by Clare Druce
Many now believe that learning to survive peacefully with our fellow travellers on Planet Earth, while protecting them from exploitation, is a project of the greatest importance and urgency.
References
Them Ministers is a cunning lot
1 Email from Karen Davis to the author, September 15th 2012
2 Gregory, N.J. and Wilkins L.J., (1989) ‘Broken bones in domestic fowl: Handling and processing damage in end-of-lay battery hens’ British Poultry Science, 30, pp.555-562
A visual aid for Parliament
1 Central Television April 25th 1988
2 From William Wilberforce’s 1789 Report, put before Parliament to support the fight to abolish the slave trade.
The nuns’ story
1 The Agriculture (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1968
2 The Lancet September 24th 1988
3 The Independent January 14th 1989
The Halifax four
1 Marian Stamp Dawkins, Though Our Eyes Only – the Search for Animal Consciousness (New York 1993)
Brainy birds
1 Personal communication to the author from Professor Joy Mench, Department of Animal Science and Center for Animal Welfare, University of California, Davis, USA
2 Rogers, L.J., The development of brain and behaviour in the chicken (Wallingford, Oxon UK, CABI Publishing 1995, p 217
3 Communication with the author, August 16th 2012
4 Professor John Webster, speaking on March 17th 2005 at Compassion in World Farming’s conference From Darwin to Dawkins, convened to discuss animal sentience.
The church
1 www.hillside.org.uk
2 www.ciwf.org.uk
Who is Mr Big?
1 Poultry World November 8th 1979
Illegal systems
1 www.hse.gov.uk/agriculture/poultry
2 www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/web39.pdf
3 www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrhtm/rr655.htm
The RSPCA and the scapegoat
1 Poultry World January 28th 1982
Police support for battery system
1 Information in letter from West Yorkshire Police’s Freedom of Information Project Officer, dated July 5th 2010
2 The Guardian, November 12th 2007
Five freedoms and a convention
1 www.coe.int
2 Standing Committee of the European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes, Strasbourg 1994 General Provisions, Article 2 a,c,d
3 Ibid, Enclosures, Buildings and Equipment, Article 10, 1
Inside Information
1 Information in a letter dated January 1st 1989 to Chickens’ Lib from Professor John Webster, Dept. of Animal Husbandry, University of Bristol. Also World Poultry Misset Vol 11 No 4, 1995
Bitten but unbowed
1 Huddersfield Examiner, March 21st 1991
2 Ibid
A cruel ‘solution’
1 House of Commons First Report from the Agriculture Committee Session 1980-81 Volume 1, Appendix 1, p 79
2 DEFRA 2002 Code of recommendation for the welfare of laying hens
3 Breward, Gentle, et al., (1990) ‘Behavioural evidence for persistent pain following partial beak amputation in chickens’, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 27 149-157, Elsevier Science Publisher, B.V., Amsterdam
4 MAFF Leaflet 480, Cannibalism and feather pecking in poultry
5 FAWC Report on the welfare of laying hens in colony systems, December 1991, part V, para 12
6 Ibid, Part VI, Summary of Dissenting Views of: Mr G Berry, Mrs Ruth Harrison, Mrs F Hodgson, Mr C Hollands and Miss Cindy Milburn.
7 Grigor et al; ‘An experimental investigation of the costs and benefit of beak trimming in turkeys’ Veterinary Record, 1995 136: issue 11, 257-265
8 Marchant-Forde et al., Comparative effects of infrared and one-third hot-blade trimming on beak topography, behaviour and growth 2008 Poultry Science Association Inc. USDA Agricultural Research Service.
9 Guidance on the Mutilations (Permitted Procedures) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2010: Beak trimming of Laying Hens.
10 Dr Karen Davis Prisoned Chickens Poisoned Eggs Revised edition The Book Publishing Company 2009 pp.62-64
A can of worms
1 House of Commons First Report from the Agriculture Committee, Session 1980-81, vol. 1
2 Ruth Harrison Animal Machines Chapter 2, London 1964
3 MAFF Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Fowl Pest (the Plant Committee) (Cmnd 1664, 1962)
Bungled slaughter
1 Gentle, M.J. and Tilston, V.L., (2000) ‘Nociceptors in the legs of poultry: implications for potential pain in pre-slaughter shackling’. Animals Welfare 9:3 227-236
