HELICON (he‘-li-kon): Boeotian mountain, traditional home of the Muses, sacred place of Apollo, 7.747.
HELORUS (he-loh‘-rus): a town and river in southeastern Sicily, surrounded by fertile fields, 3.807.
HELYMUS (he‘-li-mus): Sicilian who places second in the foot-race at Anchises’ funeral games, 5.89. See Note 5.325-402.
HERBESUS (heer-bee‘-sus): Rutulian killed by Euryalus, 9.399.
HERCULES (her‘-kyoo-leez): the hero of the Twelve Labors, 3.644. See Note ad loc, Note 7.770; AMPHITRYON, and passim.
HERMINIUS (heer-mi‘-ni-us): Trojan killed by Catillus, 11.758.
HERMIONE (her-meye‘-o-nee): Spartan, daughter of Menelaus and Helen, granddaughter of Leda; wife of Pyrrhus, she deserted him to marry Orestes, 3.392.
HERMUS (heer‘-mus): Lydian river, 7.838.
HERNICI (heer‘-ni-kee): people who settled a rock-strewn region in Latium, southeast of Rome, and sent a contingent to fight on Turnus’ side, 7.796.
HESIONE (he-seye‘-o-nee): sister of Priam, daughter of Laomedon, wife of Telamon, who was the father of Ajax and Teucer (2); she ruled over Salamis with her husband, 8.181.
HESPERIA (he-sper‘-i-a): “Land of the West,” Italy, 1.639. HESPERIAN (he-sper’-i-an): Western or Italian in general; belonging to the daughters of Hesperus in particular, who preside over a garden bountiful with golden apples, 4.606.
HICETAON (hi-ke-tay‘-on): Trojan, father of Thymoetes (2), who is killed by Turnus, 10.152.
HIMELLA (hi-meel‘-a): river in Sabine country, flowing into the Tiber; source of contingent allied with Turnus, 7.831.
HIPPOCOÖN (hi-po‘-ko-on): Trojan, comrade of Aeneas, contender who places last in the archery contest at Anchises’ funeral games, 5.545. See Note 5.539-98.
HIPPOLYTE (hi-po‘-li-tee): legendary Amazon queen from Thrace, married to Theseus, 11.779.
HIPPOLYTUS (hi-po‘-li-tus): son of Theseus and Hippolyte, father of Virbius, 7.884. See Note 7.884-908.
HIPPOTAS (hi‘-po-tas): Trojan, father of Amastrus, who is killed by Camilla, 11.794.
HISBO (hiz‘-boh): Rutulian killed by Pallas (3), 10.452.
HOMOLE (ho‘-mo-lee): Thessalian mountain where the Centaurs (2) dwell, 7.788.
HYADES (heye‘-a-deez): constellation, “the rainy Hyades,” whose rising coincides with the onset of spring rains, 1.894.
HYDASPES (hi-das‘-peez): Trojan killed by Sacrator, 10.882.
HYDRA (heye‘-dra): (1) serpent with seven heads, that had its lair near Lerna in the Argolid and was killed by Hercules as his Second Labor. It appears as a monster at the entranceway to the Underworld, 6.327, and as a device on the shield of Hercules’ son, Aventinus, 7.765. (2) Monster with fifty heads, guarding the realm of the damned in the Underworld, 6.669.
HYLAEUS (hee-lee‘-us): Centaur killed by Hercules, 8.347.
HYLLUS (hee‘-lus): Trojan killed by Turnus, 12.626.
HYPANIS (hee‘-pa-nis): comrade of Aeneas at the fall of Troy, 2.429.
HYRCANIA (heer-kay‘-ni-a): region south of the Caspian Sea, 4.459, inhabited by HYRCANIANS (heer-kay’-ni-anz), an Asian tribe, 7.702.
HYRTACUS (heer‘-ta-kus): (1) Trojan, father of Hippocoön, who competes in the archery at Anchises’ funeral games, 5.545. See Note 5.539-98. (2) Trojan, father of Nisus, 9.211.
