The Aeneid

by Robert Fagles; Bernard Knox Virgil

  DISCORD: strife personified, with particular reference to civil war, 12.679.

  DODONA (doh-doh‘-na): site in Epirus, in northwestern Greece; the sanctuary of an oracle of Zeus, whose prophecies were communicated through the rustling leaves of a great oak, 3.548.

  DOG STAR: Orion’s Dog, or Sirius, whose rising is a “fatal sign” (Iliad 22.36) since it carries plague to humankind and blights their crops, 3.174.

  DOLICHAON (doh-li-kay‘-on): Trojan, father of Hebrus (2); killed by Mezentius, 10.823.

  DOLON (doh‘-lon): Trojan scout, son of the old herald Eumedes, lured by the reward of Achilles’ team and chariot to spy on the Greek camp at night, but killed by Diomedes, 12.415. See Iliad 10.351-527.

  DOLOPIAN (do-loh‘-pi-an): person from Phthia, a sector of southern Thessaly, kingdom of Peleus and home of Achilles, 2.9.

  DONUSA (do-noo‘-sa): Aegean island among the Cyclades, to the southeast of Delos located at their center, 3.152.

  DORYCLUS (do-ree‘-klus): Rutulian, specifically a Tmarian from Epirus, husband of Beroë, 5.684.

  DOTO (doh‘-toh): sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus, 9.120.

  DRAGON: name of a ship, captained by Mnestheus, that finishes second in the ship-race at the funeral games of Anchises, 5.136. See Note 5.134-318.

  DRANCES (dran‘-seez): fellow-Rutulian of Turnus, and his outspoken critic, 11.142.

  DREPANUM (dre‘-pa-num): town on the northwest coast of Sicily, now Trapani, the site of Anchises’ death, 3.817.

  DRUSI (droo‘-zee): great patrician family of Rome, 6.949. See Introduction, p. 30.

  DRYOPE (dri‘-o-pee): wood-nymph, mother by Faunus, god of the woods, of Tarquitus, a Rutulian killed by Aeneas, 10.652.

  DRYOPIANS (dri-oh‘-pi-anz): ancient people said to live near Mount Parnassus in northern Greece, 4.183.

  DRYOPS (dri‘-ops): Trojan killed by Clausus from Cures, 10.407.

  DULICHIUM (doo-li‘-ki-um): Ionian island near Ithaca, off the western coast of Greece, 3.324.

  DYMAS (di‘-mas): Trojan, aide of Aeneas, accidentally killed by his own comrades in the chaos of Troy’s fall, 2.429.

  EARTH: the earth personified, 4.209.

  EBYSUS (e‘-bi-sus): Rutulian killed by Corynaeus (2), 12.360.

  EGERIA (e-jee‘-ri-a): Latian water-nymph, whose healing grove safeguarded Hippolytus, and where, after being tormented to death by his father and stepmother, he returned to life as Virbius, 7.886. See Note 7.884-908.

  EGYPT: the country in northern Africa, synonymous with Cleopatra, the Egyptian queen, 8.806.

  ELEAN (ee-lee‘-an): 3.803, belonging to ELIS (ee’-lis), realm of the Epeans in the northwestern Peloponnese to the north of Nestor’s Pylos; its principal city, Olympia, became the site of the Olympic games, 6.681.

  ELECTRA (e-lek‘-tra): one of the seven daughters of Atlas, who compose the Pleiades; sister of Maia, the mother by Jupiter of Dardanus, the founder of Troy. 8.156.

  ELYSIUM (ee-li‘-zi-um): home in the Underworld of the fortunate after death, the site of Aeneas’ reunion with the spirit of his father, 5.814. For Homer’s description of the Elysian Fields, see Odyssey 4.634-39.

  EMATHION (ee-ma‘-thi-on): Trojan killed by Liger, 9.650.

  ENCELADUS (en-sel‘-a-dus): giant rebel against the rule of Jupiter, who struck him dead with a lightning-bolt and buried him under Mount Etna as his eternal doom, 3.673.

