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How to Change Your Mind

Page 48

by Michael Pollan


  and rewiring of brain, 317, 318–19

  Schuster on research potential of, 51

  and second wave of research, 79, 333

  and Spring Grove’s research, 218

  and Stamets’s messenger theory, 124–25

  and studies requested by FDA, 375–76

  synthetic version of, 83–84, 113

  as tryptamine, 291–92

  See also mushrooms

  “Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance” (Griffiths, Richards, McCann, Jesse), 10–11, 29–30

  Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World (Stamets), 86

  Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered (Grinspoon and Bakalar), 194

  The Psychedelic Explorer’s Guide (Fadiman), 229

  psychedelic journeys of Pollan

  and cardiac concerns, 235–37, 244–45, 245n

  and language of mysticism, 285–87

  with LSD, 237–54

  and mystical experience survey, 282–84

  with psilocybin, 254–72, 284

  recaps and reflections on, 250–54, 269–72, 281–84

  and search for a guide, 231–35

  as “spiritual” experience, 288–90

  with The Toad (5-MeO-DMT), 272–90

  Psychedelic Psychiatry (Dyck), 146n

  Psychedelic Science 2017, 397

  psychedelic therapy

  as “applied mysticism,” 207

  and aspirations of proponents, 173

  and betterment of well people, 45, 51, 78, 401, 404

  and California Institute of Integral Studies, 233

  and Cohen’s ambivalence about LSD, 158–59

  criticisms and challenges faced by, 207–8

  and ego dissolution, 389–90

  emergence of paradigm, 160, 163–64, 169–71, 207

  and established psychiatric field, 207

  at frontier of spirituality and science, 334

  future of, 400–405

  growing recognition of, 399

  and Hubbard, 160, 164, 169–70, 171, 207

  key role of experience in, 149, 169

  and low risks, 210

  and previous theoretical models, 207

  and priming patients, 169–70

  protocols and agreements of, 215, 226–27

  and “psychedelic-assisted therapy” term, 365, 399

  range of disorders addressed by, 382–83

  as reboot of system, 366, 384, 389

  results of, 368–69

  and return of symptoms, 380–81

  revival of, 369

  role of environment in, 163–64, 169–70, 207–8, 365

  role of therapist in, 365–66, 368 (see also guides)

