by John France
Taleria, 313
talevart or talevas, meaning shield, possible origin for Tafur. See above
talpa, see penthouse
Tamin (1062–1108), ruler of Mahdia, 48; see also Zirids
Tancred, nephew of Bohemond, 16, 20, 21, 85, 104, 107, 122, 128, 129, 136, 169, 180, 217, 223, 225, 226, 229–30, 232, 237–8, 254–5, 262, 264, 286, 312, 335, 336, 343, 344, 345 351, 355, 356, 360, 363
and Bethlehem, 330, 334, 347
detached with Baldwin and rejoins main army, 137, 186, 187, 188
evades oath to Alexius, 111, 115
holds ‘Imm and Harem, 138
opposes diversion to Jabala, 317
and Raymond of Toulouse, 209, 316, 318, 322, 311; see also Cilician expedition
Tancred’s tower, 254–5
Tancred’s mountain, 230, 237
Tangripermes emir of Ephesus, 155
Taranges, 158
Taranto, 47, 82
Tarchaniotes, 153
Tarsus, 140, 168, 173, 188, 194, 213, 217
Tatikios, imperial representative on the crusade, 22, 111, 117, 165, 175, 256, 307
and Armenian strategy, 193, 195
at siege of Antioch, 220, 226, 243
his ‘desertion’, 244
experienced with westerners, 124
his mission with the crusade, 133, 168–9
at Nicaea, 122, 144
at Philomelium, 301
Tatoul, Armenian ruler of Marasch, 167, 192
Taurus and Anti-Taurus mountains, 3, 167, 188–9
difficulties and risks of crusade crossing, 125, 137, 190, 282
technology and war, 27–8, 30
of crusaders and their enemies, 370
Tell-Bashir, 132, 194, 307
Tell ach-Chaikh, 260
Tell-Mannas, 261, 309
Templars, 372
testudo or tortoise, meaning military formation, 206, 239, 345
at Nicaea meaning penthouse (see above), 164
thegn, 4, 61, 74
Themes, army of or themata, 150
Theodore Gabras of Trebizond, 301
Thessalonika, 3, 105
Thierry, abbot of St Evroul, 209
Thoros, princes of Edessa, 156, 167–8
asks for aid from Baldwin, 195
deposed, 132, 304
Thomas of Marie, lord of Coucy, 91–2
Tinchebrai, battle in 1106, 72, 77, 373
Tornikios, 151
tormentis (siege machines), 354
torsion, 49
Tortosa, 134
captured by Raymond Pilet, 309, 318, 319
Tosti, brother of Harold, 61–2, 67
Tournai, brothers of, first to enter Jerusalem, 352; see also Engelbert and Ludolf
Tours, 52, 53
Transoxania, 145
trial by battle, proposed in embassy to Kerbogah, 280, 283
Trikala, 76
Tripoli, 199, 317, 319, 322, 326, 327
emissary at Jerusalem, 328, 346
treaty with and its terms, 323, 328, 329; see also Banū-’Ammār
Tudela, 9, 12
Tughril Bey, Turkish Sultan, 146, 149
Tughtigin, minister of Duqaq, 199, 237, 261
Tulina, 105
Turks, 120, 127, 142, 152, 159, 169, 198, 305
archery, its range and effectiveness, 147–8, 370–1
armour of, 149, 204–5, 206
in Byzantine service, 76
in Egyptian service, 166, 359–60
origins of and entry to Islam, 145–6, 305
tactics, 147–9, 158–9, 162, 192–3, 204, 206, 232, 233, 238–9, 241, 270, 280–1, 381–2
Turks of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rhum, 3, 93, 110, 145, 155, 156, 159, 307, 369, 370–1
approached for aid by son of Yaghisiyan, 199
defiance of Grand Seljuks, 305
at Dorylaeum, 132, 137, 174, 175, 180
and native Christians, 190
conquest of Asia Minor, 151–5, 355
in Kerbogah’s army, 261, 290, 292
loss of western Asia Minor, 300
military capacity, 157–9
nature of government, 155, 157, 159
numbers and losses at Dorylaeum, 127, 157, 184
and People’s Crusade, 95, 136
specialist troops at Nicaea, 159
Turks of Baghdad and Syria, Grand Seljuks, 31, 45, 155–6, 160, 166, 196, 197–200, 305
conquest of the Caliphate of Baghdad, 145–6, 166, 200, 305, 359
conciliation of notable families, 201–2
divisions after death of Malik Shah, 166–7, 197–9, 203, 304–7, 358, 368
harass crusaders at Antioch, 138
government and military organisation of, 159, 200–6
numbers in armies, 202
slowness of response to First Crusade, 203
Sunnite orthodoxy of, 145, 166
Turkish troops under, 202; see also Alp Arslan, Berkyaruk, Duqaq, Malik Shah, Ridwan, Tughril Bey, Tutush Shah
