Behind Japanese Lines
Page 34
Chapter Twelve: Back into Action
1. I am grateful to Tom Chengay for writing a moving commendation of me to General MacArthur. Tom stayed in the Philippine army long after the war. I lost contact with him for many years and rediscovered his address only in 1983. I wrote to him then and looked forward keenly to seeing him once more, or at least corresponding with him, only to receive from his wife the disheartening news that he had become completely incapacitated. He died April 17, 1984.
2. One of the lessons the Huks learned from the war was the defensive strength of these mountain fastnesses in northern Luzon. The present (1986) headquarters of the reconstituted Hukbalahap movement is in this wild region.
3. John M. Carlisle, Red Arrow Men, pp. 34-35.
4. Carlisle gives vivid descriptions of road construction under these conditions. Ibid., pp. 77-81, 108-11.
5. H. W. Blakeley, The 32nd Infantry Division in World War II, p. 248.
6. William de Jarnette Rutherfoord, 165 Days: The 25th Division on Luzon, p. 137.
7. Ibid., pp. 113-14.
8. Carlisle, Red Arrow Men, p. 144. General Blakeley covers the whole subject of combat problems and how they were overcome along the Villa Verde Trail, briefly but capably and in a measured tone, in The 32nd Division in World War II, pp. 220-49. Carlisle, a war correspondent for the Detroit News, writes in a fashion at once thickly patriotic and reminiscent of the famous war correspondent Ernie Pyle. The 32nd Division is “the best in the world”; all the officers are fearless and inspire their troops by staying in the front lines; all the enlisted men are “great guys,” well-trained Gary Cooper types, even braver than usual if wounded; they write sticky letters to Super Girls back home; et cetera. Even so, Carlisle provides much specific information about the struggle for north Luzon in the spring of 1945. Rutherfoord’s book, 25th Division on Luzon, is essentially a collection of drawings, accompanied by a brief running commentary, by an infantryman who fought along the Villa Verde Trail. It is both more informative and more analytical than one would expect.
9. Rutherfoord, 25th Division on Luzon, p. 118.
10. Ross-Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, pp. 394, 398, 503-4, 511.
11. An apt characterization by Rutherfoord, 25th Division on Luzon, p. 106.
12. Though I did not actually see this, Carlisle mentions a number of such instances. See Red Arrow Men, pp. 27, 57-60.
13. Rutherfoord, 25th Division on Luzon, p. 159.
14. As in so many instances during guerrilla life in the Philippines, Donald Blackburn’s experiences and thoughts about them were remarkably similar to my own. See Harkins, Blackburn’s Headhunters, pp. 312-13.
15. On this point Rutherfoord offers one of his typically pithy aphorisms: “You cannot realize the cost of war until you start collecting your own dead.” 25th Division on Luzon, p. 46.
16. Once more Blackburn was struck by the same thought as I. One day in December 1941 when everything connected with the war was going catastrophically for the Allies, he watched the Japanese cruise in a leisurely, arrogant way along the Luzon coast, and move men and equipment ashore, while planes rose unhurriedly from carriers. “The scene [he said] had a contradictory quality of beauty, the ugly beauty of naval power massed for a death blow.” Harkins, Blackburn’s Headhunters, p. 19.
Chapter Thirteen: Reflections on the War
1. Volckmann, We Remained, p. 226.
2. Liddell Hart, Strategy, pp. 379-82.
3. These instances are discussed by Laqueur, Guerrilla, pp. 41, 48-49.
4. Ibid., p. 230.
5. Kenworthy, The Tiger of Malaya, pp. 20-21. Agoncillo offers some thoughtful estimates of the importance and limitations of the Philippine guerrillas, as seen by a professional historian twenty years after the event. The Fateful Years, 2: 760-61, 775-77.
6. Trevor N. Dupuy, Asian and Axis Resistance Movements, p. 32.
7. See Ross-Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, pp. 421-22, 458-78, 540-78; James, The Years of MacArthur, pp. 683-90; Whitney, MacArthur, pp. 183-84.
8. Volckmann, We Remained, pp. 175-97.
9. Ibid., p. 216.
10. Ross-Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, pp. 573-78.
11. James, The Years of MacArthur, p. 690.
12. Volckmann, We Remained, p. 197.
13. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 430.
