by John France
Nichossus of Tell-Bashir, 257
Nigde, 185, 191
Nish, 91, 95
Nizam-al-Mulk, Iranian Vizir of Seljuks and chronicler, 200, 202
his Book of Government, 201, 381
nomads, 145, 147, 183, 184; see also Turks of Rhûm
Normandy, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 64, 78, 81
dukes of, 53, 83; see also Robert and William
Norman, Normans, 53, 57, 58, 59, 65–6, 68
in Byzantine service, 13, 82, 101
of South Italy, 8, 46, 57, 75, 82, 99, 101, 151, 169
attack on Byzantium, 2, 74–7, 103, 107; see also Bohemond; Robert Guiscard; Hastings
Norse, 61, 67, 68
North French armies and their journey to Constantinople, 102–3, 106–7, 160, 226, 236, 290, 344, 361; see also Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders, Stephen of Blois
Nubians in Egyptian army, 359
Nusaybin (Nisbis), 260
oaths, of the princes at Antioch, 23, 241, 272, 278; see also pilgrimage; Alexius
Ochrida, 76
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 35, 77, 103
Oghuz Turks, 145, 146
Ordericus Vitalis, Norman chronicler, 12, 33, 37, 40, 41, 42, 47, 48, 50, 68, 80, 163, 209, 215–16, 355
Orellis, 170, 186; see also Dorylaeum
Orontes, 128, 193, 206, 213, 250
at Antioch, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 230, 254, 271, 287, 292
valley of, 192, 208, 228, 229, 237
Oschin, Armenian prince, 156, 167–8; see also Adana
Otbert bishop of Liège, 81
Paipert, 301
Palermo, 62, 63, 99, 103
Palestine, 139, 146, 167, 196, 327
and Egypt, 166, 329, 358–9, 361
palfrey, 126
Pantelleria, 48, 50
Papacy, popes, Holy See, 1, 8–9, 15, 67
Paris, 3
siege of in 885/6, 47, 49, 50
Partzapert, castle of, 167
Paternus, Spanish monk, 8
Patriarchs, of Antioch, see John the Oxite; Armenian at Cairo, see Egypt, Armenians
of Jerusalem, 357, see Arnulf, Symeon
Patzinacks, 100, 104–5, 110, 144, 151, 152, 154, 156, 183–4; see also imperial escorts
Pazouni, 156
Peace and Truce of God, 6, 7, 88
peasantry, peasant, 6, 32, 43–4, 59, 88, 150
pediles loricati, 58
Pelagonia, 76
Pelekanum, 20, 115, 118, 123, 165–7, 190, 209
penthouse or armoured roof or talpa, 47, 48
at Antioch, 227–8
at Nicaea, 163–4
peonías, 32
People’s Crusade, 21, 88–96
diversity of, 93
led by a goose and a goat, 93
numbers, 91, 93, 135–6, 142
rate of march, 171
revival of its spirit, 311
survivors with main army, 122
wagons, 91, 170
Persia or Iran, Persians, 160, 145, 226, 258
Pessinus (nr Ballihisar), 185–6
Peter of Narbonne, bishop of Albara, 310, 315, 346
Peter Bartholomew, visionary, 18, 20, 24, 86, 333
and count of Toulouse, 322, 324
fighting in Antioch, 274
travels in search of food, 138, 209, 242
trial of Lance and death, 322, 332
visions of Holy Lance, 138, 278–9, 303, 310, 313, 367
Peter Desiderius, visionary, 322, 332, 347
Peter, Byzantine Governor, 46
Peter the Hermit, 21, 88, 136
on crusade, 91, 93, 95
deserts, 242
embassy to Kerbogah, 280, 283, 300
idea that he launched the crusade, 88
and the Jews of France, 90
Peter Tudebode, chronicler, 127, 140–1, 248, 255–6, 345, 354, 378–9
Peter d’Aups, guardian of Gomana, 191, 300
Peter of Castillon, 192
Peter de Roaix, 192
petraria, 48, 49, 205, 353
Pevensey, 60, 62, 67, 77
Philadelphia, 300
Philaretus Brachamius, Curopalate and Domestic of Romanus IV, 197
his principality, 154, 195, 196, 305, 368
Philip I king of France, (1060–1108), 40, 41, 42, 43, 55, 78, 82, 116–17
Philipopolis (Plovdiv), 91
Philomelium (Akşehir), 112, 118, 185–6, 211, 244
meeting of Alexius and John Doukas at, 300
meeting of Alexius and Stephen of Blois, 300–2, 368
population of flee the Turks, 301
pilgrims, 4, 6, 13, 17, 46, 101
attacks on, 100
Pilgrim Road, 173, 185, 188