  ENTELLUS (en-tee‘-lus): veteran Sicilian boxer who overpowers Dares at the funeral games for Anchises, 5.431.

  EPEUS (e-pee‘-us): Greek, builder of the Trojan horse, and one of the raiders hidden in its hollows, 2.334.

  EPIRUS (ee-peye‘-rus): mountainous area in northwestern Greece on the Adriatic coast, 3.348.

  EPULO (e‘-pu-lo): Rutulian killed by Achates, 12.539.

  EPYTIDES (e-pi-teye‘-deez): Trojan friend and bodyguard of Ascanius, 5.600.

  EPYTUS (ee‘-pi-tus): Trojan, comrade-in-arms of Aeneas in Troy’s last hours, 2.427.

  ERATO (e‘-ra-toh): the Muse of love, one of the nine Muses, she is invoked at the start of Book 7, because the second half of the Aeneid involves, in part, Turnus’ efforts to wrest his expected bride, Lavinia, from the claims of Aeneas, 7.40. See Introduction, p. 19.

  EREBUS (e‘-re-bus): child of Chaos, god of the Underworld and darkness, 4.639.

  ERETUM (e-ree‘-tum): city on the east bank of the Tiber north of Rome; settled by Sabines, its contingent led by Clausus, 7.828.

  ERICHAETES (e-ri-kee‘-teez): Trojan, Lycaon’s (2) son, killed by Messapus, 10.884.

  ERIDANUS (ee-ri‘-da-nus): river that, according to legend, rises in Elysium in the Underworld, and runs through the living world above; commonly thought to be the Po, 6.762.

  ERIPHYLE (e-ri-fee‘-lee): wife of the prophet Amphiaraus, who accepted from Polynices, leader of the Seven against Thebes, a necklace as a bribe for persuading her husband to join the expedition, in which he met his death; she met her death, in turn, at the hands of her son, Alcmaeon, 6.516.

  ERULUS (e‘-ru-lus): king of Praeneste, son of Feronia who gave her son three lives, requiring the young Evander to kill him three times over, 8.664.

  ERYMANTHUS (e-ri-man‘-thus): mountain range in Arcadia, in the northwest Peloponnese, and the home of a great boar that Hercules killed as one of his Twelve Labors, 5.499.

  ERYMAS (e‘-ri-mas): Trojan comrade of Aeneas, killed by Turnus, 9.797.

  ERYX (e‘-riks): (1) mountain and town in the northwestern corner of Sicily, 1.684. (2) Son of Venus and Butes (2), half-brother of Aeneas; king of Sicily, champion boxer killed by Hercules in a legendary bout, 5.29.

  ETHIOPIAN (ee-thee-oh‘-pi-an): of a region in the northeast of Africa and a favorite haunt of Neptune. 4.602.

  ETNA (et‘-na): volcanic peak in eastern Sicily, home of the Cyclops, 3.648.

  ETRURIA (ee-troo‘-ri-a): region in Italy north of Rome, settled by the Etruscans, 8.581.

  ETRUSCAN (ee-trus‘-kan): belonging to people of Tuscany in central Italy, who may have originated in Lydia in Asia Minor 7.48; alternatively called TUSCAN (tus’-kan), 1.80, as belonging to the TUSCANS (tus‘-kanz), 7.498. See Introduction, pp. 20-23, 35-36.

  EUANTHES (yoo-ayn‘-theez): Phrygian fighter in the Trojan ranks, 10.830.

  EUBOEAN (yoo-bee‘-an): belonging to the large island lying off the coast of eastern Greece, 6.2, EUBOEA (yoo-bee’-a), 11.314. See CUMAE.

  EUMEDES (yoo-mee‘-deez): Trojan, offspring of Dolon, 12.413.

  EUMELUS (yoo-mee‘-lus): Trojan herald who alerts the Trojans to the burning of their fleet, 5.733.