14. Potter, Life and Death, p. 152.
15. Ross-Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, pp. 421-22.
16. Whitney, MacArthur, p. 184.
17. Rodriguez, Bad Guerrillas, names names and specifies offenses. See pp. 115-42, 185.
18. Arnold, A Rock and a Fortress, pp. 209-10, 216.
19. Harkins, Blackburn’s Headhunters, pp. 223-24.
20. Ibid., pp. 178-93.
21. Ibid., pp. 206-7.
22. Ibid., p. 278.
23. Estrada, Historical Survey, p. 55.
24. Ibid., p. 50.
25. Such fears were not imaginary. One major kept a diary in which were the names of all those who had harbored him. When the Japanese captured him, they also got the diary and proceeded to kill all the kind-hearted people listed in it. Monaghan, Under The Red Sun, p. 142.
26. Leon O. Beck, who travelled about among several guerrilla bands on Luzon, says it was common for guerrilla leaders to keep records but that these were usually buried in bottles to prevent their seizure by possible Japanese raiders. Beck, personal communication to the author (B.N.). Perhaps some others did this, though I doubt it; certainly I (R.H.) never did. Hendrickson says he kept some rosters. Albert C. Hendrickson, personal communication to the author (B.N.).
27. For a more detailed consideration of the matter see Estrada, Historical Survey, p. 37; and Johnson, Hour of Redemption, pp. 350-54.
28. Many a Filipino guerrilla wanted to buy U.S. war bonds with the pittance he was paid intermittently during the war. Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine, p. 170.
29. Leon O. Beck and James P. Boyd, personal communications to the author (B.N.).
30. Robert Lapham, personal communication to the author (B.N.). Things weren’t much different elsewhere. War correspondent Clark Lee relates that shortly after the war he asked someone he knew in Bangkok how many Siamese guerrillas there had been. The man answered that he estimated 10,000 at the end of the war but that he expected to see at least 25,000 in a parade the following Tuesday. Lee, One Last Look Around, p. 196.
31. Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” pp. 11-12.
32. Ibid., pp. 80-81.
33. These conditions and the circumstances that gave rise to them have been dissected by many writers. The following are a sampling. Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” pp. 11-12, 105, 148, 153, 169-70, 192-94; Day, The Philippines, pp. 123, 223-24; Monaghan, Under the Red Sun, pp. 271-79; Agoncillo, The Fateful Years, 2: 545-91, 759, 853, 886; Castillo and Castillo, Saga, pp. 224-26, 298-99; Taylor, The Philippines and the United States, pp. 119-20; Eliseo Quirino, A Day to Remember, pp. 130-49.
34. Lichauco, “Dear Mother Putnam,” p. 23. The passage was written in his diary February 7, 1942.
35. Robert Lapham, personal communication to the author (B.N.). Villamor, They Never Surrendered, p. 286, delivers the scathing characterization. Villamor had become acidly anti-American by the time he got around to writing his memoirs, a generation after the war.
36. Molina, Philippines, p. 377.
37. Bernardo M. Morada to Ray Hunt, October 14, 1983; Manila Courier, August 7, 1983, p. 5.
38. Utinsky, Miss U., p. 92.
Selected Bibliography
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Agoncillo, Teodoro A. The Fateful Years: Japan’s Adventure in the Philippines. 2 vols., Quezon City: R.P. Garcia, 1965.
Agoncillo, Teodoro A., and Oscar M. Alfonso. A Short History of the Filipino People. Manila: Univ. of the Philippines Press, 1960.
Alip, Eufronio M. Political and Cultural History of the Philippines. 2 vols. Manila: Alip & Sons, 1958.
Archer, Jules. The Philippines’ Fight for Freedom. New York: Macmillan, 1970.
Arnold, Robert H. A Rock and a Fortress. Sarasota, Fla.: Blue Horizon Press, 1979.
Baclagon, Uldarico S. Philippine Campaigns. Manila: Graphic House, 1952.
Bank, Bert. Back from the Living Dead. Tuscaloosa, Ala.: privately printed, 1945.
Bertram, James. Beneath the Shadow. New York: John Day, 1947.
Blakeley, H.W. The 32nd Infantry Division in World War II. Madison, Wisc.: 32nd Infantry Division History Commission, n.d.
