by John France
Bohemond, 6, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 46, 47, 79, 84–85, 107, 127, 136, 140, 158, 160, 163, 169–70, 180, 183, 191, 194, 211, 225, 226, 228–29, 234, 237–41, 253–8, 263–5, 270, 265–6, 273–81, 296, 307, 312–314, 333, 375–6
ambassadors to Godfrey, 114, 116
Antioch seized by, 112, 133, 304, 307, 323, 368, 375
Cilicia held by, 138, 309
conditional promise of Antioch to, 260, 262, 297
crusader commander, 127, 246–51, 255, 279, 282, 284, 288, 291–2, 294–6, 369, 371
deserters and, 242–3
high reputation of, 255
to Jerusalem, 133, 236
Laodicea, besieges, 216, 217, 365; see also Daimbert of Pisa, in Norman attack on Byzantium, 74–77, 116
pact with the Genoese, 297–8
quarrel with Raymond of Toulouse, 112, 120, 293, 297–8, 302, 310–11, 315
reasons for taking the cross, 82–3, 85
slowly to Constantinople, 103–4, 107; see also Alexius
Bohemond the Turk, 248, 258, 262, 365
Bologna, papal letter to, 5, 15
Bonneville-sur-Touques, 57, 113
Boulogne, house of, 101, 116, 218, 378; see also Eustace of, Baldwin of, Baldwin of le Bourcq, Godfrey de Bouillon
Bourgthéroulde, battle in 1124, 37, 73
Boutoumites, 122, 124, 144
bow, 33, 69, 205, 228
of Armenians, 260
composite of Turks, 147, 235
banned by the church, 37
cross or mechanical bow, 36, 37, 49, 62, 82, 228, 351
stavebow, 36
tubular bow, 148
Bozüyük, 172, 173
Brémule, battle of in 1119, 34, 37
Bretons, 19, 57, 58, 69, 70
Brévol, castle of, 42–3, 47, 48, 50
Bridge of Boats, see Antioch
Bridge Gate, see Antioch
Brindisi, 3, 62
Brionne, castle of, 52, 80
Bruno of Lucca, 99, 134, 211–12, 214, 224
el-Bukeia, 319
Bulgaria, 91, 150
burh, 37, 39
Bursa (ancient Prusa), 173
Bursuk in Asia Minor, 202
Buwaihids, 146
Byzantium, 1, 2, 4, 5, 13, 82, 84, 90, 108, 146, 371
alliance and its importance, 24, 117–21, 165, 210, 219, 243, 299, 302–3, 325, 367, 375; see also Cyprus
army and military organisation, 75, 76, 104–5, 122, 124, 150–2, 175; see also Manzikert
expansionism, 305
expeditions to the east, 203
Arab conquests in, 145
attacked by Guiscard, 46, 74–7
weakness of, 149–55
caballarius, caballerías, caballeros, hidalgos, villanos, 32
Caen, councils of, 39, 57
Caeserea-in-Cappadocia (Kayseri), 137, 156, 185, 189, 190, 191, 299
Caeserea in Palestine, 329, 333, 360
Caffaro of Genoa, chronicler, 213, 216
Cairo, 99, 203, 205, 359
Calabria, 46, 47
Çarasamba river, 188
Carmen de Hastingae proeilio, 36, 57
castles, 20, 26, 32, 34, 50, 52, 53, 55, 63, 65, 67, 68, 78
importance on western warfare, 37–47, 74, 78–9
offensive castles, 44, 52, 54
wooden and stone, 26, 27, 40
Catapults, 47
at ‘Akkār, 319
at Ma’arra, 314
at Nicaea, 164
cavalry, horsemen, 1, 2, 30, 31, 32, 44, 45, 59, 61, 62, 63, 73, 75, 182, 241, 249, 363–4; see battles
at Antioch, 128, 265, 269
Egyptian, 359–60
Flemish for Alexius I, 81
Persian, 204
in Fatimid garrison of Jerusalem, 334, 343, 354, 355
‘shock tactics’, 71–3, 372, 272–3
Turkish, 145–6, 147, 149 see also battle
Chagri, brother of Tughril Bey, 146
Chaka emir of Smyrna, 155
Chanson d’Antioche, 205, 218, 379
Chanson de Roland, 31, 35
Chios, 237, 300
chivalry, 7, 9, 10, 31, 34, 51, 58
Chliat, 153
Chonae, 151
Cilicia, 154, 168, 213, 227
expedition to, 186–7, 193–5, 215
Gates of, 173, 185, 188, 190
Civitos, 93, 124
clergy, 18, 23–4, 35, 87, 92, 121, 127, 331–2
Clermont, Council of in 1095, 1, 4, 5, 13, 16, 80, 97
clibanarius, Persian heavy cavalry, 204
club, 33, 69
Cluny, 7, 8, 44, 86
Cnut II, king of Denmark, (1080–86), 84, 101
coif (of mail), 33
Cologne, 3, 63, 85, 90
Coloman I king of Hungary (1095–1114), 92, 83, 104, 105
coltrops, 76
Comana, 185, 191