IAERA (i-ee‘-ra): wood-nymph, mother by Alcanor (1) of Pandarus (2) and Bitias, whom she bore in Jupiter’s grove on Phrygian Mount Ida, 9.766.
IAPYX (i-ah‘-piks): (1) Apulian who lives in the fields round Mount Garganus, 11.297. (2) Trojan, son of Iasius and loved by Apollo, who teaches him the healing skills he uses to treat Aeneas’ wound; his name, Iapyx, suggests the Greek word for healing, 12.462.
IARBAS (i-ayr‘-bas): African warlord, son of Jupiter Hammon, rebuffed by Dido in his advances toward her, 4.47.
IASIUS (eye-a‘-si-us): Trojan, brother of Dardanus, son-in-law of Teucer (1), Aeneas’ forebear who had settled in Italy. He is the forebear of Palinurus, Aeneas’ helmsman, and of Iapyx (2), 3.206.
ICARUS (i‘-ka-rus): son of Daedalus who, attempting to flee from the Cretan labyrinth by flying on artificial wings, soared too near the sun; it melted the wax that fastened the feathers and—as Auden saw him, “amazing, a boy falling out of the sky”—he dropped into the Aegean Sea and drowned, 6.37.
IDA (eye‘-da): (1) central mountain range in Phrygia, south of Troy, and favored seat of Jupiter, 2.867. (2) Huntress, possibly mother of Nisus, 9.212. (3) Mountain in Crete, Venus’ source of dittany, which heals Aeneas’ wound, 12.489.
IDAEUS (eye-dee‘-us): (1) charioteer of Priam, with his chariot still in tow, even when he is a ghost in the Underworld, 6.563. (2) Trojan comrade of Aeneas, 9.575.
IDALIUM (eye-da‘-li-um): town and mountain grove on Cyprus; a favorite haunt of Venus, where her rites are performed, 1.812. IDALIAN (eye-da’-li-an), 1.826, belonging to Idalium or IDALIA (eye-da‘-li-a), a variant of the place-name, 10.104.
IDAS (eye‘-das): (1) Trojan killed by Turnus, 9.655. (2) Father of three Thracian fighters, comrades of Aeneas, all killed by Clausus, 10.413.
IDMON (eyed‘-mon): Rutulian, messenger of Turnus, 12.95.
IDOMENEUS (eye-doh‘-men-yoos): son of Deucalion, commander of the Cretan contingent at Troy, he was banished from Crete for killing his son and settled in Calabria where he founded a state among the Sallentini, 3.145. See Note 11.315-36.
ILIA (eye‘-li-a): priestess of Mars, who produced for the god his twin sons, Romulus and Remus (1), 1.327. See Introduction, p. 18.
ILIONE (eye-li‘-o-nee): Trojan, the eldest of Priam’s daughters born of Hecuba, 1.777.
ILIONEUS (eye-li‘-o-nyoos): Trojan, representative of Aeneas before Dido and Latinus, and killer of Lucetius, 1.141.
ILIUM (i‘-li-um): Troy, the city of Ilus (2), 1.321; ILIAN (i’-li-an), belonging to Ilium, 3.400.
ILLYRIA (i-lee‘-ri-a): region in northwestern Greece, fronting the Adriatic and forming a difficult passage for mariners, 1.288.
ILUS (eye‘-lus): (1) the original name of Aeneas’ son while Ilium (Troy) still stood. Afterward he has two names, Ascanius and Iulus, a modification of Ilus, to suggest his role as ancestor of the Julian gens and therefore of the emperor Augustus, 1.321. See Note 1.320-21. (2) Eldest son of Tros, father of Laomedon, grandfather of Priam, and founder of Troy, named Ilium after Ilus, 6.753. (3) Rutulian soldier in Pallas’ (3) line of fire, 10.473.
