Victory in the East

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Victory in the East Page 56

by John France


  his legate, 45

  Guibert of Nogent, 216, 319, 378

  Guidelmus Flammengus, Bohemond’s captain at Bari, 85

  Guinemer of Boulogne, 218, 380

  in Cilicia, 219

  at Laodicea, 217, 219

  Guiscard family of, 46; see also Hautevilles, Robert, Drogo, Bohemond, Tancred, Roger, Roger Borsa

  Guy, a knight killed at Nicaea, 163

  Guy Trousseau, Lord of Montlhéry, 270

  Guy, half-brother of Bohemond, 82, 301

  Guy the Constable, 257, 264

  Guy, dapifer of the French king, 208

  Hab, battle of in 1119, 72

  Hadrianopolis, 187

  Haifa, 329

  Hamah, (ancient Epiphanea), 246, 310, 317

  Harald Hardrada, 61–2

  Harem, 138, 230, 237, 281

  expedition against, 228–29, 231, 234, 241, 255, 281

  after Lake battle, 247, 251

  position and importance of, 208, 228, 242, 245

  Tancred holds, 256

  Harold, king of England (1065–66), 36, 57, 60–2, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74, 113

  Hartmann, count of Dillingen-Kybourg, 91

  Hasan, see Baldajii

  Hastings, battle of, 2, 8, 19, 20, 29, 35, 36, 39, 50, 52, 54–7, 62, 66–79, 355

  archers at, 69–72

  cavalry in, 58, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74

  English position at, 70

  feigned flight in, 70, 71

  infantry at, 58, 69, 72, 74; see also pediles loricati; logistics and fleet for, 58–60

  numbers in armies, 58, 134

  Hastings, 50, 67, 68

  hauberk, 33, 34, 38, 127, 148

  worn by Turks, 204–5, 206

  Hauteville family, 63, 75; see also Bohemond, Drogo, Robert, Roger, Roger Borsa, Tancred

  hazagand, 149

  helmet, pointed, 33–4, 38

  Henry IV, German emperor (1056–1106), 5, 8, 27, 35, 45, 63, 75, 76, 81, 85, 116

  Henry I, the Fowler, German king (918–36), 39

  Henry I, king of France (1031–60), 52, 53–5, 58, 101

  Henry I, king of England (1099–1135), 26, 34, 36, 37, 41, 72

  wars with Robert Curthose, 77–8, 372–3

  treaty with Robert of Flanders, 65, 116

  Henry bishop of Liège, 45

  Henry of Esch-sur-Sûre, 22, 105, 163, 212, 232, 275, 278; see also Godfrey of

  Henry of Grandpré, 45

  Heraclius of Polignac, 285; see also Fay-Chapteuil, house of

  Herbert of Maine, 52

  Hereclea (Eregli), 159, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 194, 195, 196