2 Bryan Heath, ‘Slaughter of Broilers’, Veterinary Record, Vol. 115, Issue 5, 98-100
3 www.animalaid.org.uk
An ugly picture
1 A field investigation of leg weakness in broilers, 1986 Booklet 2520 MAFF (Publications) 3
2 Ibid, 10
3 ‘Bed re-use, yes or no?’ World Poultry No 1, Vol. 26 2010
Down in the quarry
1 Frans Fransen ‘How green are broilers in cages?’ World Poultry
No 10 Vol. 26 2010
2 Council Directive 2007/43/EC laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production.
Factory farming’s smallest victim
1-3 Quail production MAFF/ADAS M.P.S. Haywood, 1985
4-8 M Gerken and A.D. Mills Welfare of domestic quail Fourth European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Edinburgh September 1993
9 Hall, Jeremy, ‘Small bird that’s packing a punch’ Poultry World November 2012
Sleuthing with Irene
1 Danbury, T.C., ‘Self-selection of the analgesic drug carprofen by lame broiler chickens’. Veterinary Record Volume 146, Issue 2, 45-49
2 Wieneke, A.A., Roberts, D., Gilbert, R.J., ‘Staphylococcal food poisoning in the United Kingdom, 1969-90 (Document)’ Epidemiology and Infection 110(3) 519-531
3 Ed. F.T.W. Jordan, Poultry Diseases, Bailliere Tindall 1990, p61, 70, 265
4 Knowles, Toby G. et al., Leg disorders in broiler chickens: prevalence, risk factors and prevention, February 6th 2008
5 Poultry World February 2010
Poultry litter claims victims
1 McLoughlin, McIlroy and Neil ‘A Major outbreak of botulism in cattle being fed ensiled poultry litter’, Veterinary Record Vol 122, Issue 24, 579-581
2 Veterinary Record 2005 Vol 117; 22
3 VLA website: www.defra.gov.uk/vla
4 www.worldpoultry.net/news/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-persist-in-chicken-manure 10.08.2009
Chickens and food-borne ills
1 British Medical Journal July 7th 1988
2 ‘Poultry-Borne salmonellosis in Scotland’; Epidem.Inf (11988), 101
3 www.foodstandards.gov.uk
4 ‘Control programme helps kerb [sic] salmonella in turkeys’. Poultry World February 2010
5 Skirrow, M.B., ‘Campylobacterenteritis – the first five years.’ J. Hyg., Camb 1982
6 Healing, T.D., Greenwood, M.H., Pearson, A.D., ‘Campylobacters and enteritis’, Reviews in Medical Microbiology (1992) 3, 159-167
7 Michael P. Doyle Food-borne pathogens of recent concern The Food Research Institute , University of Winconsin, Madison, Winconsin 1985
8 Ibid
A word of warning
1 Lawrence, Felicity, ‘Farmer jailed for selling rotten meat’ The Guardian November 30th 2002
2 www.meatinfo.co.uk December 16th 2010
3 www.meatinfo.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/12068/Rotting_meathiddden_with_…
www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk/news/Farmers-market-traders-animal-cruelty… 26/02/10
Half-starved (by design)
1 House of Commons First Report from the Agriculture Committee on Animal Welfare in Poultry, Pig and Veal Calf Production. Vol 11, Minutes of Evidence, 104
2 J.A.Mench, Problems Associated with broiler breede
r management Dept. of Poultry Science, University of Maryland, College park, MD 20742, USA
3 4th European Syposium on Poultry Welfare, 1993, Working Group IX of the European Federation of the World’s Poultry Science Association.
4 Paul Hocking and John Savory Welfare implications of food restriction in broiler breeders, Roslin Institute Annual Report 1994/5 p 42
5 Coutts, GS, BVMS, MRCVS, Poultry Diseases Under Modern Management, p 53, Nimrod Press Ltd, 1987
6 Duff, S.R.I., et al., ‘Head swelling of traumatic origin in broiler breeding fowl’, Veterinary Record 1989; 125: 133-134
7 The 1998 EU Council Directive 98/58/EC, Annex, para 10
The shortest of lives
1 The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995 Schedule 11 1, a-c
2 FAWC Report on the Welfare of Farmed Animals at Slaughter or Killing, Part 2: White Meat Animals May 2009, paragraphs 256 and 257
3 Ibid
Clinically obese humans
1 www.diabetes.org.uk
2 Letter from Professor Crawford to Chickens’ Lib, dated January 8th 1987
3 Poultry World August 14th 1987
4 Crawford, N.A., et al., The food chain for n-6 and n-3 fatty acids with special reference to animal products, Nuffield Laboratory of Comparative Medicine and The Institute of Zoology.
5 Jenny A Cresswell, Prof Oona MR Campbell, Mary J De Silba, Veronique Filippi, ‘Effect of maternal obesity on neonatal death in sub-Saharan Africa: multivariable analysis of 27 national data sets.’ The Lancet Vol 380, Issue 9850 pages 1325-1330, October 13th 2012.