  shamanism’s role in, 334

  spiritual trappings of, 207

  and suggestibility of psychedelics, 158–59, 170

  visual imagery in, 365–66

  See also addiction; cancer patient research; depression

  “psychedelics” term, 18–19, 144–45, 160, 162–63

  psychiatry field, 207–8, 211, 400

  psychoanalysis, 149, 155, 207, 296–97, 311

  psycholytic model, 154–57, 207

  psychosis

  and entropic brain theory, 313, 385

  panic reactions mistaken for, 210

  psychotic breaks, 3, 14, 209, 211

  and psychotomimetic model, 145, 150–51, 154, 162

  and risks associated with psychedelics, 14, 233

  psychotherapy, 2–3, 186, 351, 369, 406

  psychotomimetic model, 145–50

  and CIA’s psychedelic research, 172

  and Cohen, 153–54

  and established psychiatric field, 207

  and Osmond, 162, 169

  and psychiatrists’ criticisms of psychedelic therapy, 208

  and Saskatchewan Mental Hospital in Canada, 147–50

  quantum mechanics, 413–14

  Raichle, Marcus, 301, 303

  Ram Dass, 203, 205, 360. See also Alpert, Richard

  Rank, Otto, 155

  rat park experiment, 372–73

  Realms of the Human Unconscious (Grof), 297

  recidivism at Concord State Prison experiment, 46, 190–91, 190n, 195

  “recreational” drug use, 38, 228, 399, 400

  religion

  and drug use in religious practices, 27–28

  fanaticism/fundamentalism in, 81

  origins of religious belief, 55–56, 85, 106, 111–12

  and suppression of psychoactive plants, 2, 109

  See also spirituality

  Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993, 27

  renaissance of psychedelics

  and Griffiths’s landmark paper, 11, 29–30

  and Hofmann’s 100th birthday celebration/symposium, 21–22, 26–27

  and second wave of research, 3–4

  and UDV court case, 27–28

  research on psychedelics, first wave, 138–218

  and aspirations of proponents, 173, 212–13

  bad trips in, 152

  challenges faced by, 144

  congressional hearings on, 217

  and counterculture, 215

  end of, 59–60, 216–17

  and expectancy effects, 143–44

  and exuberance of researchers, 144, 212–13

  federal monitoring of, 166

  federal restrictions on, 197

  federal support for, 57–58

  funding for, 57

  Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 45–46, 60, 80–81, 191–92

  and guides, 200

  hubs of research, 153

  initiated by Sandoz’s Delysid distribution, 143

  and International Foundation for Advanced Study, 43–44, 177–80, 198, 217, 228

  Jesse’s interest in, 44–46

  Leary’s impact on, 9, 185–86, 190, 198–99, 212, 219–20

  and LSD therapy for alcoholism, 148–52

  and methodological issues, 152, 208

  and moral panic provoked by psychedelics, 185, 205

  and psychedelics’ escape from the lab, 157–58, 197

  and psycholytic model, 154–57

  and psychotomimetic model, 145–50

  researchers’ consumption of drugs, 146, 148, 189, 195, 208

  reunion of figures in (1979), 218–20

  at Saskatchewan Mental Hospital in Canada, 147–50

  skepticism toward, 144

  at Spring Grove facilities, 52, 56–58, 59, 218

  structured approaches/protocols of, 214–15

  suppression of, 44, 57–58, 60, 141–42, 332

  and terminal patients, 338–40

  volume and scope of, 44–45, 141–42

  See also Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); Harvard Psilocybin Project

  research on psychedelics, second wave

  absence of adverse events in, 14–15

  and betterment of well people, 45, 51, 78, 401, 404

  challenges faced by, 333–34

  and counterculture of the sixties, 84

  critics of, 76

  and CSP website, 43

  and discoveries of first-wave research, 332

  and exuberance of researchers, 26–27, 381, 382

  FDA protocols on, 48

  federal sanctioning of, 48

  and Hofmann’s 100th birthday celebration/symposium, 21–22, 26–27

  Jesse’s role in, 34–35

  and methodological issues, 333–34

  and phase 3 trials for psychedelics, 397, 400

  replication of
Good Friday experiment, 192

  role of scientific outsiders in, 34–35

  with synthetic psilocybin, 83–84

  and underground therapists, 227

  See also cancer patient research

  Rheingold, Howard, 183

  Richards, Bill

  on authenticity questions, 347

  as bridge between first/second eras, 52–53

  flight instructions prepared by, 63, 72

  and Jesse, 52, 53

  and Pahnke, 53, 54–55

  and psilocybin trials at Hopkins, 60–61

  psychedelic experiences of, 53–55

  at Spring Grove, 52, 56–58, 218

  and terminal patients, 339

  risky behaviors of people on psychedelics, 14

  rite of passage, psychedelic trips as, 3, 216, 246

  rituals for psychedelics, 404

  Roberts, John G., 27

  Roman Catholic Church, 2, 109

  Romantic scientists, 126–28

  Ross, Stephen

  on alcoholism, 369–70

  and new respectability of research, 350

  on results with cancer patients, 336

  and studies requested by FDA, 375–76

  on suppression of research, 141–42, 332

  rotating face mask test, 261–63, 267, 308

  Rouiller, Ian, 379

  rumination, 313, 329, 353, 377–78, 383

  Russell, Bertrand, 355

  Russula mushroom, 119

  Sabina, María

  in Pollan’s psychedelic journeys, 261, 317

  and Wasson, 110, 112, 113–14, 114n

  sacraments, psychedelic used as, 2, 27–28, 83, 93, 107–9, 112

  Sahagún, Bernardino de, 108

  Samorini, Giorgio, 123–24

  Sandoz pharmaceutical firm

  creation of LSD-25, 1–2, 22–23

  distribution of LSD-25 (Delysid), 142–43, 148, 152, 176

  and Hubbard, 167, 170

  and psychotomimetic model, 145–46

  withdrawal of Delysid, 143, 216–17

  Saskatchewan Mental Hospital in Canada, 147–50. See also Hoffer, Abram; Osmond, Humphry