  Herluin, translator, 280

  Herman, Count at Nicaea, 163, 278, 282

  Herman of Cannae, 229

  hermit on Mount of Olives, 333, 345

  Hervey, Norman mercenary, 168

  Hilary, a converted Turk, 246

  Hinnon, valley of, 341, 343

  Hisn al-Akrad, later Crac des Chevaliers, 316–17

  Historia Belli Sacri, 107, 163, 166, 245, 246, 325, 378–9

  Holy Lance, 18, 20, 86, 278, 361, 375–6

  effect on the crusade, 271, 278–80, 294, 303

  trial of, 322

  Homs, 240, 310

  crusade buys horses at, 130, 307, 316

  horses, 22, 30, 32, 36, 44, 60, 63, 65, 70, 125, 370, 372

  armoured, 204, 359

  captured at Jerusalem, 131, 356

  compensation for those lost, 243–4

  at Dorylaeum, 182

  numbers and losses of on crusade, 122–42, 186, 189, 192, 193, 246, 280–2, 286

  purchased from Islamic powers, 130, 307, 316

  sea-transports, 60, 62, 66

  sizes of, 73–4

  of Turks, 147, 149, 157, 181

  warhorses, 33–4, 58–9, 126

  Hugh of Die, archbishop of Lyons and Papal Legate, 45

  Hugh, bishop of Grenoble, Urban’s Legate to the Genoese, 98, 211

  Hugh the Beserk, 274–5

  Hugh of St Pol, 230–1, 233–4, 343; see also son Engelrand

  Hugh of Vermandois, called ‘Magnus’, 5, 6, 20, 79, 101, 169, 283–4, 290

  deserts, 134

  joined by French survivors of Emicho’s expedition, 92

  raises money for the crusade, 85

  reasons for taking the cross, 81–2; see also Alexius

  Hugh, son of Giroie, 33

  Huns, 145, 157

  Hungarians, 96, 145, 157

  Hungary, 90, 91, 105, 157; see also Coloman

  hunting dogs on crusade, 132

  Ibelin, see Yavne

  Iberia, Theme of, 151

  Ibn al-Athir, 258, 260–1, 267, 273, 290, 293, 355, 381

  Ibn-Badi, Vizier of Aleppo, 198

  Ibn Butlân, 222, 245

  Ibn Khaldûn, chronicler, 201, 206, 381

  Ibn al-Qalanisi, chronicler, 203; see also Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades

  Iconium (Konya), 151, 155, 159, 186, 187, 188, 190, 194

  Idleb, 268

  Iftikhar-ad-Daulah, Fatimid governor of Jerusalem, 334, 343, 355

  Il-Ghazi, 198, 333; see also Artukids, Sokman

  ‘Imm, 138, 257

  Inidculus loricatorum, 63

  Indulgence, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13

  infantry, footsoldiersm 38

  medieval, 2, 29, 32, 35, 44, 72, 75, 76, 372

  in Norman conquest of 1066; see also Hastings, pediles loricati

  infantry on the crusade, 3, 14, 21, 103, 125, 127, 141, 180–2, 192, 206, 230–1, 234, 237–41, 248, 263–4, 268, 286–7, 291, 361–5, 369

  in Islamic armies, 145, 205, 286, 359

  knights as, 126, 127

  numbers in armies, 122–42, 330–1

  in People’s Crusade, 88, 91

  thrown forward of knights, 287; see also battles

  Investiture Controversy, 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 63, 81

  ‘Iqta, 200–2, 359

  Iranians (Persians), 14, 201, 359

  Iron Bridge (Jisr al-Hadid), 148, 193, 205–8, 237, 247–50, 271

  Isaac Comnenus, 154

  Isidore count of Die, 347

  Islam, Islamic world, 2, 3, 4, 25, 30, 48, 96, 368

  attitude to First Crusade, 307–8

  borderlands of, 145, 197

  manuals of war, 360, 381

  sources for the crusade, 381–2

  Ismail, brother of Malik Shah, 300–1

  Italy, Italians, 21, 46, 47, 62, 63, 64, 74, 76, 79, 82, 99, 101, 104, 151

  on People’s Crusade, 93

  city states, trading cities, 15, 99, 102

  Iulipolis (Çayirbano), 173

  Ivry, castle of, 41–3

  Jabala, 130, 211, 307, 317–18

  Jacobites (of Syria), 151

  Jaffa, 212–13, 218, 326, 329, 333, 336–7, 346

  Jana ad-Daulah, Vizier of Aleppo, holding Homs, 198–9, 237, 261, 293

  Jarento, abbot of St Benigne, papal legate, 78, 84

  Jebel al-Ansariye, 222, 317

  Jebel Barisha, 237, 310

  Jebel Talat, Harem on, 208

  Jericho, biblical city, 17, 333, 347

  Jerusalem, 1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 19, 36, 80, 81, 86, 87, 101, 111, 113, 118, 120, 129, 131, 133, 134, 141, 167, 196, 212, 216, 218, 236, 252, 308, 313, 316, 321, 323, 324, 325, 327, 329, 330–55, 359, 361, 365, 367, 369, 372, 373

