by Yunte Huang
12. “Double, Double, Toil and Trouble,” reprinted in Aurora & Pennsylvania Gazette, September 8, 1829. Joseph Andrew Orser, The Lives of Chang and Eng: Siam’s Twins in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), p. 32.
13. Wu, p. 37.
14. “Double, Double, Toil and Trouble.”
15. Rhode Island American, September 15, 1829. Orser, p. 34.
CHAPTER 8. GOTHAM CITY
1. Allan Nevins, ed., The Diary of Philip Hone, 1828–1851 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1936), p. 37.
2. Alexis de Tocqueville, Letters from America, ed. and trans. by Frederick Brown (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), p. 19.
3. Descriptions of New York City in 1831 in this chapter, unless otherwise indicated, are gathered from Philip Hone’s diary; James Stuart, Three Years in North America (New York: J. & J. Harper, 1833); and David Minor, “New York Timeline,” in The Crooked Lake Review, Fall 2007, January, February, and March 2008.
4. Dickens, American Notes, p. 133.
5. Minor, March 2008.
6. Nevins, pp. 12–13.
7. Robertson, p. 77.
8. Wallace and Wallace, pp. 88–89.
9. Melville, Moby-Dick, p. 320; Herman Melville, The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade, ed. Hershel Parker (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971), p. 93. Herman Melville, Correspondence, ed. Lynn Horth (Evanston, IL.: Northwestern University Press and the Newberry Library, 1993), p. 160; Herman Melville, Billy Budd and Other Stories (New York: Penguin Books, 1986), p. 327.
10. William S. W. Ruschenberger, Narrative of a Voyage Round the World during the Years 1835, 36, and 37 (first published in 1838; Folkestone and London: Dawson of Pall Mall, 1970), vol. 1, pp. 40–41.
11. Hunter, pp. 43–45. Wallace and Wallace, pp. 64–65.
12. Rhode Island American, October 16, 1829.
CHAPTER 9. THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE
1. Alexis de Tocqueville, Letters from America, p. 213. Trollope, p. 190. Dickens, American Notes, p. 145.
2. Russell F. Weigley, ed., Philadelphia: A 300-Year History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), p. 2.
3. Robert G. Lee, Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999), p. 28. Charlotte Elizabeth Smith, “West Meets East: Exhibitions of Chinese Material Culture in Nineteenth-Century America” (MA thesis, University of Delaware, 1987), p. 8.
4. Aurora and Pennsylvania Gazette, October 9, 1829.
5. Richard Gordon, The Alarming History of Medicine: Amusing Anecdotes from Hippocrates to Heart Transplants (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p. 132.
6. George B. Roberts, “Dr. Physick and His House,” in Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography V (1881), p. 71.
7. Quoted in Wallace and Wallace, p. 69.
CHAPTER 10. KNOCKING AT THE GATE
1. Thomas de Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater and Other Writings, ed. Grevel Lindop (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 73–74.
2. Ibid., pp. 56, 72.
3. Ibid., p. 73.
4. Susan Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993), p. 111.
5. Charles Harris, letter to William Davis, July 5, 1832, NCSA.
6. Peter Cunningham, Handbook of London: Past and Present (London: John Murray, 1850), p. 361.
7. Charles Dickens, Bleak House (1853; reprint, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1956), p. 1.
8. The Times (London), November 21, 1829, p. 2.
9. Hale, p. 12.
10. The Times, November 23, 1829, p. 2.
11. Michael P. Costeloe, “William Bullock and the Mexican Connection,” in Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 22.2 (2006): pp. 275–78.
12. Jacob Korg, ed., London in Dickens’ Day (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1960), pp. 58–63.
13. The Times, November 25, 1829, p. 2.
14. Hale, p. 3.
CHAPTER 11. RACIAL FREAKS
1. Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Hélène Iswolsky (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 27.
2. Henry Morley, Memoirs of Bartholomew Fair (London: Chatto and Windus, 1880), p. 246.
3. Paul Semonin, “Monsters in the Marketplace: The Exhibition of Human Oddities in Early Modern England,” in Rosemarie Garland Thomson, pp. 69–70, 76–77.
4. Bakhtin, pp. 19–20.
5. Leonard Cassuto, “ ‘What an object he would have made of me!’: Tattooing and the Racial Freak in Melville’s Typee,” in Rosemarie Garland Thomson, pp. 235–42.