Pirus, see Firuz
Pisa, 48, 62, 99; see also fleets
Pisidia, 187
plague, in the west, 15
on the crusade, 22, 211, 307
‘Plastencia’, see Comana
Poitiers, 20, 30, 57, 86
Polignac, 45; see also Fay-Chapteuil
Polybotus (Bolvadin), 187, 300
Pontius of Baladun, see Raymond of Aguilers
poor, 6, 9, 15, 36, 131
concept of on crusade, 125–6
on crusade, 126–7, 103–4, 133, 126–7, 298, 314, 335
Prague, Jews of, 92
Princes, leaders, 6, 19–24, 22, 125, 367, 369–70
and vassals, 19–24, 40–1
consider surrender to Kerbogah, 271, 280
experience of war, 26–79, 233
and Holy Lance, 279
household followers of, 21–2
knowledge of the east, 98–102, 168
lands in North Syria, 138, 256, 307–10
letters to the West, 140, 274, 302, 375
oath at Antioch, 23, 241, 270, 278
quarrels amongst, 133, 302–5, 369; see also Bohemond, Godfrey, Raymond of Toulouse, Tancred
raising money for the crusade, 84–6
reasons for joining the crusade, 80–4
relationships in the West, 83–4
and Urban II, 95–6; see also Alexius, council of leaders
prisoners, 231, 314, 328
Provencals, 18, 20, 107, 105, 160, 161, 238, 242, 278, 283, 315, 321, 323, 331, 344, 346, 353, 365
distinguished from Franks, 18, 130
Pulagit, 261
Puren Geçidi, 192
Qaradja of Harran, 261, 292
quarrel (crossbow bolt or arrow), 36
Qidron, valley of, 341, 342
Qinnisrin, battle of, 22
March 1097, 198
Qubeiba (supposed Emmaus), 330
Ralph of Caen, chronicler, 115, 148–9, 169–70, 172, 175, 180, 193–3, 209–11, 213, 215–16, 225–7, 229–30, 234, 236, 238, 243, 247–8, 250–1, 258, 262, 276–80, 285–6, 291, 301, 312–15, 319, 321, 336, 337, 345, 346, 348–9
Ralph of Conches, 41
ram, 48, 63, 335; see also Jerusalem, crusader siege of
Ramla, 130, 324, 327, 360–1
battle of, 17 May 1102, 365
council at, 329–30, 333 4
ransom, 12, 41–2, 46, 355
Ratisbon (Regensburg), 3, 87, 105, 134, 136, 211
ravaging, 9, 11, 23, 38, 54, 58
of Jews, 14
in Bayeux Tapestry, 67
knights refuse to protect, 242–3
on the First Crusade, 93, 105, 130, 138, 188, 208, 224, 232, 238–39, 267–8, 299, 309, 313, 319, 374
in motivation for the crusade, 9, 16
in Norman wars, 78–9
prevention of under Islam, 201
in Spain, 12–13
in South Italy by Normans, 46–7
and Vegetius, 42–5
William the Conqueror and, 52–3
Ravendan, 132, 168, 307
Ravendinos, protospatharius, 215
Raymond IV count of Toulouse (c. 1088–1105), 5, 6, 18, 19–20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 45, 79, 84, 104–5, 107, 128�
�31, 140, 161–3, 169, 192, 209, 226, 227, 234, 244, 248, 253–5, 257, 262, 276–7, 307, 315–18, 321–3, 330, 335, 343, 344, 349, 353, 354, 355, 360, 363–5, 380
advocates close siege of Antioch, 220, 244
ascendancy passes, 323–4
association with the Genoese, 98, 337, 346
cautiousness towards Egyptians, 326
contact with Urban II, 80, 96–7
and Crusade of 1101, 121
death of, 377
illness of, 132, 244, 276, 279
installs latin bishop at Albara, 118, 310; see also Peter of Narbonne
kingship of Jerusalem, 331–3
lands in Syria, 310, 317–18
and Laodicea, 118, 121, 216–17, 219, 317, 365–6
and Mahomeries tower, 121
marriage to Mathilda, 83
money-fiefs offered at Rugia, 129, 315; see also Robert of Normandy and Tancred
offers to replace knight’s horses, 138, 243–4
and Peter Bartholomew, 303, 367
relations with Tancred, 255, 318, 322, 347
Rugia seized by, 138
size of his army, 129, 317, 324
wealth and raising money for the crusade, 85–6, 120–1; see also Alexius, Bohemond, quarrel with
Raymond Pilet, Lord of Alais, 21, 125, 309, 311, 318, 336–7
