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INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
aaskouandy, 273, 277
Abeel, John, 55–56, 58, 198–99, 367–69, 501
Abercrombie, James, 111, 112
Abingdon, Earl of, 399
Abler, Thomas, 519n
abolitionists, 478
Acadians, 152
“Act for the Better Securing the Dependency of His Majesty’s Dominions in America Upon the Crown and Parliament of Great Britain,” see Declaratory Act
Adams, John, 317
Bill of Rights weakened by, 490
Boston Massacre soldiers defended by, 204
elected president, 487
on First Continental Congress, 204, 205
made vice-president, 455
on Second Continental Congress, 212, 215
Washington named commander in chief by, 488
Washington’s letter on presidency to, 455
Adams, Samuel, 184–85, 204
Adgate, Matthew, 255, 268
Affairs of the Six United Nations, 110
Africa, 16, 414, 508–9
African Americans, Washington’s opposition to enlistment of, 221, 330, 350
Agona, 29
Akan kingdoms, 28–
29, 49
Akwamu, 28
Akyem, 28, 29
Albany, N.Y., 56, 61, 127, 236
class in, 62–63
Constitution celebrated in, 451
as Dutch city, 61
growing radicalism in, 240
growth of, 193
Howe sent to, 319–20, 340
Iroquois meeting with colonists at, 217–18, 274
land disputes in, 194
newcomers to, 64–65, 193, 194
oil lights in, 193
in preparation for French and Indian attack, 109–10, 111–12
quarantine of, 472–73
soldiers stationed in, 111–14, 116–17, 119, 135, 193
Stamp Act opposed in, 169
stockade of, 109, 112
Albany Committee of Correspondence, Safety and Protection, 239, 240, 241, 243
Albany Conference, 95–98, 105, 144
Albany Register, 475
Albemarle, Lord, 93
Alden, Ichabod, 348
Alexander, James, 114–15
Alexandria, Va., 455
Alien Act, 490
American colonies, 16, 25
British ignorance of, 83–84
American Crisis, The (Paine), 285–86
American flag, 308
American Revolution:
British capture of New York in, 281–82
British desire for Iroquois alliance in, 2–3, 234–35, 275, 277–80, 300–301, 305
British peace commission in, 233, 256, 261, 280
British plan to split colonies in half in, 4, 5, 279, 300–301, 319–21, 339
British public as ambivalent about, 230
British as unprepared for, 230–31
Cornwallis’s surrender in, 391, 395–96
France’s joining of, 337–38, 339, 341–43, 359, 385
Germain given British command of, 339–40
new British strategy for, 342
New England as center of, 234
news in Britain of, 318–19
Parliament’s refusal to continue, 397–98
Spain’s joining of, 360
treaty ending, 401
as worldwide conflict, 339
Amherst, Jeffrey:
background of, 145–46
plot to give Indians smallpox, 148–49
Amsterdam, banking collapse in, 158
Anderson, James, 488–89
Anderson, Sawney, 333
Anderson, Susannah, 333
André, John, 377
Angles, 15
Annapolis, Md., 165, 403, 432
Anomabo, 47–48, 65, 226, 491
anti-Catholicism, 362
antifederalists, 435
compromises by, 438
France supported in war with Britain by, 475, 488
ratification of Constitution opposed by, 447–50
Washington criticized by, 477
Antigua, 34
Archbishop of Canterbury, 7
Arctic, 327–28
Arenberg, Prince Louis, d’, 459
aristocracy, 156
sex lives of, 470
Army, British, 25, 252
as dispersed, 231
supplying of, 234
Army, Continental, 419
disbanding of, 402
enlistment contracts expiring in, 282
and enlistment of black soldiers, 221, 330
Hamilton’s desire to maintain after Revolution, 401
men conscripted for, 285
mutiny in, 380
pay for, 400
poor preparation of, 219–20
state governments recruiting of, 385, 387
von Steuben’s training of, 344
Arnold, Benedict, 232
treason of, 377–78
Arnold, Peggy, 377
Articles of Confederation:
abandoning of, 435
adoption of, 358
federalists’ desire to overhaul, 419
move to amend, 418
unworkability of, 378
Artois, Comte d’, 459, 460
Asante, 28, 48
Atkins, John, 51
Auchmuty, Samuel, 289, 295
Austria, 134, 135
autopsies, 6–7
Bahamas, 41
Bajemongo, 18
Baldwin, Caleb, 380
Banker family, 249–50
banking collapse, 158
Bank of Albany, 472
banks, 483
Barbados, 34, 45, 66
sugar industry on, 66–67
Barras, Comte de, 386
Barré, Isaac, 172, 229, 321–22, 396
Bartoli, Frederick, xvi, 428
Base (slave), 332
Bastille, 461
Baton Rouge, La., 76
Battenkill, N.Y., 192
Beard, Miss, 153, 199