6. Quoted in Bogdan, p. 177.
7. The Times, November 26, 1829, p. 2.
8. Robertson, p. 77.
9. The Times, December 4, 1829, p. 3.
10. The Times, December 1, 1829, p. 4; December 4, p. 3; January 9, 1830, p. 4; November 25, 1829, p. 2.
11. George Buckley Bolton, “Statement of the Principal Circumstances Respecting the United Siamese Twins Now Exhibiting in London,” in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 120 (1830): p. 181.
12. Ibid., p. 182.
13. Ibid., pp. 178–79.
14. Ibid., pp. 185–86.
15. Ibid., pp. 182–83.
16. Elizabeth Grosz, “Intolerable Ambiguity: Freaks as/at the Limit,” in Rosemarie Garland Thomson, pp. 64–65.
17. De Quincey, p. 83.
CHAPTER 12. SENTIMENTAL EDUCATION
1. Wallace and Wallace, p. 90. Orser, p. 90.
2. The Times, November 23, 1829, p. 2.
3. Bolton, pp. 184–85
4. Ibid., p. 185.
5. Susan Coffin, letter to her children, March 6, 1830, NCSA.
6. Abel Coffin, letter to his children, July 3, 1830, NCSA.
7. Abel Coffin, letter to his children, September 28, 1830, NCSA.
8. George Crabb, A Dictionary of General Knowledge; or, An Explanation of Words and Things Connected with All the Arts and Sciences (London: Thomas Tegg, 1830), pp. 175–76.
9. Hale, pp. 12–13.
10. Ibid., p. 9.
11. Susan Coffin, letter to her children, March 6, 1830, NCSA.
12. Abel Coffin, letter to his children, September 28, 1830, NCSA.
CHAPTER 13. THE GREAT ECLIPSE
1. Louis P. Masur, 1831: Year of Eclipse (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), pp. 3–6.
2. Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed., The Confessions of Nat Turner and Related Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1996), p. 46.
3. Susan Coffin, letter to her children, March 6, 1830, NCSA.
4. Abel Coffin, letter to Susan Coffin, January 8, 1831, NCSA.
5. Charles Harris, letter to William Davis, May 29, 1832, NCSA.
6. Haverhill Gazette, April 30, 1831.
7. Bayard Tuckerman, ed., The Diary of Philip Hone, 1828–1851 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1889), vol. 1, pp. 28–29. In the Hone diary edited by Allan Nevins (1936), the content of this entry is slightly different. See Nevins, pp. 37–38.
8. Nevins, p. 454.
9. Edgar Allan Poe, Poetry, Tales, and Selected Essays (New York: Library of America, 1984), pp. 329–30, 335, 908, 263.
CHAPTER 14. A SATIRICAL TALE
1. Leslie Mitchell, Bulwer Lytton: The Rise and Fall of a Victorian Man of Letters (London: Hambledon and London, 2003), pp. xv, 1.
2. Berkshire Chronicle, December 5, 1829.
3. Edward Bulwer Lytton, The Siamese Twins: A Satirical Tale of the Times. With Other Poems (New York: J & J Harper, 1831), p. 13. Subsequent Lytton citations in this chapter are from pp. 33, 76, 81, 144, and 220.
4. “Siamese Twins,” in Connecticut Mirror, March 26, 1831, p. 3.
5. “Siamese,” in Eastern Argus Semi-Weekly, May 6, 1831, p. 2.
CHAPTER 15. THE LYNNFIELD BATTLE
1. James Hale, letter to Susan Coffin, March 16, 1831, University of Michigan Library.
2. James Hale, letter to Susan Coffin, March 30, 1831, NCSA.
3. Ibid.
&
nbsp; 4. James Hale, letter to Susan Coffin, April 23, 1831, University of Michigan Library.
5. Baltimore Patriot, April 26, 1831.
6. Connecticut Mirror, June 25, 1831, p. 3.
7. Salem Gazette, August 2, 1831, p. 3.
8. Reprinted in The New England Farmer 9.47 (1831), p. 373.
9. Essex Gazette, August 6, 1831, p. 3.
10. Salem Gazette, August 5, 1831, p. 4.
11. Salem Gazette, August 16, 1831, p. 2.
12. Baltimore Patriot, August 20, 1831, p. 2.
13. For anti-Chinese violence in nineteenth-century America, see Yunte Huang, Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), pp. 124–25.