  Artukids hold, 166, 198, 202

  Byzantine protectorate over, 254

  captured by Egyptians in 1098, 253, 326, 333

  captured by Seljuks in 1073, 241

  Christian population and crusader siege, 334

  as church-state, 331–2, 357

  citadel or Tower of David, 337, 342, 343, 344, 357

  crusader army divided at, 331–3, 347, 357, 360

  in crusader ideology, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 18, 299, 302–4, 368

  crusader siege of, 333–5

  Damascus (or St Stephen) Gate, 341, 342, 343, 344

  description of the city, 337–43
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br />   defectors from Jerusalem, 334–5

  garrison, its size and passivity, 327, 343, 354–5

  governor of, see also Iftikhar-ad-Daulah

  Herod’s Gate, 342, 348

  Jaffa Gate, 342

  Josaphat Gate, 342, 355

  massacre at capture of, 1, 96, 355–6

  numbers in siege of, 128, 130–1, 134

  order of the siege, 343–5

  Ottoman walls, 341, 348

  pilgrimages to, 6, 9, 46, 81, 87–8, 100–2

  procession around, 17, 331, 333

  Quadrangular (or Tancred’s) Tower, 341, 342, 343, 344, 342

  siege towers at, 19, 346, 347, 348, 349 54

  Siloa, pool of, 335

  Temple Mount, 342; see also Dome of the Rock

  Tyropoeon valley, 341, 342

  visions during, 332–3, 347, 356

  Wadi Zahira, 342, 348

  water shortage at, 139, 335

  wood shortage at, 212, 336, 345, 346

  Zion Gate of, 335, 341, 353

  Jews, persecution of in the west, 14

  in Jerusalem, 334, 343, 355

  persecution by People’s Crusade, 88–90, 92, 96; see also Altenahr, Cologne, Mainz, Neuss, Moers, Prague, Rhineland, Spires, Xanten, Werelinghoven

  jihad, Holy War of Islam, 197, 199, 355

  at time of First Crusade, 308

  Jisr ash-Shogur, 223, 224, 237

  Joannina, 76

  John Doukas, Caeser, 152, 153, 299–300

  John the Oxite, Patriarch of Antioch, 120, 199

  John Tzimiskes, Byzantine emperor (969–76), 154, 155

  Josaphat, valley by Jerusalem, 341, 342, 344

  Joshua, Old Testament Prophet, 17, 333, 347

  Judean hills, 327, 330, 341

  Jumièges, knight of on crusade, 100

  Just War, idea of, 16

  Kafartab, 310, 312, 316

  Kara Su river, 173, 175, 271, 287

  Kartal Daglari, 192

  Kastoria, 76, 104

  Karakhanids of Bukhara, 145

  Kemal ad-Din, 202, 203, 214, 246, 257–8, 260–1, 267, 273, 286, 288–90, 293, 308, 381; see also Chronicle of Aleppo

  Kerbogah atabeg of Mosul, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 132, 134, 139, 211, 299, 300, 324, 332

  his allies and their attitudes, 261–2, 294, 305

  approached for aid by Yaghisiyan’s son, 199

  crusader embassy to, 280

  divisions in his army, 203, 288–90, 293

  at Edessa, 196, 259

  march to Antioch, 258, 259, 260, 262, 267

  negotiations with Ridwan, 293

  numbers in his army, 261

  eye of Sultan at Mosul, 198, 260, see also Antioch, Kerbogah’s siege of

  Kerbogah battle, 138, 148, 205, 210, 219, 341, 253, 282–96, 297, 371, 376

  crusaders’ lack of horses at, 280–2

  reasons for crusader victory, 295–6

  reasons for Kerbogah’s defeat, 293–4, 369; see also Islam, volunteers

  Khizana, military storehouses at Cairo, 359

  Khorosan, Khorasanians, 145–6, 257

  Kilij Arslan I, Sultan of Nicaea (1092–1107), 155, 156, 158–60, 164, 184–85, 191, 369