Raymond of Aguilers, chronicler, 1, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 86, 104, 108, 112–13, 117, 125, 127–31, 133, 135, 137, 135, 140, 141, 143, 148, 158–9, 160–4, 165, 169–71, 180, 190–1, 193, 206, 210, 213–20, 219–20, 225, 226–7, 230, 232, 233, 237–8, 240, 242–6, 248, 253–4, 257, 264–5, 267, 271–80, 282–98, 301, 303, 309–15, 317–18 321–2, 325, 328, 330–2, 336, 343–5, 347–8, 352–4, 356–7, 361, 375–6, 378
Raymond of Turenne, 336
Raynald Porchet, 256
Raynald of Broyes, 90, 93
Reinoldus, magister saggittariorum and miles regis of Baldwin I, 36
remission of sin, see indulgence
Reginald, dapifer of Hugh of Liziniac, 345
Renaud of Toul, 148, 309, 291–2
Reybold of Chartres, 345
Reyhanli, 193
Rhodes, 236, 300
Rhum, Seljuk Sultanate of, see Turks of
Richard I, king of England (1089–99), 37, 56
Richard, son of Ascletin of Aversa, 73
Richilde, countess of Flanders, 55–6
Ridwan of Aleppo, 156, 256
absence from Kerbogah battle, 292
attacks ‘Azāz, 307
quarrels with brother Duqaq, 167, 198–9; see also Qinnisrin, battle of
the Lake Battle, 127, 203, 208, 224, 240, 245–51, 260, 267, 296, 369
Sunnites and Shi’ites under, 198
roads, see Asia Minor
Robert of Rouen, bishop of Lydda, 330
Robert II, king of France (996–1031), 7, 101; see also Ulric
Robert I the Magnificent, 53
dies on pilgrimage of to Jerusalem in 1035, 52, 87, 100
Robert II duke of Normandy, 6, 19, 20, 26, 44, 36, 40, 44, 45, 47, 77, 83, 102–3, 122, 128, 136, 169, 180, 183, 206, 216, 226, 274, 279, 283, 290–1, 321, 332, 343–4, 351, 360–1, 363–4, 369
absence from siege of Antioch, 138, 215, 232, 243–4, 249
absence from siege of Ma’arra, 312
accepts Count Raymond’s money at Rugia, 129, 209
at Laodicea, 99, 138, 209, 215–16, 219
military experience, 39, 84, 41–3, 77–9, 72, 80, 372–3
pawns Normandy to William Rufus, 84
personal qualities, 80–1
Robert count of Auvergne, 45
Robert I count of Flanders, 55–6, 84, 218
pilgrimage and promise of troops to Alexius, 81, 87–8, 100–1, 103, 110
Robert II count of Flanders, 6, 20, 22, 56, 79, 81, 102–3, 116, 122, 160, 169, 127, 138, 192–3, 226, 228, 233–5, 237–41, 250, 256–7, 262, 264, 271, 274, 281–4, 286, 290, 311–13, 318–20, 322, 336, 343–4, 347, 360–3, 369
association with Godfrey, 128, 307–8, 316–18
helped by Baldwin, 138
refuses money at Rugia, 129–30
reasons for taking the cross, 81
raising money for the crusade, 85
treaty with Henry I in 1101, 65, 116–17, 126
treaty with William Rufus in 1093, 78, 126
Robert Giroie, 40
Robert Guiscard, 46, 47, 62–3, 116
attack on Byzantium, 74–7, 103, 134, 144, 156
death of, 77
Robert the Monk, chronicler, 13, 163, 378
Robert of Arbrissel, 88
Robert of Bellême, 9, 40, 41–3, 47, 50, 52, 77, 163
Robert of Paris, 180
Roger Borsa, son of Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia, 46, 47, 82, 84–5, 101
Roger of Barneville, 148, 225–6, 235, 271, 281, 328
Roger of Sicily, brother of Robert Guiscard, 46, 62, 74, 82, 83, 103
Romanus IV Diogenes, Byzantine emperor (1067–71), 147, 154
Manzikert campaign, 152–3
numbers in his army, 202
Rome, 102
siege of, 63, 76
Rossilion, 291
Rouen, 26, 53, 78
Rouergue, 45, 85
Roussa, 107
Roussel of Bailleul, 13, 153, 168
Rudolf, anti-king of Germany, 27, 34
Rufinel, 122
Rugia or Ruj, 23, 195, 237, 239, 309, 310
facilitates raiding and supply, 208, 257
meeting and offer of money-fiefs at, 129, 131, 312, 315, 361
seized by Raymond of Toulouse, 138, 192
Russia, Russian, 135, 150, 152
Sagrajas, battle of in 1086, 12
sailors or marines, 2, 3, 50, 58
St-Cénéri, Giroie castle, 40, 42
St John, village of near Samosata, 305
St-Mary, abbey in Normandy, 41–2 St Mary, church of in Antioch, 277
St Mary on Mount Zion, 341, 353
St Symeon, port of Antioch, 139, 211, 219, 223, 226, 228, 232, 247, 274