14. Baltimore Patriot, August 20, 1831, p. 2.
15. Reprinted in Eastern Argus Semi-Weekly, September 9, 1831, p. 1.
16. Janet Gray, “Hannah F. Gould.” http://www.lehigh.edu/~dek7/SSAWW/writGouldBio.htm (accessed 4/7/2016).
CHAPTER 16. AN INTIMATE REBELLION
1. Greenberg, p. 2. Subsequent Greenberg citations in this chapter are from pp. 7, 19, 46, 51, 57, and 106.
2. The Liberator, January 1, 1831.
3. The Liberator, September 3, 1831.
4. Masur, p. 30.
5. Ibid., p. 24.
CHAPTER 17. OLD DOMINION
1. Dickens, American Notes, pp. 236–37.
2. Tocqueville, Letters from America, p. 125.
3. Leo Damrosch, Tocqueville’s Discovery of America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), p. 126.
4. Charles Harris, letter to William Davis, January 16, 1832, NCSA.
5. Charles Harris, letter to William Davis, December 28, 1831, NCSA.
6. Orser, p. 40.
7. Masur, p. 59.
8. Johann August Roebling, Diary of My Journey from Muehlhausen in Thuringia via Bremen to the United States of North America in the Year 1831 (Trenton, NJ: Roebling Press, 1931), p. 117.
9. James Alexander, Transatlantic Sketches (1833; reprint, Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2010), p. 227.
10. Masur, pp. 38–39, 50–51.
11. Ibid., pp. 61–62.
12. Orser, p. 38.
13. Charles Harris, letter to William Davis, April 11, 1832, NCSA. Warren, “An Account,” p. 253.
14. Orser, p. 41.
15. Charles Harris, letter to William Davis, December 28, 1831, NCSA.
CHAPTER 18. EMANCIPATION
1. Christopher Klein, “The Burning of Buffalo, 200 Years Ago,” History in the Headlines, December 30, 2013, http://www.history.com/news/the-burning-of-buffalo-200-years-ago (accessed July 30, 2016).
2. Alexis de Tocqueville, Journey to America, trans. George Lawrence, ed. J. P. Mayer (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971), pp. 129–30.
3. Tocqueville, Letters from America, p. 127.
4. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, p. 508.
5. Charles Harris, letter to William Davis, May 29, 1832, NCSA.
CHAPTER 19. A PARABLE
1. Chang and Eng Bunker, “An Account of Money Expended by Chang-Eng,” Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (hereafter UNCCH); unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent information on the twins’ expenses is drawn from this account book.
2. Masur, p. 63.
3. Graves, p. 10.
4. Masur, p. 66.
5. Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815–1837 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978), pp. 101–2.
6. Ibid., p. 115.
7. Ibid., pp. 114–15.
8. Charles Harris, letter to William Davis, January 22, 1832, NCSA.
9. Garth M. Rosell and Richard Dupuis, eds., The Original Memoirs of Charles G. Finney (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1989), p. 325.
10. Quoted in Johnson, p. 5.
11. Charles Harris, letter to William Davis, July 5, 1832, NCSA.
12. Marc Shell, Stutter (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 122.
13. Abel Coffin, letter to Susan Coffin, October 5, 1832, NCSA.
14. New York Spectator, October 26, 1837.
CHAPTER 20. AMERICA ON THE ROAD
1. Quoted in Jack Larkin, The Reshaping of Everyday Life, 1790–1840 (New York: Harper Perennial, 1988), p. 204.
2. Ibid., p. 211.
3. Alexis de Tocqueville, Voyage en Amérique, in Oeuvres (Pléiade), vol. 1, p. 141; quoted in Damrosch, p. 64.
4. Damrosch, p. 133.
5. Richardson Wright, Hawkers and Walkers in Early America: Strolling Peddlers, Preachers, Lawyers, Doctors, Players, and Others, from the Beginning to the Civil War (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1927), p. 27.
6. J. R. Dolan, The Yankee Peddlers of Early America: An Affectionate History of Life and Commerce in the Developing Colonies and the Young Republic (New York: Bramhall House, 1964), p. 242.
7. Wright, p. 23.
8. Dolan, p. 229.
9. Quoted in Wright, pp. 20–21.
10. Washington Irving, Washington Irving’s Sketch Book (New York: Avenel Books, 1985), p. 74.
11. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The American Notebooks, ed. Randall Stewart (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1932), p. 47.
12. Melville, Moby-Dick, pp. 19, 24.
13. Hawthorne, pp. 39, 43.
14. Wright, pp. 125–27.
15. Ibid., p. 127.
16. Marc McCutcheon, Everyday Life in the 1800s (Cincinnati, OH: Writer’s Digest Books, 1993), p. 60.
17. I am grateful to Elizabeth Williams-Clymer, Special Collections Librarian at Kenyon College, for verifying the information regarding this donated book.