ILVA (eel‘-va): modern Elba, island off the Etrurian coast between Italy and Corsica, 10.209.
IMAON (i-may‘-on): Rutulian comrade of Turnus, protected by Halaesus, 10.501.
IMBRASUS (eem‘-bra-sus): (1) father of Asius, a defender of Aeneas’ encampment, 10.152. (2) Lycian, father of Glaucus (3) and Lades, both sons killed by Turnus, 12.409.
INACHUS (i‘-na-kus): founding king of Argos and father of Io (7.333), who is also treated by Virgil as the god of the Argolid’s principal river, 7.919.
INARIME (ee-nar‘-i-mee): island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, present-day Ischia, under which Jupiter buried Typhoeus, if he did not bury him under Etna (see TYPHOEUS), 9.811.
INDIANS: people from India, the territory bounded by the Indus River on the west and the Ganges on the east, as delimiting the easternmost boundary of the known world under Rome, 6.917.
INO (eye‘-noh): daughter of Cadmus, once a mortal, now a sea-nymph in Neptune’s retinue, 5.917.
INUIS (i‘-nu-is): heavily defended Latian town near Rome, 6.895.
IO (eye‘-oh): daughter of the river-god Inachus, guarded by Argus (1), a monster with a hundred eyes; Io was loved by Jupiter and turned by vengeful Juno into a cow, 7.915.
IOLLAS (i-oh‘-las): Trojan killed by Catillus, 11.758.
IONIAN (eye-ohn‘-i-an): of Ionia, a sea-reach below the Adriatic, stretching between southern Italy and Greece, 3.256.
IOPAS (i-oh‘-pas): bard of Carthage, taught his art by Atlas, 1.887.
IPHITUS (eye‘-fi-tus): Trojan, Aeneas’ comrade-in-arms at Troy’s demise, 2.5
42.
IRIS (eye‘-ris): goddess, messenger of the gods, who typically comes arcing down to earth in a rainbow, 4.864.
ISMARUS (iz‘-ma-rus): (1) Lydian who fights at the side of Iulus, 10.169. (2) Mountain in Thrace, and city bearing its name, which, like the mountain, is also called Ismarus or Ismara, 10.413.
ITALIAN: 1.3, of Italy, 1.15; Italians, people of the region, 1.130. See HESPERIA, and Introduction, passim.
ITALUS (eye‘-ta-lus): one of the legendary, founding fathers of Italy, 1.642.
ITHACA (i‘-tha-ka): Ionian island off the western coast of Greece, 2.131, and traditional home of Ulysses—who is sometimes called “the Ithacan” (2.156)—together with his forebears and his family.
ITYS (i‘-tis): Trojan killed by Turnus, 9.654.
IULUS (i-u‘-lus): see ILUS (1), 1.321, and Note 1.320-21.
IXION (eek-see‘-on): lord of the Lapiths, reputed father of Pirithous, who was actually sired by Jove with Ixion’s wife; for attempting to rape Juno, Ixion was spread-eagled on a wheel that revolved forever in the Underworld, 6.694.
JANICULUM (ja-ni‘-cu-lum): a hilly ridge on the western side of the Tiber, on which Janus was said to have built a fortress, 8.421.
JANUS (jay‘-nus): ancient two-headed Italian god of crossings, entrances and beginnings, facing left and right, equally toward the past and toward the future, 7.206.
JOVE (johv): (Zeus) alternative name for Jupiter, 1.52.
JUDGMENT OF PARIS: see 1.34 and Introduction, p. 17; Iliad 24.35-36; and Note ad loc.
JULIUS (jool‘-yus): “a name passed down from Iulus, his great forebear,” a member of the Julian gens and forerunner of Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus, the first Roman emperor, who bore the title Augustus, 1.344. See ATYS, AUGUSTUS, and ILUS (1).
JUNO (joo‘-noh): (Hera), queen of the gods, daughter of Saturn, wife and sister of Jupiter, her special province, marriage; among the Olympians, the principal antagonist of Aeneas, because of his Trojan origins, 1.5. See Introduction, passim.