Conan duke of Brittany, 27, 343
Conan of Brittany, 248
Conquereuil, battle of in 992, 27
Constantine VIII, Byzantine emperor (1025–8), 101, 151
Constantine IX Monomachus, Byzantine emperor (1042–55), 151, 183
Constantine X Doukas, Byzantine emperor (1059–67), 151, 152
Constantine Bodin king of Zeta (c. 1170–c. 1101), 76, 104
Constantine son of Roupen, 156, 167
Constantinople, capital of Byzantium, 2, 3, 13, 16, 20, 75, 81, 88, 90, 91, 93, 99, 100–3, 108, 112, 118, 120, 121, 142, 197, 209, 380
named as muster-point by Urban II, 97
Corfu, 75, 77
Cosenza, 46, 47
Cotiaeum (Kütahaya), 186
council of leaders, 20–1, 121, 231–2, 255–6, 257, 259, 297–8, 302, 310, 323, 330, 336, 346, 356–7
counter towers (against siege towers), 48, 75
Coxon (Göksun), 189, 191
Crac des Chevaliers, see Hisn al-Akrad
Crispin, Robert, 12, 13, 152, 168
Crispin, William, 37
Crusades, 10
modern writing on, 144
sources, 82
of 1101, 121, 174, 367, 369, 380
Second, 10, 367
Third, 98, 170
Cryapege, 152
Cumans, 110
Cyprus, 100, 138, 139, 211, 212, 213, 219, 244, 31
Cyprus, 100, 138, 139, 211, 212, 213, 219, 244, 310
importance in siege of Antioch, 209, 210, 215, 237, 368
Cyrrhus, 256
Cyzicus, 155
Daimbert archbishop of Pisa, attacks Laodicea with Bohemond, 133, 217, 219, 365
letter to the West, 125, 135, 141, 375, 376
Damascus, 127, 140, 145, 166, 210, 238, 308, 310, 317, 328, 355; see also Duqaq
Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, 195, 258, 261, 267, 314, 364
Danes, 37, 38, 39, 47, 49, 50, 62, 67, 70
on crusade, 210, 217
in fleet of Guinemer, 217
Danishmend Turks, 156, 160, 174
Danube, 100, 105
Daphne, 223, 238, 263
David, old testament king, 3
city of, 341
Daylami infantry, 145, 359
Deir Sambil, 310
Demon river (Skumbi), 103
desertion, 134, 241–2, 270; see also Aubré of Grandmesnil, Bohemond, Guy Trousseau, Lambert the Poor, Louis of Toul, Peter the Hermit, William the Carpenter, William of Grandmesnil
Dives-sur-Mer, 54, 59–60, 66
‘discordant peace’, 311, 315
Diwans, ministries at Baghdad and Cairo, 200
‘Iqta, 359
al-Jaysh, ministry of war, 200, 359; see also Arid al-Jaysh
Djebail, 328
Dog river, 329
Dome of the Rock (Mosque of Omar), 331, 335, 356
Domfront, 52–3
Dorylaeum (Eskişehir), 150, 169, 173, 187, 300
Dorylaeum, battle of, 16, 148, 158, 159, 169–72, 174–85, 242, 369, 371, 376
casualties at, 140, 170, 181
consequences of, 184–5, 195
division of the crusader army before, 136–7, 169
lack of overall crusader command, 181, 183
location of, 170–5
names for, 170
Turkish numbers at, 127, 157, 171, 174
Turkish and crusader tactics at, 174–5, 235
women in, 180
Doukas, family of, 152; see also Andronicus, Constantine, John, Michael
Dracon river (Yalaç), 93
Drogo of Nesle, 92, 309
Duqaq of Damascus, 156, 237–41, 261
ally of Kerbogah, 261, 292–3
approached for aid by Yaghisiyan, 199
crusader diplomacy towards, 245
quarrels with his brother, Rid wan of Aleppo, 167, 198–99; see also Qinnisrin, battle of; see also Foraging Battle
Dyrrachium, (Durazzo), 102–4, 105, 107
siege and battle of in 1081, 29, 75–6, 155
earthwork fortifications, 37–40, 52
ecclesiastical discipline, 17
imposed on the army, 241, 243–4, 367
Edessa, 1, 10, 15, 187, 261, 303, 309, 310
Baldwin seizes, 1, 132
besieged by Kerbogah, 259
numbers holding it, 134, 141
Philaretus gains, 154
value to the crusaders, 133
Edward the Confessor, king of England (1042–65), 43, 57, 60, 67
his seal and title, 101
Edgar Aetheling, 215–16
Egypt, 3, 317, 323–4, 331, 367
alliance with Ridwan, 198
attack on proposed by crusade at Ramla, 130, 330
and cities of Palestinian littoral, 328–9
