How to Change Your Mind
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and grand unified theory of mental illness, 385
and quieting of default mode network, 313–14, 316–20
and spectrum of cognitive states, 313, 315, 385
and value of psychedelics, 313–14, 315, 385
environment, attitudes toward, 315–16, 359
environment, personal, 372–73
environment of psychedelic experiences
and bad trips, 152
and criticisms of psychedelic therapy, 207–8
Hubbard’s role in, 164, 169–70, 190
and Osmond and Hoffer’s research, 151, 152, 163–64
and “set and setting” concepts, 14, 53, 151, 190, 207–8
ergot, 22–23, 84
Esalen Institute, 47–48, 49–51
European Medicines Agency (EMA), 376–77
Evergreen State College, 101, 102
evolution, role of psilocybin in, 115–16
existential distress, 8, 78–79, 218, 223, 336–37, 353
expectancy effects
and Cohen’s ambivalence about LSD, 158
and expectations of therapist, 347
and Griffiths’s psilocybin research, 62–63, 64
and Huxley, 143–44, 161–62
and LSD therapy for alcoholism, 150
Exxon Valdez disaster, 88
Fadiman, James
and Alpert (later Ram Dass), 177
and Council on Spiritual Practices, 49
and creative dose of LSD, 184
and Hubbard, 172
at International Foundation for Advanced Study, 177–78, 183, 184
and Jesse, 43–44, 46, 49
as pioneer in field, 43–44
The Psychedelic Explorer’s Guide, 229
and research approval revoked by FDA, 57, 217–18
on Schuster, 50
and underground therapists, 228
Fahey, Todd Brendan, 165, 166, 181
fasting, 306
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 164
Feilding, Amanda
background of, 297–99
and Carhart-Harris, 296, 297, 299
cerebral circulation theory of, 298, 299, 305n
and research funding, 299, 300
Fischer, Roland, 97
5-HT2A receptors, 292–93, 354n
5-MeO-DMT (The Toad), 272–90, 291–92
flashbacks, 3, 209
Flashbacks (Leary), 139, 187, 190n
flight instructions
and cancer patient research at NYU, 338, 341
and Hopkins’s psilocybin research, 63, 64, 72
and Pollan’s psychedelic journeys, 246, 259–60
Fomes fomentarius, 87
Food of the Gods (McKenna), 115
forests, mycelial networks in, 91, 91n
Frankl, Viktor, 352n
Freud, Sigmund, 155, 294, 297, 307, 312, 314, 389
fungi
Claviceps purpurea, 84 (see also LSD)
Cordyceps, 89, 96–97
and forests, 91, 91n
Galerina autumnalis, 94
mycelial networks of, 84n, 90–91, 118, 122
and mycoremediation, 88
Stamets’s advocacy for, 87–90
See also Psilocybes
Fungi Perfecti operation of Stamets, 86n, 126
Gaia hypothesis, 359
Galerina autumnalis, 94
Gates, Bill, 175
Ginsberg, Allen, 193–94, 203, 205
Gitlin, Todd, 216
God experiences, 71, 343, 344, 345, 371–72
Goldsmith, George, 398–99, 400–401
Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 45–46, 60, 80–81, 191–92
Gopnik, Alison, 323–28, 329
Gottlieb, Sidney, 172n
Grant, Cary, 157
Graves, Robert, 107
Grey, Alex, 125
Griffiths, Roland
on applications for well people, 404–5
on authenticity questions, 76, 348–49
on authority of experiences, 365
awakening of, 33
background of, 31–34
career success of, 78
commitment to research, 77
on death, 79–80
and depression research, 375–76
and Jesse, 38, 51–52
on longterm changes in openness, 319–20
on meaning associated with psychedelic experiences, 75
mushroom medallions of, 82–83
mysteries and uncertainties embraced by, 75, 79, 80
on preparing volunteers for trials, 64
“Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance,” 10–11, 29–30
and psilocybin trials at Hopkins, 60, 62, 65, 79, 360
on research at Spring Grove, 56
and Richards, 53
on Schuster, 50
spiritual emphasis of, 62
on “threats” of psychedelics, 59
Grinker, Roy, 208, 211
Grob, Charles
on “applied mysticism,” 207, 334
on first wave research, 333
and MDMA trials, 48
and shamanic paradigm, 208, 334
Grof, Stanislav
on American values, 58–59
on amplification effects of psychedelics, 159
on birth experiences, 155
and California Institute of Integral Studies, 232
at Esalen Institute, 47
and guides, 225, 230, 240
Realms of the Human Unconscious, 297
and Richards, 53
at Spring Grove, 57, 218
and terminal patients, 339
group settings, psychedelics in, 405
Guatemala, 114–15
guides
and bad trips, 405
code of ethics, 229
and future of psychedelics, 402–3
guidelines and protocols of, 226–27, 230, 230n
and integration of journey, 250–52, 269–71, 282, 364, 402, 405–6