JUPITER (joo‘-pi-ter): (Zeus), son of Saturn, king of the gods, alternatively called JOVE, husband and brother of Juno, father of the Olympians and many mortals too. His spheres include the sky and the weather, hospitality and the rights of guests and suppliants, the punishment of injustice, the sending of omens, and the governance of the universe, controlled to some extent by Fate as well, 1.94. See Introduction, passim.
JUTURNA (joo-tur‘-na): Italian water-nymph, sister of Turnus and servant of Juno; her name, like her allegiance, belongs equally to Juno and to Turnus, 12.168.
KIDS: constellation that “marks stormy weather at both its rising in spring and its setting in late September” (Hardie, 1994, note 9.668), 9.761.
LABICIANS (la-bi‘-shanz): people of Labicum, a town in Latium southeast of Rome, their contingent allied to Turnus, 7.924.
LABYRINTH: a baffling maze devised for King Minos by Daedalus to house the Minotaur in the royal palace at Cnossus on Crete, 5.647.
LACINIAN (la-see‘-ni-an): of Lacinium, a headland on the toe of southern Italy, sacred to Juno and the site of a temple devoted to her, 3.646.
LADES (la‘-deez): Lycian, son of Imbrasus, brother of Glaucus, both brothers killed by Turnus, 12.409.
LADON (la‘-don): Arcadian, an ally of Aeneas, killed by Halaesus, 10.489.
LAERTES (lay-er‘-teez): son of Arcesius, husband of Anticleia, father of Ulysses, 3.325.
LAGUS (la‘-gus): Rutulian killed by Pallas (3), 10.449.
LAMUS (la‘-mus): Rutulian killed by Nisus, 9.391.
LAMYRUS (la‘-mi-rus): Rutulian killed by Nisus, 9.390.
LAOCOÖN (lay-o‘-ko-on): Trojan, priest of Neptune, who opposed the admittance of the Trojan horse into the city and was strangled by sea-serpents, 2.51. See Note 2.259.
LAODAMIA (lay-o-da-mee‘-a): wife of Protesilaus, she committed suicide when her husband died at Troy, 6.518.
LAOMEDON (lay-o‘-me-don): king of Troy, son of Ilus (2), father of Priam; he reneged on the payment set by Apollo and Neptune to construct the walls of Troy, and so acquired a reputation for treachery, 3.298.
LAPITHS (la‘-piths): a Thessalian tribe among the condemned in hell; their legendary battle with the Centaurs, at the wedding of their king, Pirithous, and Hippodamia, was a favorite theme for temple sculpture, 6.694. See Note 7.358-59.
LARIDES (la-ree‘-deez): Rutulian comrade of Turnus; son of Daucus, twin brother of Thymber, both brothers killed by Pallas (3), 10.462.
LARISAEAN (la-ri-see‘-an): belonging to Larisa, a town in Thessaly, and used as an epithet of Achilles, who hails from that large region of northeastern Greece, 11.484.
LATAGUS (la‘-ta-gus): comrade of Aeneas, killed by Mezentius, 10.824.
LATINUS (la-teye‘-nus): king of Latium, son of Faunus, father by his wife Amata of Lavinia, his only child, who was fated to become the wife of Aeneas, 6.1027.
LATIUM (lay‘-shum): 1.7, source of the LATIN (noun or adj.) or LATIAN (adj., lay’ shan) people and their effects, 3.449; a region between the Tiber and Campania, settled by Saturn, according to legend, when in exile from Jupiter; the land where Saturn had “lain hidden” (8.380) and established the Age of Gold. For Latin, see Introduction, passim.
LATONA (lay-toh‘-na): (Leto), goddess, mother of Apollo and Diana by Jupiter, 1.605.