  Savage, Charles, 177

  schizophrenia

  and emergence of neurochemistry field, 146–47

  and LSD as trigger of psychotic breaks, 209–10

  and psychotomimetic model, 145–46, 162

  and rotating face mask test, 262

  and Spring Grove’s research, 218

  Schultes, Richard Evans, 107

  Schuster, Charles “Bob,” 30, 34, 49–50

  Schwartz, Peter, 181–82, 183

  science

  and Cohen’s ambivalence about LSD, 158–59

  as a means to mystical experience, 77–78, 81

  methodological standards in, 208

  and mysticism-science paradox, 347–48

  and nature’s mysteries, 12

  and Romantic scientists, 126–28

  and spirituality, 30–31, 73–74, 80, 174–75, 207, 334

  and testimony of individuals, 42

  and validation of mystical experiences, 347–48

  The Secret Chief (Zeff), 225

  senses and perceptions, 308–9

  sensory deprivation, 306

  serotonin, 24, 147, 292, 314n

  set and setting, 14, 53, 151, 190, 207–8

  shamanism, 84, 170, 214–15, 334, 348

  ’shrooms (term), 92

  Shulgin, Ann, 44, 102

  Shulgin, Sasha, 44, 102, 236, 237

  side effects of psychedelics, 210

  Silicon Valley, 44, 175–83

  Skinner, B. F., 149

  Slater, Toby, 330

  Smith, Huston

  and Council on Spiritual Practices, 49

  and Good Friday (Marsh Chapel) Experiment, 45

  on Griffiths’s landmark paper, 80–81

  and Jesse, 44, 49

  on spirituality, 136, 402

  Smith, Robert Ellis, 196

  smoking cessation, 78, 360–64

  Smythies, John, 146

  social media, 304

  Sokel, Karin, 71

  Solomon, Andrew, 383

  Spanish suppression of psychoactive mushrooms, 59–60, 108

  spirituality

  and ego dissolution, 390

  and Griffiths’s landmark paper, 10–11, 29–30

  and modern medicine, 334

  and Pollan’s psychedelic journeys, 288–90

  and role of guides, 402

  and science, 30–31, 73–74, 80, 174–75, 207, 334

  state of, 136

  sports, 306

  Spring Grove hospital and research center, 52, 56–58, 59, 218

  Stace, W. T., 282

  Stamets, Paul

  advocacy for fungi, 87–90

  background of, 87, 98–100

  on evolutionary function of psilocybin, 121

  expertise in mycology, 86, 99, 127

  field guides of, 86, 92

  Fungi Perfecti operation of, 86n, 126

  and Hofmann, 97, 103

  home of, 96–97

  honors accorded to, 91–92

  on human evolution, 115–16

  hunting for mushrooms, 117–21

  and images of Psilocybes, 115

  and McKenna, 116

  and mushroom conferences, 102–3

  on mushroom identification, 94–95

  mushroom stone artifacts of, 114–15

  Mycelium Running, 88, 90

  mycological theories of, 124–26, 136

  new species identified by, 86

  and P. azurescens, 86, 92, 118, 120–21, 129

  Psilocybe Mushrooms and Their Allies, 101

  Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World, 86

  as Romantic scientist, 126–28

  and ’shrooms (term), 92

  and Stoned Ape Theory, 97–98, 115–17

  Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 180–82

  Stanford University, 44, 180

  Stanley, Owsley, III, 181n

  Steindl-Rast, David, 49

  stigmas of psychedelic drugs, 104

  Stolaroff, Myron

  background of, 175–76

  career pivot of, 44, 177, 206n

  and guides, 230

  and Hubbard, 168, 177

  and International Foundation for Advanced Study (IFAS), 177

  and Jesse, 44, 46