conflict with Seljuk Turks, 152, 166
crusader negotiations and possible treaty with, 165–6, 211, 252–4, 302, 304, 317, 325–6, 334, 358, 368
fleets, 212–13, 327, 328
Fatimid conquest of Egypt, 99, 166
Fatimid decay, 166, 357
and crusader siege of Jerusalem, 334
armies and military organisations of, 166, 205, 308, 359–60
Turks in, 146
unpreparedness for crusader attack, 326–7, 329; see also al-Afdal, Ascalon, Badr al-Jamali, Jerusalem
Ekkehard of Aura, chronicler, 15, 92, 127, 325
Elbistan, see Comana
Elster, battle of in 1085, 27, 35
Emicho, count and leader of People’s Crusade, 91–2
Engelbert of Tournai, 351–2; see also Ludolf; Tournai
Engelrand of St Pol, 205, 233, 234; see also Hugh of; Hazagand
England, 38, 41, 55, 57, 60–1, 66–7, 72, 84, 113
on People’s Crusade, 91; see also Hastings
Ephesus, 300
Erzerum, 153, 156
Erzinjan, 156
Eumathios Philokales, duke of Cyprus, 216
Euphrates, 49, 152
Eustace II count of Boulogne, 55–6, 57
Eustace III of Boulogne, 45, 55, 77, 183, 248, 290, 312, 351, 360
and Guinemer of Boulogne, 217
Evrard the Huntsman, 314
Falaise, 34, 37
falcons on crusade, 132
famine or food shortage, hunger, 15
on First Crusade, 122, 130, 313, 315; see also Antioch
Farald, viscount of Thouars, 20
Fatimids, see Egypt
Fay-Chapteuil, family of, lords of Polignac, 45
Peter and Pons of, killed in the Balkans, 105; see also Heraclius of Polignac
feudalism, 20–3, 63
fire machine of Fatimids at Jerusalem, 335, 354–4
First Crusade, 2, 24, 25, 31, 35, 37, 39, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 55, 65, 78, 81, 100, 108, 116–17, 120–2, 124, 197
Armenian strategy of, 167–8, 190–6, 195–6, 206, 208, 220, 368
casualties, 3, 22, 103, 131, 134–5, 135–6, 139–41, 165
command on, 121, 170, 181, 183, 234, 245–6, 251, 256, 295–6, 324, 371
common fund of, 164, 232
ideology of and its limitations, 4–25, 96, 303–4, 376
influence on western military development, 372
liberation of eastern Christians, 195
liturgical aspect, 17
motivation for, 4–25, 80, 367
nations on, 18–19
noncombatants on, 3, 21, 126, 128, 129, 131, 136, 141
numbers on, 2–3, 14–15, 122–42, 202–3, 304, 317, 330–1, 345
perception of different enemies, 159
political objectives of, 96
popular pressure on the leaders, 311, 315, 318, 320–2, 324
rates of march, 3, 171, 188, n.119, 327
reasons for success of, 371–2
reinforcements, 108, 130, 134, 210, 211, 301
servants on, 126–7
sieges, see ‘Akkār, Antioch, Jerusalem, Ma’arra, Nicaea
solidarities on, 18–22, 369
sources for and their limitations, 374–82
staying in the East, 14–15
strengths of the crusader army, 295–6
tactics against Turks, 233, 241
treaties with Islamic rulers, 307, 316, 323, 328; see also Acre, ‘Azāz, Beirut, Egypt, Homs, Shaizar, Tripoli
women and children on, 126, 241; see also Alexius; Asia Minor, roads of; bishops; Dorylaeum; Egypt, fleets; Nicaea; princes; sieges
Firuz, (or Zarrad) betrayer of Antioch, 257–8, 259, 262–4, 297
flail, (war flail), 358, 363
Flanders, 55–7, 60, 65, 217
fleets, 57, 58–60, 61–3, 66–7, 75–7, 98–9
fleets, ships and naval power on the First Crusade, 98, 130, 138, 209–20
Byzantine, 117, 120, 209, 300
and communications, 210, 211
crusaders return to the west on, 366
English and Laodicea, 98–9, 131, 134, 209, 212, 214–19, 253, 328
of Guinemer of Boulogne, 216–20
influence on journey route, 209–10
Genoese, 3, 98, 131, 209, 212, 219, 228
importance of, 209, 211–12
at Jaffa, 212, 336–7
Pisan, 98, 209, 213, 219
plans for fleets on, 99
poverty of information about, 212–13
reinforcements with, 134
skills of sailors, 211–12
travel in winter, 211
Venetian, 209, 212, 219
Folkmar, leader of People’s Crusade, 92