  EUNAEUS (yoo-nee‘-us): Trojan, son of Clytius (4), killed by Camilla with a long pine lance, 11.785.

  EUPHRATES (yoo-fray‘-teez): river in Asia Minor, enclosing together with the Tigris the Fertile Crescent, 8.850.

  EUROPE: the continent named for Europa, daughter of Agenor (or Phoenix, according to Homer). She was abducted by Jupiter, in the form of a bull, and became by him the mother of Minos and Rhadamanthus and perhaps Sarpedon too, 1.467.

  EUROTAS (yoo-roh‘-tas): river running alongside Sparta in Lacedaemon, 1.601. EURYALUS (yoo-reye’-a-lus): Trojan, comrade-in-arms of Nisus, victor in the foot-race at Anchises’ funeral games, later killed by Volscians, 5.328. See Note 5.325-402.

  EURYPYLUS (yoo-ri‘-pi-lus): Greek, emissary to Apollo’s oracle during the siege of Troy, 2.146.

  EURYSTHEUS (yoo-ris‘-thyoos): king of Mycenae, grandson of Perseus and task-master of Hercules who, at Eurystheus’ command, carried out the legendary Twelve Labors, 8.343.

  EURYTUS (yoo‘-ri-tus): father of the goldsmith Clonus, 10.591.

  EURYTION (yoo-ri‘-ti-on): Trojan, son of the famous archer Pandarus (1) and, at the funeral games for Anchises, a contestant in the archery contest who hits the target dove yet places second to Acestes, whose arrow shoots into a flaming omen, 5.548. See Note 5.539-98.

  EVADNE (ee-vayd‘-nee): among the lovelorn ghosts in hell; the wife of Capaneus, one of the Seven against Thebes, she burned
herself alive on her husband’s pyre, 6.518.

  EVANDER (ee-van‘-der): son of Mercury and Carmentis, king who migrated from Arcadia with his people to found the city of Pallanteum on the site of Rome; host to Aeneas and his Trojans, and father of Pallas (3), who becomes Aeneas’ comrade, 8.55. See Note 8.54-57 and Introduction, p. 16.

  FABARIS (fa‘-ba-ris): branch of the Tiber, 7.832.

  FABII (fa‘-bi-ee): famous Roman family that produced several leaders of the Roman state, 6.973. See MAXIMUS and Introduction, p. 31.

  FABRICIUS (fay-bri‘-shus): Caius Fabricius Luscinus, the conqueror of Pyrrhus, whom he treated nobly, in the third century B.C., renowned for his rise from poverty into power; his austere integrity, the epitome of old Roman virtues, 6.971. See Introduction, p. 31.

  FADUS (fay‘-dus): Rutulian killed by Euryalus, 9.399.

  FALISCI (fa-lees‘-kee): inhabitants of southern Etruria, their contingent allied with Turnus (see AEQUI FALISCI), 7.810.

  FATES: the three Parcae were visualized as three women spinning thread, a normal household occupation for women in antiquity, and the thread was a human life. Shortly after Homer they were given names: Clotho (“Spinner”), Lachesis (“Allotter”—she decides how long the thread should be), and Atropos (“one who cannot be turned back”), who cuts the thread. In general, these shadowy but potent figures ultimately control the destiny of mortals, 1.1, 1.21.

  FAUNS (fawnz): half-human Roman spirits of the field and countryside, 8.370.

  FAUNUS (faw‘-nus): Roman deity often identified with Pan. He was son of Picus and the Latian nymph Marica; father of King Latinus, 7.52.

  FERONIA (fee-roh‘-ni-a): Italian nature divinity, worshipped chiefly in groves, mother of Erulus, 7.928.

  FESCENNIA (fees-kee‘-ni-a): town in southern Etruria, its contingent allied with Turnus, 7.810.

  FIDENA (fi-dee‘-na): Latian town just north of Rome, and founded by kings of Alba Longa, 6.893. See Introduction, p. 29.