interviews with, 231–35
personal experiences with psychedelics, 227
in Pollan’s psychedelic journeys, 237–41, 242, 254–57, 272–74
in psychedelic underground, 223–30
qualifications of, 224
risks assumed by, 224–25
role of, 215, 242, 364–65, 405–6
and second wave of research, 227
shrines or altars of, 231–32, 245–46, 254–55
training of, 225, 402
website for, 228–30
Guss, Jeffrey, 335, 352, 354, 369
habits, 360–64. See also smoking cessation
hacker community, 184
hallucinations, 310, 317
hallucinogens (term), 18
Harman, Willis
ambitions of, 181
and Hubbard, 166
and International Foundation for Advanced Study (IFAS), 177
and Jesse, 46, 49
and psychedelics in Silicon Valley, 176–77
research on creative problem solving, 179
and reunion of first wave figures, 219
at Stanford Research Institute, 180–82
Harvard Psilocybin Project
controversy surrounding, 194–97
criticisms of, 46, 76, 195
misperceptions of, 140
nature of experiments in, 189
and research of previous decade, 140, 185
researchers’ consumption of drugs in, 189, 195<
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and Weil, 201
Harvard University
and Concord Prison Experiment, 46, 190–91, 190n, 195
and Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 45–46, 60, 191–92
and James, 188, 196
Leary’s employment at, 140, 186–87, 201–3
and Leary’s psychedelic seminar, 188–89
and Schultes, 107
Hayes, John, 70, 72–73
Heard, Gerald, 174, 176
Heffter Research Institute, 48–49, 228
Helms, Richard, 172n
Hendricks, Peter, 373
hierarchies, psychedelics’ ability to overturn, 315
High Priest (Leary), 187–88
Hinduism, 16
hippies of the sixties, 203–4, 315
history, personal, 372–73
Hitchcock, Billy, 203
Hoffer, Abram
and Commission for the Study of Creative Imagination, 174
and Hubbard, 168, 170, 174
and Leary, 198
and LSD therapy for alcoholism, 147–52, 170
and psychotomimetic model, 159–60
and role of environment, 151
Hofmann, Albert
birthday celebration for, 21–22
creation of LSD-25, 1–2, 22–23
and Hubbard, 167
isolation of psilocybin and psilocin, 113
and mushroom conferences, 103
psychedelic experiences of, 23–25, 113, 142
on reconnection with nature, 25–26
and Stamets, 97, 103
and synthetic psilocybin, 83, 113
Holland, Julie, 402
Hollywood celebrities, 156–57, 171
holotropic breathwork, 242–44, 245, 245n, 306
honeybees and colony collapse disorder, 89, 128
Hoover, J. Edgar, 168
hospice, psychedelic, 401
Huautla de Jiménez in southern Mexico, 2, 108, 110, 112, 113–14
Hubbard, Al
advocacy for psychedelics, 167–68
ambitions of, 167–68, 173, 181, 194, 198n
background of, 164–67
and Bay Area community, 171, 175–78, 180–83
Captain Trips nickname, 171
and CIA, 166, 171–72
and Commission for the Study of Creative Imagination, 174–75
contradictions in life of, 164, 169
and counterculture, 181, 181n, 200
and environment of psychedelic experiences, 164
and guides, 225, 230
and Huxley, 172–74
and leading researchers, 170–71
and Leary, 199–200, 219, 220
LSD experiences of, 167
and mescaline, 169, 173
and Osmond, 168–69, 200
and Osmond/Hoffer’s research, 170
and psychedelic therapy paradigm, 160, 164, 169–70, 171, 207
and reunion of first wave figures, 219, 220
and Sandoz LSD, 167, 170
at Stanford Research Institute, 180–82
on therapeutic value of psychedelics, 169
and Wasson, 170
Human Be-In in San Francisco, 203–4
Humboldt, Alexander von, 126–27, 128, 134
Huxley, Aldous
ambitions of, 194, 198n
Brave New World, 160
and Commission for the Study of Creative Imagination, 174
death of, 338
The Doors of Perception, 25, 143, 160, 162, 201, 253
on ego, 253, 289
and expectancy effects, 143–44, 161–62
and Hubbard, 172–74
imprint on modern psychedelic experiences, 111, 143–44, 162
and Leary, 198
LSD experiences of, 173–74
mescaline experience of, 144, 151, 160–62
and “Mind at Large” state, 264, 315, 389
and Osmond, 160, 174
Perennial Philosophy concept of, 162, 232
and psychedelic therapy paradigm, 160, 207
and “psychedelics” term, 160, 162–63
“reducing valve” concept of, 161–62, 289, 307, 313, 322, 353
and terminal patients, 338
Huxley, Laura, 172
Hyams, Joe, 157
hypnagogic consciousness, 252
ibogaine, 369n
imagination, 308
Imperial College London’s Centre for Psychiatry, 295–96. See also Carhart-Harris, Robin