Foraging Battle, 31 December 1097, 229, 237–41, 260, 263, 295–6, 376
failure at, 138
numbers of crusaders in, 127, 236
numbers of army of Damascus in, 203
tactics at, 233
fords, see Iron Bridge
France, 5, 7, 32, 40, 42, 43, 51, 53, 57, 80, 83, 87, 88, 135–6
Capetians kings of, 5, 7, 19, 40, 44, 47, 48, 52, 53, 82
Franks, distinguished from Provençals, 18, 130
as imperial envoys, 106
inhabitants of Constantinople, 114
Frederick Barbarossa, German emperor (1152–90) on crusade, 136, 170–1
French, 8, 11, 20, 30, 54–9, 69, 91
Frisia, men of with Guinemer, 217
Fulcher of Chartres, chronicler, 4, 103, 108, 112, 116, 127, 137, 169–71, 174–5, 143, 157, 163, 180, 182, 184, 186–7, 193–4, 205, 227, 236, 258, 259–61, 269, 286, 294, 301, 304–5, 312–13, 319, 321, 335, 337, 361, 364, 376, 378
Fulcher of Chartres, knight, 21, 264
Fulcher of Chartres, captain in the People’s Crusade, 90, 309
Fulcher of Orléans, 93
Fulford, Danish victory at, 67, 74
Fulk son of Giroie, 33
Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, 7, 27, 100
fundibula, 205
Gabriel of Melitene, 156, 160, 167–9, 195, 305
Galdemar Carpinel, 331
Gaston of Béam, 19, 309, 335
builder of North French siege tower at Jerusalem, 347
relations with Raymond of Toul
ouse, 331, 344, 357
Gautier de Bretueil, captain on People’s Crusade, 93
Gautier de la Verne, 329
Genoese, 15, 48, 99, 213, 229
allies of Raymond of Toulouse, 298
privileges at Antioch, 15, 23, 297–8
and Urban II, 98; see also fleets
Geoffrey the Hunchback, duke of Lower Lorraine, 33, 81
Geoffrey Martel count of Anjou, 52, 53, 58
Gerard of Quiersy, 148, 181
Gerberoi, castle of, 44, 45, 279, 372
Germans, 5, 14, 18, 27, 30, 59, 64, 160
at Antioch, 230
in Byzantine service, 152
expeditions to Italy, 63–4, 79
with People’s Crusade, 90, 91, 136
pilgrims to Jerusalem in 1064–65, 87, 100
reinforcements for crusade, 134
Gesta Francorum, crusader chronicle, see Anonymous
Gesta Roberti Wiscardi, see William of Apulia
Gesta Tancredi, crusader chronicle, see Ralph of Caen
ghazi, 145
Ghaznavids, 145–6, 201
Gilbert bishop of Evreux, 103
Girart de Roussillon, 12, 13
Giroie, 33
the younger, 33
sons of, 33
Robert, 40
Godehilda of Tosny, wife of Baldwin of Boulogne, 83, 132
Godfrey Burel, captain of infantry on People’s Crusade, 90, 93
Godfrey de Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine (1087–1100), 5, 6, 14, 15, 20, 22, 26, 27, 33, 35, 36, 45, 55, 79, 83, 105–6, 114, 132, 160–3, 171, 139, 169, 181, 187, 218, 226, 230, 243, 248, 254, 256, 257, 262, 264–5, 274, 282–4, 286, 290–2, 318, 344, 348, 349–50, 356, 358, 367, 369, 376, 380
absent from siege of Ma’arra, 312
Advocate of Jerusalem, 331–2, 357, 360–1, 363–4
and brother Baldwin, 138, 194
death of in 1100, 133
extortion from Jews, 85, 90
invested with duchy of Lower Lorraine, 45
Jabala besieged by with Robert of Flanders, 318
landholdings in Syria, 256, 307, 309; see also ‘Afrin, Tell Bashir, Ravendan military experience in the west, 84
numbers in his army, 127
refuses money at Rugia, 129
and Guinemer, 217, 219
reasons for taking the cross, 81
remains at Antioch with Robert of Flanders and forced to leave, 128, 307, 316–17, 318
at siege of Rome, 63; see also Alexius
Godfrey of Esch-sur-Sûre, 105; see also Henry of
Gouel, see Fulcher of Chartres
Goëls, family of, 42
William, 41–2
Göksu river, 171–2, 173, 174
Gonatas Tower at Nicaea, 162
Gottschalk, priest and leader of People’s Crusade, 92
Grand Domestic of the East, (see also Bohemond), 16, 116
Domestic, 153
Greek fire, 350
Gregory VII, pope, (1073–85), 8, 74, 368
and the Christians of the east, 5, 96–7