18. United States’ Telegraph, April 17, 1832.
19. Daily National Intelligencer, September 11, 1832.
20. Boston Investigator, March 29, 1833.
21. David S. Reynolds, Waking Giant: America in the Age of Jackson (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 102.
22. Ibid., pp. 96–99.
23. Daily National Intelligencer, April 29, 1833.
24. The Globe, July 9, 1833. New Hampshire Sentinel, July 18, 1833.
25. Chang and Eng Bunker, “An Account of Money Received by Chang-Eng,” UNCCH; unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent information on the twins’ income from tours is drawn from this account book.
26. Reynolds, pp. 103–4.
27. Samuel Peter Orth, A History of Cleveland, Ohio: Biographical (Chicago and Cleveland: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1910), vol. III, p. 855.
28. Cleveland Advertiser, July 5, 1833. Lynchburg Virginian, July 18, 1833.
29. Elyria Atlas, July 18, 1833. Farmer’s Cabinet, August 9, 1833.
CHAPTER 21. THE DEEP SOUTH
1. Flannery O’Connor, Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose, ed. Sally and Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1970), pp. 44–45.
2. Ibid., p. 44.
3. Carl Carmer, Stars Fell on Alabama (1934; reprint, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2000), p. xxiv; W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (1941; reprint, New York: Vintage Books, 1991), p. xlvii.
4. The Athenian, October 30, 1833. Eastern Argus, November 20, 1833. Pittsfield Sun, November 28, 1833.
5. The Times, December 18, 1833, p. 4.
6. Daily Independent, June 9, 1928. William Garrett, Reminiscences of Public Men in Alabama: For Thirty Years, with an Appendix (Atlanta: Plantation Publishing Company’s Press, 1872), pp. 390–91.
7. F. Bret Harte, The Heathen Chinee (Chicago: Western News Company, 1870), p. 9.
8. Carmer, p. 104.
CHAPTER 22. HEAD BUMPS
1. Madeleine B. Stern, ed., A Phrenological Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Americans (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982), p. 158.
2. John D. Davies, Phrenology, Fad and Science: A 19th-Century American Crusade (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1955), p. 4.
3. George Combe, The Constitution of Man, Considered in Relation to External Objects (Boston: Carter and Hen
dee, 1829), pp. 102, 201.
4. Nathaniel Mackey, “Phrenological Whitman,” in Conjunctions 29 (Fall 1997), p. 10.
5. Ralph L. Rusk, ed., The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Columbia University Press, 1939), vol. 1, p. 291.
6. Davies, p. 13.
7. Nevins, pp. 71–72.
8. Davies, p. 32.
9. American Phrenological Journal 6 (1844), p. 23.
10. Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Everyman’s Library, 1943), pp. 288–89.
11. Stern, p. 76.
12. Walt Whitman, Complete Poetry and Selected Prose, ed. James E. Miller Jr. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959), pp. 247, 124, 348.
13. Davies, p. 125.
14. Melville, Moby-Dick, pp. 345–47.
15. Southern Literary Messenger 2 (1835–36), p. 286.
16. “Edgar Allan Poe,” Phrenological Journal XII (March 1850), pp. 87–89.
17. Reprinted in The Scioto Gazette (OH), July 22, 1835.
18. Francis Karwowski, “Giles Fonda Yates: The Forgotten Masonic Scholar.” http://www.noveltysoft.com/demo/poj/who-was-giles-f-yates (accessed 6/9/2016).
19. Reprinted in The Scioto Gazette (OH), July 22, 1835.
20. Orson and Lorenzo Fowler, assisted by Samuel Kirkham, Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied (New York, 1837), pp. 322–23.
21. Phrenological Journal XIX, 48 (February 1854).
22. Mackey, p. 11.
23. George Finlayson, The Mission to Siam and Hue 1821–1822 (first published 1826; Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 108–9, 230.
24. Roberts and Ruschenberger, pp. 174–75.
25. Ibid., p. 140.
26. See Pennsylvania Inquirer, April 10, 1838 and Daily National Intelligencer, May 1, 1838.
CHAPTER 23. WILKESBORO
1. Jennifer L. Peña and Laurie B. Hayes, Wilkes County: A Brief History (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2008), p. 17.
2. Federal Writers’ Project, ed., North Carolina: The WPA Guide to the Old North State (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939), pp. 408–9.
3. Federal Writers’ Project, p. 408.
4. Shepherd Dugger, Romance of the Siamese Twins . . . and Other Sketches (Burnsville, NC: Edwards Printing Co., 1936), p. 8. Wallace and Wallace, pp. 158–59. Orser, p. 219.