  FIELD OF MARS: The Campus Martius, originally an open space of level ground at Rome, north of the city’s center and outside its walls. It was bounded on the west by the Tiber and on the east by the Capitoline, Quirinal, and Princian hills; and it contained the Mausoleum of Augustus, in which the younger Marcellus was the first to be buried (in 23 B.C.), 6.1006.

  FLAVINA (flay-veye‘-na): a city in southern Etruria, 7.811.

  FORTUNE: chance or luck personified and deified, she had famous places of worship in Rome and especially Praeneste, 2.99.

  FORULI (fo‘-ru-li): town inhabited by Sabines, south of Amiternum, its contingent allied with Turnus, 7.831.

  FUCINUS (foo-see‘-nus): Latian lake in the Apennine range, in Marsian country, with the grove of Angitia on its western shore, the city of Marruvium on its eastern shore; the home of Umbro, 7.882.

  FURIES: Allecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone, avenging spirits whose task it is to exact blood for blood when no human avenger is left alive. They are particularly concerned with injuries done by one member of a family to another, and they have regulatory powers as well, 3.303. See Note 12.980-88 and ALLECTO, MEGAERA, and TISIPHONE.

  GABII (ga‘-bi-ee): Latian town, due east of Rome, 6.893; GABINE (ga’-beyen) descriptive of its inhabitants’ customs, 7.712. See Introduction, p. 29.

  GAETULIAN (geye-tool‘-yan): of a northern African tribe that settled in Morocco, 4.52.

  GALAESUS (gay-lee‘-sus): aged Latin, killed at the outbreak of hostilities between the Italians and the Trojans, 7.621.

  GALATEA (ga-la-tee‘-a): sea-nymph in Nereus’ retinue, 9.120.

  GANGES (gan‘-jeez): river in India, flowing down from the Himalayas and emptying into the Bay of Bengal, 9.34.

  GANYMEDE (ga‘-ni-meed): one of three sons of Tros, the first king of Troy; “the handsomest mortal man on earth” (Iliad 20.269), snatched away for his beauty by the eagle of Jupiter and made immortal as the cup-bearer of Jupiter and the other gods, 1.35. See Introduction, p. 17.

  GARAMANTS (ga‘-ra-mants): African tribe, living in the eastern Sahara, conquered by Rome in 19 B.C., 6.917. See Introduction, p. 29.

  GARGANUS (gayr-gay‘-nus): mountainous headland of Apulia, 11.297.

  GATES OF SLEEP: 6.1029; see Note 6.1035-36 and Introduction, p. 32.

  GATES OF WAR: 1.351, see Note ad loc; 7.705-15.

  GAULS: people of Northern Europe, besiegers of the gates of Rome in 390 B.C., 6.990. See Introduction, pp. 30-33.

  GELA (jay‘-la): Sicilian city alongside a southern coastal river named Gela too, 3.810.

  GELONIAN (je-loh‘-ni-an): of a Scythian tribe renowned for its archery, 8.850.

  GERYON (je‘-ri-on): legendary monster with three bodies, killed three times over by Hercules, who rustled Geryon’s herds of oxen out of Spain and drove them to the Tiber, 7.771.

  GETAE (je‘-tee): Thracian tribe that settled on the banks of the lower Danube, 7.702.

  GLAUCUS (glaw‘-kus): (1) sea-god in Neptune’s retinue, and father of Deiphobe, the Cumaean Sibyl, 5.917. (2) Trojan, one of Antenor’s three sons whom Aeneas sees among the war heroes in the Underworld, 6.561. (3) Son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus, 12.409.

  GOD OF FIRE: 5.731, see VULCAN.

  GORGON (gor‘-gon): daughter of Phorcus (1), sister of Medusa; fabulous female monster, whose glance could turn a person into stone; the centerpiece of Minerva’s shield, 2.762.

  GORTYNIAN (gohr-tee‘-ni-an): of Gortyna, a city in Crete, renowned for archery, 11.909.