Boveri, Margaret. Treason in the Twentieth Century. London: Macdonald, 1961.
Boyington, Gregory. Baa! Baa! Black Sheep. New York: Putnam, 1948.
Brines, Russell. Until They Eat Stones. New York: Lippincott, 1944.
Buenafe, Manuel. Wartime Philippines. Manila: Philippine Education Foundation, 1950.
Calvocoressi, Peter, and Guy Wint. Total War: Causes and Consequences of the Second World War. New York: Penguin, 1979.
Campbell, Arthur. Guerrillas. London: Arthur Books, 1967.
Cannon, M. Hamlin. Leyte: The Return to the Philippines. The U.S. Army in World War II. Vol. 2, part 5, of The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1954.
Carlisle, John M. Red Arrow Men: Stories about the 32nd Division on the Villa Verde Trail. Detroit: Arnold Powers, 1945.
Castillo, Teofilo del, and José del Castillo. The Saga of José P. Laurel. Manila: Associated Authors, 1949.
Conner, Henry Clay, Jr. “We Fought Fear on Luzon,” True, August 1946, pp. 69-87.
Considine, Robert, ed. General Wainwright’s Story. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1946.
Day, Beth. The Philippines: Shattered Showcase of Democracy in Asia. New York: Evans, 1974.
de la Costa, H., S.J. Readings in Philippine History. Manila: Bookmark, 1965.
Dissette, Edward F., and H.C. Adamson. Guerrilla Submarines. New York: Ballantine, 1972.
Dupuy, Trevor N. Asian and Axis Resistance Movements. New York: Franklin Watts, 1965.
Dyess, William E. The Dyess Story. Edited by Charles Leavelle. New York: Putnam, 1944.
Estrada, William L. “A Historical Survey of the Guerrilla Movement in Pangasinan, 1942-1945.” Master’s thesis. Manila: Far Eastern Univ., 1951.
Eyre, James K., Jr. The Roosevelt-MacArthur Conflict. Chambersburg, Pa.: Craft Press, 1950.
Falk, Stanley. Bataan: The March of Death. New York: Norton, 1962.
———. Liberation of the Philippines. New York: Ballantine Books, 1971.
Friend, Theodore. Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 1929-1946. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1965.
Goettl, Elinor. Eagle of the Philippines: President Manuel Quezon. New York: Messner, 1970.
Gordon, Ernest. Through the Valley of the Kwai. New York: Harper, 1962.
Grashio, Samuel, and Bernard Norling. Return to Freedom. Tulsa, Okla.: MCN Press, 1982.
Harkins, Philip. Blackburn’s Headhunters. New York: Norton, 1955.
Hartigan, Richard Shelley. The Forgotten Victim: A History of the Civilian. Chicago: Precedent, 1982.
Howard, Michael. The Causes of Wars. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1983.
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Ingham, Trevor. Rendezvous by Submarine: The Story of Charles Parsons and the Guerrilla Soldiers in the Philippines. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1945.
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James, D. Clayton. The Years of MacArthur, Vol. 2, 1941-1945. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975.
Johnson, Forrest Bryant. Hour of Redemption: The Ranger Raid on Cabanatuan. New York: Manor Books, 1978.
Jones, F.C. Japan’s New Order in East Asia, 1937-1945. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1954.
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Kenworthy, Aubrey S. The Tiger of Malaya: The Story of General Tomoyuki Yamashita. New York: Exposition Press, 1953.
Kerkvliet, Benedict J. The Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1977.
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Laqueur, Walter. Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976.
Laurel, José P. War Memoirs. Manila: Lyceum Press, 1962.
Lee, Clark. One Last Look Around. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1947.
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Lichauco, Marcial P. “Dear Mother Putnam”: A Diary of the War in the Philippines. No place, publisher, or date.
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Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below
Abad Santos, José (Philippine chief justice)
Abad Santos, Pedro (Christian Socialist leader)
Ablan, Roque A. (guerrilla organizer)
Adenauer, Konrad (German chancellor)
Agaton, Gregorio (Hunt’s bodyguard)
marries
at battle of San Quintin
Aglaloma Bay
Aglaloma Point
Agno River
Aquinaldo, Emilio (anti-American Filipino leader)