6 Modern organic and broiler chickens sold for human consumption provide more energy from fat than protein. Wang Y, Lehane C, Ghebrenskel K, Crawford MA. Public Health Nutrition 4: 1- 2009
Overseas links
1 www.animal-voice.org and www.humane-education.org.za
2 www.upc-online.org
3 Dr Karen Davis Prisoned Chickens Poisoned Eggs Revised edition 2009, Book Publishing Company, Summertown TN
4 Ibid pp 197,127,128
5 Ibid p 108
6 Association of Colleges and Research Libraries of the American Library Association, August 2009 Vol 46, No.11
7 www.alv.org.au
8 Letter to Chickens’ Lib from MAFF, from the Minister’s Private Secretary, July 15th 1969
Enter turkeys
1 www.farmsanctuary.org
2 British United Turkeys Ltd Technical Advice Sheet Issue 2006 Artificial insemination for female turkeys
Introducing Boyo
1 Letter to Chickens’ Lib supporter from the Health Education Authority, dated September 27th 1990
2 Threlfall, E.J., et al., ‘Multiple drug-resistant strains of Salmonella typhimurium in poultry’ Veterinary Record 1989 124(20): 538
3 The Welfare of Animals at Markets Order, 1990
Antibiotics – propping up a sick industry
1 Maple, Hamilton-Miller, Brumfitt, ‘World-wide antibiotic resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus’ Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London. The Lancet Vol 1 March 11th 1989
2 The Swann Report, chapter V, 8.9
3 ‘Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella’ Veterinary Record Vol 117 No. 14 October 5th 1985
4 The Guardian November 13th 1998
5 The Guardian May 24th 1997
6 Letter to The Lancet, Vol 335, p 1459 from the departments of Medical Microbiology and Microbiology in Birmingham and Manchester’s Monsall hospital.
7 The Lancet, Vol 336, p125 July 14th 1990
8 J.M. Rutter, Veterinary Medicines Directive, Weybridge, Surrey. Letter to Veterinary Record dated March 30th 1991
9 A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain, 5.1.2.3.Pigs MAFF July 1998
10 Letter to Chickens’ Lib dated March 15th 2001 from Public Information Specialist, FDA, Center for Veterinary Medicine, USA
11 www.vmd.gov.uk/Publications/Antibiotics/salesanti09.pdf
12 A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain, July 1998 – A Technical Report for MAFF p. 52, 4.4
Ducks on dry land
1 Codes of Recommendations for the Welfare of Ducks, MAFF 1987. Introduction, 1.
2 Ibid para. 36 a
3 FAWN/Viva! Ducks out of Water pp 9-10 www.viva.org.uk
4 Gregory, N.G. & Wilkins, L.J., ‘Effect of stunning current on downgrading in ducks’, British Poultry Science 31: 429-431 1990
5 Raj, A.B., Richardson, R.I., Wilkins, L.J., Wotton, S.B., ‘Carcase and meat quality in ducks killed with either gas mixture or an electric current under commercial processing conditions’, Division of Food Animal Science, University of Bristol, England. British Poultry Science 1998, 404-407
6 Ibid
7 Letter to FAWN from MAFF, September 23rd 1999
8 As 3
9 Jones, T.A., Waitt, C.D., Dawkins, M.S., (2009) Water off a duck’s back Applied Animal Behaviour Science 116 (1), 52-57
10 ‘Access to water – without all the mess’ Poultry World September 2009
11 Gentle, M.J., Tilston, V.L., (2000) ‘Nociceptors in the legs of poultry: implications for potential pain in pre-slaughter shackling’, Animal Welfare, 9: 3, 227-236
The world’s largest flightless bird
1 State Veterinary Journal April 1992 Vol. 2, No. 1
2 DJvZ Smit, ‘Ostrich Farming in the Little Karoo’ Bulletin no. 358 Die Staatsdrukker, Pretoria
3 Clive Madeiros, reported in Veterinary Record, October 15th 1994
4 Improving Our Understanding of Ratites in a Farming Environment. Proceedings of an international conference held in Manchester 27th-29th March 1996 ISBN 0 952758 0 7 p 50
5 Ibid
6 Ibid
7 Ibid
8 Ibid
9 Ibid
10 World Poultry – Misset Vol 12, no 1, 96 p9
11 www.worldpoultry.net//ostrich-farming-in-germany–an-animal-welfare-issue-id6676.html