battle on road to, March 1098, 140, 213, 253–4
burned by Kerbogah, 278
capture before the crusader arrival, 98–9, 213–14
fleets at, 134, 138, 98, 214
Egyptians at, 251
importance as a port, 213
St Valéry, 60, 62, 66
Saltukid Turks, 156
Samarra, 146
Samos, 237
Samosata, 199, 256, 305
sandanum, Genoese, 211
Sangarius (Sakarya Nehri) river, 143, 171, 173
Sardes, 300
Save river, 104
Sawitakin, emir of Damascus, 198
scale armour, 204–5, 295
Sclavonia, 104
Scodra (Shkodër), 104
Sebasteia (Sivas), 147, 156, 185
Seljuks, Turkish ruling family, see Turks of Rhüm (Nicaea), Sulayman, Kilij Arslan, Turks of Baghdad and Syria, Alp Arslan, Berkyaruk, Duqaq, Malik Shah, Tughril Bey, Tutush Shah, Ridwan
Semlin, 90, 91
Seydi river, 186
Shaizar, 239, 307, 307, 327; see also Banū-Munqidh
Shams-ad-Daulah, son of Yaghisiyan, 262
argues with Kerbogah over Antioch, 261
seeks alliances, 199, 239, 246
Shi’ites, 146, see Egypt
ships, 57–8, 59–60, 62–3, 145; see also fleets
shipping routes, 99–100
Ship list of William the Conqueror, 59
shield, kite-shaped, 33, 38, 295
shock tactics, see cavalry
Sicily, 8, 62, 74
Sidon, 329, 358
sieges, 3, 4, 13, 22, 23, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 44, 47, 50, 370
attrition in, 231–2, 237
mobility during, 44–5, 53
organisation of, 165
siegewarfare and battle, distinction between, 235–6
siege equipment and poliorcetics, 45–51, 63
at ‘Akkār, 319–21
at Antioch, 205, 228–9
at Ma’arra, 313–14
at Jerusalem, 346–8
at Nicaea, 163–5
range of, 49
skills in making, 48, 50, 163
specialist troops for, 205; see also beehives, catapults, fire machine, fundibula, ladders, lime, mangana, mangonels, mangonella, mantlets, mining, petraria, tormentis
siege towers, without drawbridges, 314, 353–3
at Dyrrachium, siege of, 75
Laon, siege of in 938, 48
Ma’arra, siege of, 313–14
at Pantelleria, 48
Paris, siege of 885/6, 47
Verdun, siege of in 985, 48; see also Ma’arra and Jerusalem, sieges of
Simeon, servant of the emperor, 191
Sindjar, 260
Sirjyla, 310
Sis, 167
Skopia, 76
Slavs, 63, 76
slingers, 364
Smyrna, 110, 300
sodales, 19, 127, 181
Sofia, 3, 91
Sögüt, 172–3
Sokman of Diyar-Bakr and Mardin, 198, 203, 246, 261, 333
Soliman, 291; see also Kerbogah battle
Sororghia, 305
Spain, Spanish, 4, 5, 8–9, 12, 13, 31, 73, 96
spear, 33, 34
Spires, Jews of, 92
Stamford Bridge, battle of in 1066, 62, 74
Stephen of Valence, priest and visionary, 17, 23, 277–8, 322, 332
Stephen of Aumale, 81
Stephen-Henry, count of Blois and Chartres, 6, 20, 50, 79, 81, 102, 103, 122, 136–7, 139, 167, 169, 191, 228, 237, 247–8
and Alexius at Philomelium, 299–301
commander of the crusade, 252, 256–7, 270
desertion from the crusade, 83, 112, 134, 211, 269–70, 301
letters to his wife, 83, 101, 128, 133, 165, 167, 173, 199, 224, 238, 243, 251, 374–5
raises money for the crusade, 85
reasons for taking the cross, 83
stirrup, 30–1
Sudanese in Egyptian army, 166, 359
Suger of St-Denis, 26, 65
Sulayman, Seljuk Sultan of Nicaea, 257
seizes Antioch, 154, 167, 184, 227
called Shah by Byzantines, 155
killed, 156, 191
Sultan Daglari, 187
Swein of Sweden, 148
sword, 33
Frankish, 34, 38
Turkish, 149
Symeon, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 120, 334
letters with Adhémar, 124, 125, 209–10
Syria, 21, no, 135, 139, 155, 157, 167, 192, 223, 236, 260
Egyptian power in, 166, 358; see also Turks of Baghdad and Syria, divisions
North Syria, 18, 100, 129, 357
attractiveness to Franks, 304
Frankish dominion in, 133, 134, 141, 196, 304
military strength of, 197, 203
Syrians, 184, 198, 305, 328
Tafurs, 286–7
tagmata, 150
Tainat Höyügü (Tell Tayinat); see Lake battle