  GRACCHI (gra‘-kee): famous Roman family that produced two tribunes, 6.969. See Introduction, p. 31.

  GRAVISCAE (gra-vees‘-kee): coastal Etrurian city, “weighed down,” as the name suggests, by varieties of illness, 10.223.

  GREAT AND LITTLE BEARS: the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, the Big and Little Dippers, 1.894. See ARCTURUS.

  GREAT MOTHER OF GODS: 2.978; see CYBEBE and CYBELUS, also BERECYNTHIAN, CORYBANTES, and DINDYMA.

  GREATEST ALTAR: 8.315, see Note ad loc.

  GREEKS: 1.38, and GREEK, their effects, 1.116. See ACHAEANS.

  GRYNEAN (gree-nee‘-an): of Grynia, an Aeolian city sacred to Apollo, who had an oracle there, 4.431.

  GYAROS (gee‘-a-ros): Aegean island, one of the mooring-points to which Apollo fastened his birthplace, the island of Delos, once adrift, to make it stable, 3.92.

  GYAS (gi‘-as): (1) Trojan, shipwrecked comrade of Aeneas, restored to captain the Chimaera to third place in the ship-race at Anchises’ funeral games, 1.263. See Note 5.134-318. (2) Latin, son of Melampus, killed by Aeneas, 10.375.

  GYGES (geye‘-jeez): Trojan comrade of Aeneas, killed by Turnus, 9.859.

  GYLIPPUS (gi-lee‘-pus): Arcadian, father by Tyrrhena of nine sons who block an assault by the Latian Tolumnius, 12.330.

  HAEMON (hee‘-mon): (1) Rutulian, priest of Mars, who storms Aeneas’ camp, 9.779. (2) Latin, father of one of Turnus’ comrades, Haemonides, a priest of Apollo and Diana, killed by Aeneas, 10.635.

  HALAESUS (ha-lee‘-sus): once companion of Agamemnon, then an Italian chieftain and comrade of Turnus, killed while defending Imaon, 7.841.

  HALIUS (ha‘-li-us): Trojan, comrade of Aeneas, killed by Turnus, 9.865.

  HALYS (ha‘-lis): Trojan, comrade of Aeneas, killed by Turnus, 9.862.

  HARPALYCE (hayr-pa‘-li-see): huntress and expert rider, a woman warrior of Thrace, 1.382.

  HARPALYCUS (hayr-pa‘-li-kus): Trojan, comrade of Aeneas, killed by Camilla, 11.796.

  HARPIES (har‘-peez): “Snatchers” in Greek, winged female demons, birds with the faces of girls, 3.257. See Note 3.258.

  HEBRUS (hee‘-brus): (1) river in Thrace that flows into the Macedonian Sea, 1.383. (2) Trojan, son of Dolichaon, comrade of Aeneas, killed by Mezentius, 10.823.

  HECATE (he‘-ka-tee): goddess of the Underworld, yet a three-headed, tri-form divinity, who appears as Hecate in hell, Diana on earth (daughter of Latona), and Luna, the moon, in heaven, 4.640. See DIANA and TRIVIA.

  HECTOR (hek‘-tor): Trojan, supreme comman
der of Trojan forces, eldest son of Priam and Hecuba, husband of Andromache, father of Astyanax; killed by Achilles to avenge the death of Patroclus at Hector’s hands, 1.118.

  HECUBA (he‘-kyoo-ba): daughter of Dymas, wife of Priam and his queen, mother of Hector, 2.622.

  HELEN (he‘-len): daughter of Jupiter and Leda, wife of Menelaus, consort of Paris; her abduction by him from Sparta was the cause of the Trojan War, 1.774. See Introduction, pp. 12, 17.

  HELENOR (he-lee‘-nor): Trojan, son of a slave, Licymnia, and a Maeonian king; killed by the Latin forces, 9.623.

  HELENUS (he‘-le-nus): Trojan, son of Priam, prophet and warrior, later married to Andromache, 3.351. See Note 3.389-400.