Turkestan, 145
Tutush Shah, brother of Malik Shah, ruling in Syria, 153, 156, 166, 197, 202
death of in 1095, 167, 198; see also sons Duqaq and Ridwan
Two Sisters, name of Firuz’s tower, 264; see Firuz
Tyana (Kemerhisar), 185
Tyre, 329, 358
Tzachas, emir of Smyrna, 110, 300
Ulric, bishop of Orléans, 101
Urban, II, pope (1088–99), 81, 84
and Alexius, 97, 108–10, 117, 156
and leadership of the crusade, 97–8
and the idea of the crusade, 8, 10, 13–14, 304
legates created, 303; see also Alexander and Arnulf
legation to the Genoese, 98
letters concerning the crusade, 5
letter of leaders to, 130
meets North French army at Lucca, 102–3
planning of the crusade, 96–8, 108
preaching of the crusade, 1, 2, 4–6, 11, 19, 79, 80, 82, 88, 65
and Raymond of Toulouse, 20, 97–8
in South Italy, 47
and Spain, 8–9
union of the churches of east and west, 97, 371, 375; see also Adhémar
Uzes, 145
Valania, 211
Valentinois, counts of, 45 (see also Adhémar of Le Puy)
Val-ès-Dunes, battle of in 1047, 52
Varaville, battle of in 1057, 36, 54, 56
Varangian guard, 75, 101, 150
Vardar, crossing of, 104, 107
vassals, 6, 30, 44, 47, 77
and castles, 40
their decisions to take the cross, 19–20
loyalty of in war, 9, 26, 43, 54
Vegetius, Roman writer on war, 28, 42, 236
Venetians, 74, 99; see also fleets
Verdun, 48, 84
Vexin, 12, 355
Via Egnetia, 75, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107
Via Gemina, 104
visions, see Adhémar, St Ambrose, Jerusalem, Peter Bartholemew, Peter Desiderius
Vitry, massacre, of, 9
Vizir, chief minister of sultans controlling the Diwans, 200, 201
Vodena, 103
volunteers in Islamic armies, 294, 308, 309, 360
Wadi Djiudas, 329
Wadi al-Quivaisiya, 229, 271, 292
Wadi Zoiba, 223, 226, 265
Wace, 36, 54, 57, 59
wagons, 76, 95
Walter FitzWaleran, 90
Walter Sans Avoir, 88, 90–1, 93, 95
Walter of St-Valéri-sur-Somme, 248
war, and castles, 37–47
ideas about in the west, 4
Holy War, 4, 5, 10
Islamic writing about, 206
in Spain, 8–9, 12–13
private, 41
Wassab ibn-Mahmud, 261, 290
Wieselburg, fortress, 92
Weif, a Burgundian at Adana, 194
Werelinghoven, Jews persecuted at, 92
William, bishop of Orange, 98, 211, 303
&
nbsp; William the Conqueror, 2, 19–20, 26, 32, 36, 42, 43, 44, 52, 53, 54, 55–72, 73, 74, 83, 100, 113, 215, 355
death of, 39, 41
will of, 77, 80; see also Hastings
William II Rufus, 26, 39, 40, 41, 64, 77
pawns Normandy from Curthose, 84
war with Curthose, 77–8, 80
treaty of 1093 with Robert II of Flanders, 77, 126
William FitzOsborn, 55, 57
William Goel, 41–2
William Ricau, Genoese engineer, 212, 346
William the Carpenter, 13, 91
deserts crusade, 241–2, 270, 301
William the Marshal, 9, 10
William the Picard, 319
William of Apulia, chronicler, 46, 168
William of Breteuil, 41–3, 47
William of Grandmesnil, 82
deserts at Antioch, 134, 274
at Philomelium, 300–1
William of Jumièges, chronicler, 32
William of Malmesbury, chronicler, 80, 84, 216
William of Montpellier, 314, 331
William of Poitiers, chronicler, 19, 36, 42, 53, 54, 58, 60, 67, 69, 70
William of Sabran, 337
William of Tyre, chronicler, 172, 174, 264, 265, 334, 378, 379
William-Hugo of Monteil, 216, 347
women and children, of enemy, 294; see also crusades, First Crusade, Dorylaeum
Xanten, Jews persecuted at, 92
Xerigordo, massacre at, 93
Yaghisiyan, Governor of Antioch, 197, 198, 228, 274
his death, 196, 268
his garrison, 202, 203, 223, 224
profits from divisions of Seljuks, 167
rebellions against as crusaders appear, 198–9, 257
wife ransomed, 217; see Shams-ad-Daulah and Muhammed
Yavne, Yibna, formerly Ibelin, 361
Yenişehir, 171–2
York, Norse attack on, 61–2, 67
Yousuf ben-Abiks, lord of Marbij, 199, 293
Ysoard of Ganges, 254
Zirids, ruling family of Mahdia, 48
use of western mercenaries, 218; see also Tamin