LAURENTES (law-reen‘-teez): 7.70, and LAURENTINE (law-reen’-teyen), 7.197, the inhabitants of, and belonging to, LAURENTUM (law-reen‘-tum), a coastal city in Latium, south of Rome, 8.1.
LAUSUS (law‘-sus): comrade of Turnus, son of Mezentius, who lays down his life to save his father and is killed by Aeneas, 7.756.
LAVINIA (la-veen‘-i-a): daughter of Latinus and Amata; Turnus considers her his betrothed, but her father Latinus recognizes that she is fated to marry Aeneas, 6.884. LAVINIAN (la-veen’-i-an): 1.3, of the capital city of Latium, LAVINIUM (la-veen‘-i-um), destined to be established by Aeneas and named after his queen, Lavinia, 1.309.
LEDA (lee‘-da): wife of Tyndareus and mother of Clytemnestra; mother by Jupiter, transformed into a swan, of Helen and the twins Castor and Pollux, 1.776.
LELEGES (le‘-le-jeez): early people of northwestern Asia Minor, conquered by Caesar Augustus; in Homer, allies of the Trojans, 8.849.
LEMNOS (lem‘-nos): island in the northeastern Aegean, noted for its volcanic gasses, where Vulcan landed when he was flung from Olympus by Jupiter; thereafter a center of the cult of Vulcan, 8.536.
LERNA (ler‘-na): marshland near the Greek city of Argos, where Hercules, for his Second Labor, killed the Hydra (1), 6.327.
LETHE (lee‘-thee): “the river of oblivion,” in Milton’s phrase; one of the major rivers in the Underworld, 5.952. See Note 3.262.
LEUCASPIS (loo-kays‘-pis): Trojan, lost at sea, presumably during the storm that opens Book 1, considered by Servius to be the helmsman of the ship of Orontes, 6.380.
LEUCATA (loo-kay‘-ta): headland at the southern end of Leucas, an island off the shores of Acarnania in the Ionian Sea, and sacred to Apollo, 3.327. See 8.793.
LIBURNIANS (li-bur‘-ni-anz): coastal people of Illyria, close to the northern waters of the Adriatic, 1.289.
LIBYA (li‘-bi-ya): region of northern Africa that faces the Mediterranean Sea; Carthage was its capital, 1.26. LIBYAN (li’-bi-yan): belonging to the region, 1.457.
LICHAS (li‘-kas): Latin, born by Caesarian section from his dead mother’s womb, and consequently hallowed to Apollo the Healer, but killed by Aeneas, 10.372.
LICYMNIA (li-keem‘-ni-a): a slave, mother of Helenor, 9.624.
LIGER (li‘-jer): Etruscan, comrade of Turnus, killer of Emathion; brother of Lucagus, both killed by Aeneas, 9.650.
LIGURIA (li-goor‘-i-a): 10.224, a region north of Etruria, in Cisalpine Gaul, inhabited by the LIGURIAN (li-goor’-i-an) people, 11.838.
LILYBAEUM (li-li-bee‘-um): headland on the extreme western coast of Sicily and a dangerous reach for mariners, 3.816.
LIPARE (li‘-pa-ree): island among the clust
er of Aeolian islands off the northern coast of Sicily; it lies not far from Vulcan’s home, called Vulcania, and is also associated with Aeolus (1), the king of the winds, 8.491. See VULCANIA.
LIRIS (leye‘-ris): Trojan killed by Camilla, 11.789.
LOCRI (loh‘-kree): people of Locris, a region in central Greece, or Locri, a specific settlement; LOCRIANS (loh’-kri-ans): belonging to the Locri, 11.321. Their contingent at Troy was shipwrecked on their return from Asia Minor; some survivors founded a Greek colony, Naryx (Narycium), also known as Locri Epizephyrii, on the toe of Italy, 3.472. See Note 11.315-36.
LOVE: see CUPID.
LUCAGUS (loo‘-ka-gus): Etruscan, comrade of Turnus, brother of Liger, both killed by Aeneas, 10.682.
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