  and Leary, 198, 199, 200–201

  psychedelic experiences of, 176

  and psychedelics in Silicon Valley, 176–77

  and reunion of first wave figures, 219

  and underground therapists, 227

  and Zeff, 225, 227

  Stoned Ape Theory, 97–98, 115–17

  Strassman, Rick, 48

  subconscious, 155

  subjectivity, 305–6, 413

  suggestibility of psychedelics

  and attributions of meaning, 354

  and Cohen’s ambivalence about LSD, 158

  and expectations of users, 25

  and Hopkins’s psilocybin research, 64

  and Hubbard, 170

  and placebo effect, 347

  suicides, 3, 210, 211, 335, 388

  Summergrad, Paul, 398, 401, 403

  synesthesia, 115–16, 145, 317

  talking therapy, 155

  technological advances, 183–84

  Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 287

  teonanácatl (sacred mushroom of the Aztecs), 2, 107

  terminal patients, 78–79, 338–40. See also cancer patie
nt research

  thalidomide tragedy, 197, 208

  time travel, mental faculty of, 387

  Time-Life publications, 104

  Toad. See 5-MeO-DMT (the Toad)

  tolerance for psychedelics, 14, 299

  “Tomorrow Never Knows” (Beatles), 143

  toxicity of psychedelics, low levels of, 50

  trances, 242–44

  transiency of mystical experiences, 71–72

  travel metaphors for psychedelic experiences, 15

  trees and mycelial networks, 91, 91n, 118

  trepanation, 298

  True: The Man’s Magazine, 113

  truths, revelations of, 70, 251, 305–6

  tryptamines, 291–92

  Turner, Brian, 65–66, 73–74

  UDV court case, 27–28, 43, 49

  University of California, Los Angeles, 8, 37, 152–53

  University of New Mexico, 369

  U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

  and approval of Strassman’s trial, 48

  depression studies requested by, 375–76

  and Hubbard’s clinical research, 167

  and phase 3 trials approvals, 397

  and potential rescheduling of psychedelics, 36, 397

  and psilocybin trials at Hopkins, 60

  regulation of experimental drugs, 146, 197

  research approvals revoked by, 217–18

  and thalidomide tragedy, 197

  U.S. Supreme Court, 27–28

  The Varieties of Religious Experience (James), 69

  Vietnam War, 139, 206, 215–16

  virtual reality, 183

  visualizing thoughts, 365–66

  Vogt, Walter, 22

  Vollenweider, Franz, 293, 301, 320, 334, 384

  Wallace, David Foster, 388

  Wasson, R. Gordon

  critics of, 112

  field notebooks of, 110–11

  and Hubbard, 170

  Life magazine article of, 2, 103–9, 113

  and mushroom conferences, 103

  Mushrooms, Russia, and History, 114n

  and mushrooms from southern Mexico, 2, 59, 101, 110–14, 114n

  and origins of religious belief, 106, 111–12

  preconceived theories of, 112

  psychedelic experiences of, 110–12

  Watts, Rosalind, 377, 379, 380, 381

  Weathermen, 204

  Weil, Andrew

  on active placebos, 159

  and dismissals of Leary and Alpert, 201–3

  and mushroom conferences, 102

  The Natural Mind, 159

  and Schultes, 107

  and Toad (5-MeO-DMT), 274

  and treatment of bad trips, 210

  well-being, improvements in, 74, 254, 285

  Whitman, Walt, 194, 286

  Whole Earth Network, 182, 183

  Wilson, Bill, 141, 152–53, 369

  Wilson, E. O., 80

 

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