Beaumarchais, Pierre, 230
Beckett, Mr., 458–59
Bedford, Duke of, 158
Bedlow, Catharine, 432
Bedlow, William, 432, 448
Bee, New London, 489
beer, 34
bells, 50
Belvoir, 41, 124, 486
Bemis Heights, 316
Bengal, 135
Benson, Egbert, 452
Bermuda, 121
Beverwijck, 62
Big Tree, 463, 485
Big Tree, Treaty of, 485
Bill of Rights, English, 165, 170, 171, 209, 238
Bill of Rights, U.S., 450, 453
Adams’s weakening of, 490
Bills, Samuel, 122
bills of credit, 359
Bingham, Abel, 228–29, 297, 331
Black Horse Tavern, 228
black Portuguese, 52
Blacksnake, Governor, 214–15, 217, 369, 404, 420, 421, 466, 540n, 553n
Block Island, 174, 228
Board of Commissioners of Indian Affairs, New York, 98–100, 110
Board of Trade, 95, 97, 164
Board of Treasury, 360
boat trade, 49
Bogardus, Ephraim, 95
Boston, Mass., 70, 165, 201
as center of British military operations, 232
Gage’s troops in, 201, 232
Howe’s evacuation of, 220–21, 234
Stonington’s support for, 228
Washington’s firing on, 219–21, 234
Boston Massacre, 204
Boston Tea Party, 194–95, 207
Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Fourth Baron de, 190
Bowers, Jonathan, 410
boycotts, 207
over Tea Act, 194
over Townshend Duties, 190–91, 194
Boyle, Henry, 84, 85
Braddock, Edward, 102–4, 111, 129, 130, 133, 285
in battle at Fort Duquesne, 108, 109, 110, 123, 125, 130, 141, 152, 209, 519n
ignorance of America, 103, 107, 108
in march to Forks of the Ohio, 103, 104–8, 312, 436
poor planning by, 104–5
put in charge of British forces in North America, 102–3
Washington recruited by, 103–4
Brady, Corinne Henry, 508–9
Brainerd, Bezaleel, 382
Brainerd, Daniel, 332
Brainerd, Ezra, 298, 410, 480
brandy, 395
Brandywine Creek, battle at, 313–15, 326, 329, 347
Brant, Joseph (Thayendanegea), 2
in battle of Cherry Valley, 348–49
in battle with Sullivan, 356
Cornplanter insulted by, 3, 4
in meeting with British over alliance, 303, 304, 306
in negotiations with British, 217, 278–79
at Oswego conference, 2, 3
Brant, Molly, 98
Breed’s Hill, 220
British East India Company, 442
broadsides, 201
Brooklyn Heights, N.Y., 266
Browning, Jeremiah, 173–74
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 220
Burgoyne, John:
in advance to Saratoga, 310
army surrendered by, 320–23
and British negotiations with Indians, 279, 280
Gates’s assault on, 299
Germain’s praise of, 319
in Saratoga defeat, 4, 315–16, 321–25, 346
self-defense in Parliament of, 340–41
sent to Albany, 300, 309, 311
sent to Canada, 279
surrender defended by, 324
Burke, Edmund, 396
British sovereignty over Americans opposed by, 196, 209–10, 211, 229
on Burgoyne’s surrender of army, 322–23
in disputes with British East India Company, 442
Franklin’s meeting with, 212
reform of aristocracy demanded by, 361
Stamp Act opposed by, 195
Burnt House, Pa., 404, 407, 420
Burr, Aaron:
Coghlan’s relationship with, 263–64, 293, 336, 374, 497
Hamilton killed by, 497
made vice president, 496–97
at Valley Forge, 336
Bute, John Stuart, Lord, 155, 158
Butler, John, 274–75, 276, 277
in battle of Cherry Valley, 348
in battle with Sullivan, 356
in Wintermute, 346
Butler, Richard, 421, 423, 427, 428
Butler, Thomas, 328
Butler, Walter, 348
Caesar, Julius, 42
Cajuns, 152
Camden, battle of, 380
Canada, 129, 130, 131, 135, 397, 422
American invasion of, 275, 276
in American Revolution, 233, 234, 268, 275, 276, 277–78, 279, 300, 397
British capture of, 145
Burgoyne sent to, 279
Carleton’s defense of, 232, 233, 277–78, 300
in French and Indian War, 129, 130, 131, 135, 339
rumors of American invasion of, 217
in Treaty of Paris, 405
Canajoharie, N.Y., 367
Canandaigua, N.Y., 482
Canandaigua, Treaty of, 482–83, 507
Cape Cod, Mass., 70
Cape Henry, 389
Caribbean, 15, 16, 39, 40, 64, 66–67, 69, 70, 351–52, 396, 414
American Revolution and, 339
Carleton, Guy, 280, 299–301
Canada defended by, 232, 233, 277–78, 300
as furious with Germain’s war strategy, 279, 301
Iroquois allied with, 301
Carlisle, Pa., 421–22, 427
Carmarthen, Marquess of, 399
Cartegena, Battle of, 40
Cartwright, Richard, 239
Cary, Robert, 161, 167, 172
Catawbas, 59
Catholic Church, 461
Catholics, 25, 26
cattle, 17–18, 30, 47, 83