by Yunte Huang
5. Elisha Mitchell, Diary of a Geological Tour by Dr. Elisha Mitchell in 1827 and 1828 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1905), p. 18.
6. Ibid., p. 42.
7. Times-Picayune, December 25, 1838, p. 2.
8. Elisha Mitchell, p. 18.
9. “The Captives of the Amistad,” in Emancipator, October 3, 1839.
10. Martin Crawford, Ashe County’s Civil War: Community and Society in the Appalachian South (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001), p. 65.
11. Ibid., pp. 18–19.
12. Ibid., p. 19.
13. Ibid., pp. 23, 35.
14. North Carolina Standard, October 16, 1861.
15. William E. Burton, letter to Edgar Allan Poe, July 4, 1839. http://www.eapoe.org/misc/letters/t3907040.htm (accessed May 22, 2016).
16. Linda C. Brinson, “The First Americans to Observe the 4th were Moravian Pacifists.” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/04/the-first-americans-to-observe-the-4th-were-moravian-pacifists.html (accessed July 4, 2016).
CHAPTER 24. TRAPHILL
1. Wilkes County Record of Deeds, vol. 23, p. 490, NCSA.
2. Robertson, p. 79.
3. Orser, p. 83.
4. Chang and Eng Bunker, sworn statement, October 12, 1839, NCSA.
5. Tchen, pp. 76, 231–32.
6. Lucy Cohen, Chinese in the Post–Civil War South: A People without a History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), p. 3.
7. Orser, p. 82.
8. Wallace and Wallace, p. 166.
9. Peña and Hayes, p. 15.
10. Newport Mercury, November 16, 1839, p. 3. Portsmouth Journal of Literature and Politics, November 23, 1839, p. 1.
11. Chang and Eng Bunker, “General Store Account Book,” UNCCH.
12. Boston Transcript, as quoted in New Hampshire Patriot, July 27, 1840, p. 3.
13. Quoted in Hunter, p. 80.
CHAPTER 25. A UNIVERSAL TRUTH
1. Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, ed. Claudia L. Johnson and Susan J. Wolfson (New York: Longman Publishers, 2003), p. 5.
2. Carolina Watchman, April 29, 1843. Louisville Journal, as quoted in Milwaukee Sentinel, May 27, 1843. The Liberator, May 12, 1843. Greensborough Patriot, May 6, 1843.
3. Graves, p. 14.
4. Ibid., p. 16.
5. “The Siamese Twins,” Biblical Recorder, reprinted in Raleigh Register, May 24, 1848.
6. Dugger, pp. 9-10. Dugger might have been the last outsider to see the twins alive, when he visited them on January 12, 1874, four days before their death.
7. Graves, pp. 13–14.
8. Ibid., p. 16.
9. Orser, p. 86.
10. Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 1–2, 39, 49.
11. Ibid., p. 3.
12. Graves, p. 17.
13. Mobile Register, as quoted in Baltimore Patriot, November 10, 1834, p. 2. Pittsfield Sun, December 11, 1834, p. 3. New Hampshire Sentinel, December 28, 1834, p. 4. Portsmouth Journal of Literature and Politics, December 24, 1836, p. 3. New Hampshire Sentinel, February 2, 1837, p. 4. Times-Picayune, June 9, 1838, p. 2.
14. Wallace and Wallace, p. 133.
15. James Hale, letter to Charles Harris, January (?), 1832, NCSA.
16. Dugger, p. 10.
17. Austen, pp. 208–9.
18. Graves, p. 15.
19. Ibid., p. 17.
20. Larkin, p. 269. Graves, p. 17.
21. Graves, pp. 19–20.
22. Burton Cohen, The Wedding of the Siamese Twins (New York: Dramatists Play Service, Inc., 1989), p. 23.
23. Graves, pp. 14–15.
24. Cohen, p. 23.
25. Graves, pp. 17–18.
26. Hunter, p. 83; Orser disputes this claim, pp. 94–95.
27. James Hale, letter to Charles Harris, May 12, 1843, NCSA.
28. Wilkes County Marriage Bonds and Licenses, NCSA.
29. Wallace and Wallace, pp. 167–68.
30. Wilkes County Superior Court Minutes, CR104.311.3, “Petitioned Court to Legally Adopt Name,” 1844, NCSA.
31. Graves, pp. 18–19.
CHAPTER 26. FOURSOME
1. John S. Haller and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), pp. 91, 92, 97, 104, 227.
2. Peter Gay, Education of the Senses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 458.
3. John Humphrey Noyes, Strange Cults and Utopias of 19th-Century America (New York: Dover Publications, 1966; first published in 1870 as History of American Socialisms), p. 23.
4. Haller and Haller, p. 116.
5. Noyes, p. 25.
6. Orser, p. 99. “Recent Southern Scenes,” in Emancipator and Free American, May 18, 1843. “Marriage Extraordinary,” in The Liberator, May 12, 1843.
7. O’Connor, p. 40.
8. Alice Dreger, “The Sex Lives of Conjoined Twins,” in The Atlantic, October 25, 2012. http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/10/the-sex-lives-of-conjoined-twins/264095 (accessed 2/17/2016).
9. Wallace and Wallace, pp. 185–86.
10. Darin Strauss, Chang and Eng: A Novel (New York: Penguin, 2001), pp. 149–51.
11. Quoted in Wallace and Wallace, p. 186.
12. Daisy and Violet Hilton, “The Loves and Lives of the Hilton Sisters,” in Conjoined Twins in Black and White: The Lives of Millie-Christine McKoy and Daisy and Violet Hilton, ed. Linda Frost (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009), p. 147.
13. Mark Twain, The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson; and the Comedy, Those Extraordinary Twins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 311.
14. Ibid., pp. 328–29.
15. Sigmund Freud, “Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neurosis,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychoanalytical Writings of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey et al. (1953–1975), vol. III, p. 266.
16. Karen Tei Yamashita, “Siamese Twins and Mongoloids,” in Yellow Light: The Performance of Asian American Arts, ed. Amy Ling (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999), p. 135. Yamashita originally planned to write a novel based on Chang and Eng, but the project morphed into her award-winning novel, I Hotel (2010).
CHAPTER 27. MOUNT AIRY, OR MONTICELLO
1. Wu, pp. 163–65.
2. James Hale, letter to Charles Harris, July 27, 1843, NCSA.
3. Melville, Moby-Dick, p. 231.
4. Crawford, p. 2.
5. