 1988); Robert Rotberg, Cecil Rhodes (London, 1988).

  10. C. W. de Kiewiet, British Colonial Policy and the South African Republics, 1848–1872 (London, 1929); C. F. Goodfellow, Great Britain and South African Confederation, 1870–1881 (Cape Town, 1966).

  11. Worger, City of Diamonds, 114–15.

  12. Ibid., 116.

  13. Peter Richardson and Jean Jacques Van-Helten, “The Gold Mining Industry in the Transvaal, 1886–99,” in The South African War, ed. Peter Warwick (Harlow, England, 1980), 18–36, and “Labour in the South African Gold Mining Industry, 1886–1914,” in Industrialization and Social Change in South Africa, ed. Shula Marks and Richard Rathbone (New York, 1982); Sheila van der Horst, Native Labour in South Africa (London, 1942); Patrick Harries, Work, Culture, and Identity: Migrant Laborers in Mozambique and South Africa, c. 1860–1910 (Portsmouth, N.H., and London, 1994).

  14. Van Onselen, Social and Economic History, 1:xvi.

  15. Paul Maylam, A History of the African People of South Africa (New York, 1986); Thompson, “Subjection.”

  16. Charles van Onselen, “Reactions to Rinderpest in Southern Africa, 1896–97,” Journal of African History 13 (1972).

  17. Jeff Guy, The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom (London, 1979), and “The Destruction and Reconstruction of Zulu Society,” in Industrialization and Social Change; C. W. de Kiewiet, The Imperial Factor in South Africa (Cambridge, 1937); D. M. Schreuder, The Scramble for Southern Africa, 1877–1895 (Cambridge, 1980).

  18. D. R. Morris, The Washing of the Spears (New York, 1964).

  19. Thompson, “Subjection,” 266.

  20. Christopher Saunders, The Annexation of the Transkeian Territories (Archives Year Book for South African History, Pretoria, 1976), and “The Annexation of the Transkei,” in Beyond the Cape Frontier, ed. Christopher Saunders and Robin Derricourt (London, 1974); William Beinart, The Political Economy of Pondoland, 1860–1930 (Cambridge, 1982).

  21. Beinart and Delius, “Introduction,” in Putting a Plough to the Ground.

  22. David Welsh, The Roots of Segregation: Native Policy in Natal, 1845–1910 (Cape Town, 1971); W. R. Guest, Langalibalele: The Crisis in Natal, 1873–1875 (Durban, 1976).

  23. Neil Parsons, A New History of Southern Africa (London, 1982); William F. Lye and Colin Murray, Transformations on the Highveld: The Tswana and Southern Sotho (Cape Town, 1980); I. Schapera, Tribal Innovators: Tswana Chiefs and Social Change, 1795–1940 (London, 1970).

  24. Lye and Murray, Transformations, 73.

  25. S. B. Burman, Chiefdom Politics and Alien Law: Basutoland under Cape Rule, 1871–1884 (London, 1981); Transformations on the Highveld.

  26. Peter Delius, The Land Belongs to Us: The Pedi Polity, the Boers and the British in the Nineteenth-Century Transvaal (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1983).

  27. P. Bonner, Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires (Cambridge, 1983).

  28. The interesting history of the Bavenda and their resistance to conquest has not been adequately told.

  29. Colin Murray, Families Divided: The Impact of Migrant Labour in Lesotho (Cambridge, 1981); Eldredge, South African Kingdoms.

  30. Timothy Keegan, Rural Transformations in Industrializing South Africa: The Southern Highveld to 1914 (Braamfontein, S.A., 1986); Bundy, South African Peasantry; Beinart, Delius, and Trapido, eds., Putting a Plough to the Ground.

  31. De Kiewiet, Imperial Factor; Schreuder, Scramble; Thompson, “Great Britain and
the Afrikaner Republics.”

  32. F. A. van Jaarsveld, The Awakening of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1868–1881, trans. F. R. Metrowich (Cape Town, 1961), and The Afrikaner’s Interpretation of South African History (Cape Town, 1964); T. Dunbar Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1975); Leonard Thompson, The Political Mythology of Apartheid (New Haven and London, 1985).

  33. T. R. H. Davenport, The Afrikaner Bond, 1880–1911 (Cape Town, 1966).

  34. J. P. Fitzpatrick, The Transvaal from Within (London, 1900), is a contemporary and Boer polemic. Modern scholarly works on the Uitlanders include van Onselen, Studies, chap. 1; Wheatcroft, Randlords; and G. Blainey, “Lost Causes of the Jameson Raid,” Economic History Review, 2d ser., 18 (1965): 350–66.

  35. D. W. Kruger, Paul Kruger, 2 vols. (Johannesburg, 1961, 1963). Quotation from Thompson, Political Mythology, 32.

  36. See n. 34; also Maryna Fraser and Alan Jeeves, ed., All That Glittered: Selected Correspondence of Lionel Phillips, 1890–1924 (Cape Town, 1977); A. H. Duminy and W. R. Guest, Fitzpatrick, South African Politician: Selected Papers, 1888–1906 (Johannesburg, 1976). Quotation from Shula Marks, “Scrambling for South Africa,” Journal of African History 23:1 (1982): 109.

  37. P. Mason, The Birth of a Dilemma: The Conquest of Settlement of Rhodesia (London, 1958); T. O. Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896–7 (London, 1967); Davidson, Cecil Rhodes; Rotberg, Cecil Rhodes.

  38. N. G. Garson, “The Swaziland Question and the Road to the Sea (1887–1895),” Archives Year Book for South African History (1957), vol. 2.

  39. Jeffrey Butler, “The German Factor in Anglo-Transvaal Relations,” and Wm. Roger Louis, “Great Britain and German Expansion in Africa, 1884–1919,” in Britain and Germany in Africa, ed. Prosser Gifford and Wm. Roger Louis (New Haven and London, 1967).

  40. J. L. Garvin, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, vols. 1–3 (London, 1933–34); Andrew Porter, “In Memoriam Joseph Chamberlain,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 3:2 (1986): 291–97.

  41. Jean van der Poel, The Jameson Raid (Cape Town, 1951); Jeffrey Butler, The Liberal Party and the Jameson Raid (Oxford, 1968).

  42. Lord Milner, The Nation and the Empire (London, 1913); C. Headlam, ed., The Milner Papers, 2 vols. (London, 1931, 1933); Eric Stokes, “‘Milnerism,’” Historical Journal 5 (1962): 47–60; Shula Marks and Stanley Trapido, “Lord Milner and the South African State,” History Workshop Journal 8 (1979): 50–80.

  43. Phyllis Lewsen, John X. Merriman: Paradoxical South African Statesman (New Haven and London, 1982).

  44. Milner Papers, 1:349–53.

  45. W. K. Hancock, Smuts: The Sanguine Years (Cambridge, 1962); Kenneth Ingham, Jan Christian Smuts (London, 1986).

  46. Debate on the origins of the war in 1899 started with the economic interpretation of Hobson and still continues. Besides works listed in previous footnotes, see: J. A. Hobson, The War in South Africa: Its Causes and Effects (London, 1900), and Imperialism: A Study; Ronald Robinson and Jack Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism (London, 1961); J. S. Marais, The Fall of Kruger’s Republic (Oxford, 1961); G. H. L. Le May, British Supremacy in South Africa, 1899–1907 (Oxford, 1965); A. At-more and S. Marks, “The Imperial Factor in South Africa: Toward a Reassessment,” Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 3 (October 1974): 105–39; Robert V. Kubicek, Economic Imperialism in Theory and Practice (Durham, N.C., 1979); Andrew Porter, The Origins of the South African War (Manchester, 1980); and Bernard Porter, Britain, Europe and the World, 1850–1982 (London, 1983).

  47. Two works stand out from the mass of publications on the South African War: Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War (New York, 1979), and Peter Warwick, ed., The South African War (London, 1980).

  48. Warwick, Black People and the South African War, 1899–1902 (Cambridge, 1983), 4–5.

  49. Milner, Nation and Empire; Marks and Trapido, “Lord Milner.”

  50. G. W. Eybers, Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South African History, 1795–1910 (London, 1918), 345–47.

  51. Ibid.

  52. Milner to Sir Percy Fitzpatrick, Nov. 28, 1899, Milner Papers, 2:35–36.

  53. Warwick, Black People, 163–84; Peter Richardson, Chinese Mind Labour in the Transvaal (London, 1982); Jeremy Krikler, Revolution from Above, Rebellion from Below: The Agrarian Transvaal at the Turn of the Century (Oxford, 1993).

  54. See note 32.

  55. Bernard Porter, The Lion’s Share: A Short History of British Imperialism, 1850–1970 (London and New York, 1975), 206–7. On British policy toward South Africa in this period, see also Ronald Hyam, “The Myth of the ‘Magnanimous gesture’: The Liberal Government, Smuts and Conciliation, 1906,” in Reappraisals in British Imperial History, ed. Ronald Hyam and Ged Martin (Toronto, 1975), 167–86, and A. E. Atmore, “The Extra-European Foundations of British Imperialism: Towards a Reassessment,” in British Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century, ed. C. E. Eldridge (London, 1984), 106–25. On collaboration, see Ronald Robinson, “Non-European Foundations of European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration,” in Theory of Imperialism, ed. E. R. J. Owen and R. B. Sutcliffe (London, 1972).

  56. Hyam, “Myth,” 176.

  57. Thompson, in Oxford History of South Africa, 2:339–43.

  58. R. J. Hammond, Portugal and Africa, 1815–1910 (Stanford, Calif., 1966); Jean van der Poel, Railway and Customs Policies in South Africa, 1885–1910 (London, 1933).

  59. Shula Marks, Reluctant Rebellion: The 1906–1908 Disturbances in Natal (Oxford, 1970).

  60. Parliamentary Papers, Cd. 3564, Papers relating to a Federation of the South African Colonies.

  61. Leonard Thompson, The Unification of South Africa, 1902–1910 (Oxford, 1960).

  62. Thompson, Unification, 109–10.

  63. André Odendaal, Vukani Bantu! The Beginnings of Black Protest Politics in South Africa to 1912 (Cape Town, 1984).

  64. Parliamentary Debates (Commons), 5th ser. vol. 9 (1909), col. 1010.

  Chapter 5: The Segregation Era

  1. Union of South Africa, Union Statistics for Fifty Years, 1910–1960 (Pretoria, 1960), G3, H23.

  2. Merle Lipton, Capitalism and Apartheid (Totowa, N.J., 1985), 380.

  3. Heribert Adam and Hermann Giliomee, Ethnic Power Mobilized: Can South Africa Change? (New Haven and London, 1979).

  4. William Beinart, Peter Delius, and Stanley Trapido, Putting a Plough to the Ground (Johannesburg, 1986); John Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (Cambridge, 1982); George Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (New York, 1981).

  5. Lipton, Capitalism and Apartheid, 387–88; Francis Wilson, Labour in the South African Gold Mines (Cambridge, 1972).

  6. Adam and Giliomee, Ethnic Power, 173.

  7. Union Statistics for Fifty Years, A27, A29; Richard Elphick, “Mission Christianity and Interwar Liberalism,” in Democratic Liberalism in South Africa: Its History and Prospect, ed. Jeffrey Butler, Richard Elphick, and David Welsh (Middletown, Conn., 1987), 64–80.

  8. André Odendaal, Vukani Bantu! The Beginnings of Black Protest Politics in South Africa to 1912 (Cape Town, 1984); A. P. Walshe, The Rise of African Nationalism in South Africa: The African National Congress, 1912–52 (London, 1970); Tom Lodge, Black Politics in South Africa since 1945 (London and New York, 1983); George Fredrickson, Black Liberation: A Comparative History of Black Ideologies in the United States and South Africa (New York, 1995).

  9. Helen Bradford, A Taste of Freedom: The ICU in Rural South Africa, 1924–1930 (New Haven and London, 1987); William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa (London, 1987).

  10. Eddie Webster, ed., Essays in Southern African Labour History (Johannesburg, 1978).

  11. Bengt Sundkler, Bantu Prophets in South Africa, 2d ed. (London, 1961).

  12. T. R. H. Davenport, South Africa: A Modern History, 4th ed. (London, 19
91), 293–324.

  13. Davenport gives a full account of white politics in South Africa. See also Adam and Giliomee, Ethnic Power, and Hermann Giliomee, “Afrikaner Nationalism, 1870–2001,” in A Question of Survival, ed. Alan Fischer and Michel Albeldas (Johannesburg, 1987).

  14. W. K. Hancock, Smuts: The Sanguine Years, and Smuts: The Fields of Force (Cambridge, 1962, 1968); Kenneth Ingham, Jan Christian Smuts: The Conscience of a South African (London, 1986).

  15. William Beinart provided substantial advice on this subject. Webster, ed., Labour History; Lipton, Capitalism and Apartheid; F. A. Johnstone, Class, Race and Gold (London, 1976).

  16. G. Dekker, Afrikaanse Literatuurgeskiedenis, 7th ed. (Cape Town, 1963); E. C. Pienaar, Die triomf van Afrikaans (Cape Town, 1943).

  17. In his autobiography, D. F. Malan devoted a 39-page chapter to the “Vlagstryd” (flag battle): Afrikaner volkseenheid (Johannesburg, 1959), 102–40.

  18. K. C. Wheare, The Statute of Westminster and Dominion Status, 4th ed. (Oxford, 1949).

  19. Margery Perham and Lionel Curtis, The Protectorates of South Africa: The Question of Their Transfer to the Union (London, 1935).

  20. See note 14, above.

  21. C. M. Tatz, Shadow and Substance in South Africa (Pietermaritzburg, 1962).

  22. Phyllis Lewsen, “Liberals in Politics and Administration, 1936–1948,” in Democratic Liberalism in South Africa, 98–115, and Voices of Protest from Segregation to Apartheid, 1938–1948 (Craighall, S.A., 1988).

  23. Leonard Thompson, The Political Mythology of Apartheid (New Haven and London, 1985), 186. See also J. H. P. Serfontein, Brotherhood of Power (London, 1979), and T. Dunbar Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid, and the Afrikaner Civil Religion (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1975).

  24. Note 14, above; also N. Mansergh, Survey of Commonwealth Affairs, 1931–59: Problems of External Policy (London, 1952).

  25. Goran Hyden, Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1980), describes the phenomenon of an uncaptured peasantry in Tanzania.