  at Dorylaeum, 157, 170, 174–5, 181–3

  and People’s Crusade, 93–5; see also Nicaea, battle of

  killing-ground, 34

  knights, 9, 21, 26, 30, 39, 42, 43, 58, 78, 130, 141, 142, 372

  Anglo-Norman, 31–2, 58, 73–4

  and the church, 7–8, 10

  and crusading motives, 14–15

  equipment of, 33–4

  German, 63–4; see also ministeriales’, as mercenaries, 65

  in Norman attack on Byzantium, 75

  origins of, 30–3

  and ravaging, 9, 13, 47

  status of, 31–3

  and tactics, 35, 44

  Urban’s appeal to, 6, 19, 80, 88; see also Crusade 1101

  knights on the First Crusade, 3, 14–15, 18, 22, 103, 125, 141, 180–83, 192, 206, 220, 228, 231, 234, 237–39, 247–8, 263–4, 270, 284, 287, 298, 317, 361, 363, 365

  casualties amongst, 139–40

  as infantry during, 126, 127

  leaving the army, 133

  numbers on First Crusade, 122–42, 245–6, 281, 330–1, 337

  on oxen, 189

  on People’s Crusade, 21, 88, 91, 92, 95

  rich and poor, 125

  Kogh Vasil, Armenian prince of Kesoun

  and Raban, 167–8, 307

  Kurds, 145, 198

  ladders (in sieges), 48

  at Jerusalem, 345, 351

  at Ma’arra, 313

  Lake of Antioch (Amikgölu), 128, 250, 272

  Lake battle, 9 February 1098, 210, 217, 231, 245–51, 256, 262, 371, 376

  Bohemond commands crusaders, 127, 246–51, 255, 295

  nature of the battle, 248–49, 296

  numbers of crusaders at, 127–8, 246, 248, 281

  numbers in Aleppan army at, 128, 203, 246; see also Ridwan

  Lambert of Hersfeld, chronicler, 33

  Lambert the Poor, count of Clermont, 271

  lamellar (strip) armour, 149, 295, 359

  Lampe, 300

  Lampron, castle of, 167

  Laodicea (Latakia), 141, 211, 213, 219, 223, 226, 236, 248, 333

  attacked by Bohemond and Daimbert, 217, 365–6

  capture of, 99, 118, 121, 209, 213–19, 317

  returned to Alexius, 219; see Andronicus Tzintziloukes

  Larissa, siege and battle of in 1083, 76

  Lefke, bridge at, 169, 171–3 Le Mans, 52–3, 86

  liege-homage, 116–17

  lime, thrown at siege of Ma’arra, 314

  Lombards, 46, 164, 264

  Lorraine, Lower, 40, 45, 81

  ‘Lost Lorraine Chronicle’, 379

  Louis, VI, king of France (1108–37), 26, 43, 50

  Louis, archdeacon of Toul, 134, 243

  Lucca, 15, 86, 102 see also Bruno of

  letter of the people of, 141

  Ludolf of Tournai, 351–2; see also Engelbert, Tournai

  Lydda and its shrine of St George, 330

  Ma’arra (Maarrat an-Nu’man), 17, 22, 131, 132, 262, 317

  cannibalism at, 12, 22, 130, 139, 287, 315

  defeats Raymond Pilet, 309

  demolished as crusaders leave, 315–16, 327

  siege and reasons for, 311–14

  Maarrat Masrin, 268

  Mâconnais, 32, 33

  Maeandros valley, 300

  magister sagittariorum, see Reinoldus

  Mahommeries Tower, 23, 140, 212, 235, 244

  captured by Kerbogah, 271

  decision to build, 231–2, 253

  location of, 254

  held by Raymond of Toulouse, 121, 255

  Maine, county of, 52

  Mainz, 85, 87

  Malabranias valley, 186

  Malfosse, 70

  Malik Shah, Seljuk Sultan of Baghdad (1072–92), 167, 197, 156, 166, 191, 201, 202, 305; see also Ismail