industrial waste, mycoremediation of, 88
ineffability of mystical experiences, 40, 54, 69, 251, 270, 285
Insel, Tom, 335, 383, 388n, 398, 401
interconnectedness
and addiction treatment, 362–63
Alcoholics Anonymous’s emphasis on, 370
and cancer patient research, 351
and default mode network (DMN), 305
and depression pilot study, 379
in mystical experiences, 285, 305
and overview effect, 359
and Pollan’s Psilocybes experience, 134
Stamets on, 125
International Federation for Internal Freedom (IFIF), 197, 198, 199, 203
International Foundation for Advanced Study (IFAS)
and Brand, 183
closure of, 180
Fadiman’s work at, 43–44
and Leary, 198
research approval revoked by FDA, 44, 217–18
research conducted at, 177–79
Inuit people, 13n
Jagger, Mick, 114
James, William
on consciousness, 16–17, 136, 137, 244, 407
on four hallmarks of mystical experiences, 69–72
on judging mystical experiences, 347
and mystical experience survey, 282
on noetic quality of mystical experiences, 41, 69–70, 275
and questions of veracity, 76–77
research at Harvard, 188, 196
and reunion of first wave figures, 219
The Varieties of Religious Experience, 69
Janiger, Oscar
and celebrities in LSD therapy, 156–57
and Hubbard, 171, 172
and LSD therapy, 156
and West Coast research hub, 153
Jesse, Bob
background of, 38–40, 42–43
behind-the-scenes work of, 37
and betterment of well people, 45, 51, 401–2, 404
cabin of, 37–38
and Council on Spiritual Practices, 43, 49–51, 228
and Doblin’s ambitions, 36
early psychedelic experiences of, 39–40
and elders of psychedelic community, 43–44
and Esalen Institute, 48, 49
and first-wave of psychedelic research, 44–45, 46–47
and Griffiths, 38, 51–52
and John Hopkins experiment, 81
and MDMA, 51
and “medicalization” concerns, 51, 400
and psilocybin trials at Hopkins, 10, 60
on “recreational use” term, 38, 400
and Richards, 52
role of, in second-wave research, 34–35
spiritual emphasis of, 51
Jobs, Steve, 175
Johanson, Chris-Ellyn, 50
John Hopkins’s psychedelic research
and astronaut/ground control metaphor, 65
with cancer patients, 8, 10–11, 332–33, 349
controlling for expectancy effects in, 62, 64
and hallmarks of mystical states, 69–72
landmark psilocybin paper, 10–11, 29–30
launch of trial, 60–61
preparing volunteers in, 63–65, 67
recruitment of volunteers for, 61
replication of Good Friday experiment, 192
and sitters, 63–64, 74
and Stamets, 92
on therapeutic applications, 78–79
volunteers’ accounts of, 63, 65–69, 70–71, 72–75
Johnson, Matthew
background of, 360
on banal insights, 364
and ego’s control, 388
and “mental reboot,” 366, 384
and personal history/environment, 372–73
on reactions to powerful experiences, 406
and smoking cessation study, 360, 364
on value of psychedelics, 366–68
Jung, Carl, 7, 73, 232, 389
Kaelen, Mendel, 384–85
Kaiser Hospital in Oakland, 186
Kalliontzi, Krystallia, 338, 340, 342
Katz, Sidney, 148, 154
Kelly, Kevin, 183
Kelman, Herbert, 187, 195–96
Keltner, Dacher, 373–74, 375
Kennedy, Robert F., 217
Kerouac, Jack, 193
Kesey, Ken, 102, 184, 206–7
Kessler, David, 383
Kleber, Herbert D., 29–30
Kleiman, Mark, 49
Kubrick, Stanley, 156
Kurland, Albert, 218
Laing, R. D., 223
League for Spiritual Discovery, 203
Leary, Timothy
arrests and sentences of, 138, 204
candor of, 213–14
and concerns of research community, 198–201
and Concord Prison Experiment, 46, 190–91, 190n
and congressional hearings, 217
on consciousness-expansion, 322
and counterculture, 203–4, 205
criticisms of research, 46, 191, 194–97
and cultural upheaval of the sixties, 205–7
deemed “most dangerous man in America,” 58
desire to effect social changes, 173, 192, 194, 198n, 199, 213
do-it-yourself approach of, 200, 215
and Eastern influences, 143–44
exuberance of, 187–88, 192
Flashbacks, 139, 187, 190n
and Ginsberg, 193–94, 205
and Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 191–92
government’s pursuit of, 204
and guides, 225, 230
at Harvard, 140, 186–87, 201–3
High Priest, 187–88
and Hubbard, 199–200, 219, 220
impact on psychedelic research, 9, 185–86, 190, 198–99, 212, 219–20, 403
and International Federation for Internal Freedom, 197, 198, 199, 203
and moral panic provoked by psychedelics, 185, 205
and Osmond, 198–99
post-Harvard life of, 203–6