12 Baird, G.J., et al., ‘Monensin toxicity in a flock of ostriches’, Veterinary Record 1997, 140: 624-626
13 Minka and Ayo, ‘Assessment of the stresses imposed on adult ostriches (struthio camelus) during handling, loading, transportation and unloading’, Veterinary Record Vol 162 pp. 846-851
14 Animal Voice Compassion in World Farming (SA) Summer/Autumn 1994 No 115
15 Ostrich News, winter 1994, vol.111 No.4 pp 11-12
16 Council Regulations 1099/2009
Turkeys again, and a cool reception
1 Poultry World March 1992
Scientists prove suffering
1 Dr S R Duff et al., ‘The Gross Morphology of Skeletal Disease in Adult Male Breeding Turkeys’ (1987) Avian Pathology 16: 635-651
2 Duncan, I.J.H. et al., (1991) ‘Assessment of Pain Associated with Degenerative Hip Disorders in Adult Male Turkeys’, Research in Veterinary Science, 50:200-203)
3 www.but.co.uk
4 Turkeys June 1992, p 16
FAWC looks at turkeys
1 FAWC 1995 Report on the Welfare of Turkeys para. 1
2 Ibid
3 Ibid para 16 (v)
4 Ibid para 16 (ii)
5 Ibid para 39
6 The Veterinary Surgery (Exemptions ) Order 1962 No. 2557 4c
7 MAFF Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of Turkeys 1.3
8 See (1) para 129
Catching the birds
1 www.hillside.org.uk/documents/Turkeypages.pdf
2 Ibid
See also www.hillside.org.uk/about-investigations.htm
The sporting life
1 FAWC Opinion on the Welfare of Farmed Game birds, November 2008
2 Veterinary Record, 2007, Vol. 161, 5, 152
3 FAWN’s submission to FAWC
4 Egg Production and Incubation, chapter 3, Game Conservancy 1993
5 Gamebird Rearing, chapter 8, Game Conservancy 1990
6 SAC Monthly Report September 2007 Game birds
7 Gamebird Rearing, c
hapter 4, Game Conservancy 1990
8 Gamebird Rearing, chapter 8, Game Conservancy 1990
9 Ibid
10 Gamebird Releasing, chapter 4, Game Conservancy 1991
11 Veterinary Record, 2001 vol. 149: 10, 287
12 Gamebird Releasing, chapter 4, Game Conservancy 1991
13 Gamebird Releasing, chapter 8, Game Conservancy 1991
14 As (4)
15 Ibid, chapter 2
16 VLA Surveillance Report Veterinary Record 2009;165: 585-588
17 The People November 20th 1994
18 Assault and Battery Animal Aid September 2005 p24
19 Ibid p 22 See also www.animalaid.org.uk
20 See 18 (Part 3)
21 www.gundogsupply.com
22 Veterinary Record 2003 vol. 153, Number 15 p452
23 Veterinary Record 2001, Vol 149, Number 10 , p 287
24 Veterinary Record June 6th 1998
25 The Lancet 1990, Vol 336, 125
26 www.basc.org.uk
27 The Guardian February 10th 2005
28 FAWC Opinion on the Welfare of Farmed Game birds November 2008
29 Ibid para 55
30 Ibid para 50
31 Ibid para 51
32 Ibid para 42
33 Ibid para 47
34 www.gwct.org.uk
35 Butler, D.A. and Davis, C., ‘Effects of Plastic Bits on the Condition and Behaviour of Captive-reared pheasants’, Veterinary Record 2010 Vol 166, 398-401
Chickens’ Lib to Farm Animal Welfare Network
1 R.H. Bradshaw et al., ‘Travel Sickness and Meat Quality in Pigs’ Animal Welfare Vol 8 No 1, February 1999 pp 3-14, Universities Federation of Animal Welfare
2 Rosamund Young, The Secret Life Of Cows, Farming Books and Videos Ltd, 2003
3 Keith M. Kendrick et al., Nature Vol 414 November 2001, Laboratory of Cognitive and Developmental Neuroscience, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB2 4AT UK
4 A.C.A.Clements et al., ‘Reporting on Sheep Lameness Conditions to Veterinarians in the Scottish Borders’, Veterinary Record June 29th 2002 150, 815-817
5 Highland News March 30th 2002
6 www.hillside.org.uk also see www.onekind.org
McLibel – the best free show in town
1 McLibel – Burger Culture on Trial. John Vidal , Macmillan 1997 and the DVD McLibel: The postman and the gardener who took on McDonald’s Spanner Films
2 www.mcspotlight.org
3 As (1) p 175
4 www.mcdonalds.co.uk
5 www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1288903/McDonalds-faces-Happy-Meals June 24th 2010