  Malregard, 229, 231, 232, 281

  Mamistra, 138, 194, 213, 217

  mamluks, 146, 200, 360

  Turkish, 201

  mangana, 48, 49

  mangonella, 48, 49

  mangonels, at Antioch, 205, 229

  at Jerusalem, 349, 351–3

  at Nicaea, 163

  at Soroghia, 305

  manpower shortage in crusader army, 128–31

  mantlets, 48, 347

  Manzikert, battle of, 8, 147, 152–4, 158, 202, 355

  its consequences, 153

  Norman and Frankish witnesses of, 168

  Maraclea, 134, 211, 318–19

  Marasch, (Germanicea Caeserea, now Kahramanmaras), 132, 154, 167, 185, 187, 189, 192, 223

  Marbij, 199

  Mardin, 260

  Maronite Christians, 328

  Matthew of Edessa, Armenian chronicler, 132, 167–8, 245, 258, 259, 261, 270, 280, 286, 300, 304–5, 382

>   Melitene (Malatya), 147, 154, 159–60, 191, 355

  Menguchekid Turks, 156

  mercenaries, 22, 46, 61, 64–5

  Byzantine use of, 150–3, 168, 218

  Danish and English, 70

  Flemish, 60, 78, 126

  of Seljuks, 200, 201

  South Italian Norman, 75, 79

  crusaders seen as, 116–17, 144; see also Zirids

  merchants; see also Armenians knowledge of the east, 98–101

  staying at St Symeon, 209, 219–20

  Mesopotamia, 146, 150, 157, 160, 202

  Michael VII Doukas, 153, 154

  Michael the Syrian, Jacobite and chronicler, 262, 382

  miles regis, see Reinoldus

  milites plebei, see Raymond of Aguilers

  military, classes, 9, 10–11, 13, 14, 24, 32

  piety of, 6–7

  military history, 27–31

  military households, 64–5

  militia sancti Petri, 8

  mining (in sieges), 48

  at ‘Akkar, 319, 320

  at Ma’arra, 314

  at Nicaea, 162–3

  ministeriales 32, 63

  Mirdalin, 288

  Mirwart, 26

  Moers, Jews persecuted at, 92

  Moglena, 76

  money, 76, 86, 164, 216

  Mongols, 145, 147, 157

  Monte Cassino, abbey of, 82, 102

  Mosul, 261

  Mount Lebanon, 319, 328

  Mount Levunion, battle of, no

  Mount of Olives, 333, 341, 344, 347, 354

  Mount Zion, 341, 342, 344, 346

  al-Mu’tasim, Abassid Caliph (892–902), 146

  Muhammed, son of Yaghisiyan, 199, 261

  Myra, 99

  Myriokephalon, battle of in 1176, 175

  Nablus, 336, 347, 360

  Nacolia (Seyitgazi), 186, 187

  Naldökan Daglari, 122–3, 143

  Napoleon, 29, 135, 136

  naval power, see fleets

  negroes, in Egyptian army, 359, 364

  in Jerusalem garrison, 334

  Neuss, Jews persecuted at, 92

  Nicaea, battle of, 16 May 1097, 160–2, 163

  Nicaea (Iznik), 93, 101, 103, 116, 117–18, 120, 122, 124, 131–2, 135, 136, 155, 171, 190, 212, 214, 298, 300, 302, 368–9, 371

  Byzantine boats on Ascanian lake, 162, 163

  crusader losses at, 140, 141, 165

  crusader siege of, 157–65, 167–9

  crusader strength at, 125, 127, 141

  description of, 143

  Istanbul (north) gate of, 143, 160

  Lefke (east) Gate of, 143, 160

  Seljuk capital, 110, 191

  sources for, 161–2

  Turkish capture of, 144, 154

  Turks surrender to Byzantines, 164, 169, 173

  Yenişhehir (south) gate of, 143, 160

  Nicephorous III Botaneiates, Byzantine emperor (1078–81), 154, 183–4

  Nicephorous Bryennius, 154, 158

  Nicephorous Phocas, Byzantine emperor (963–69), 154, 155

  Nicomedia (Izmit), Gulf of, 93, 122

 

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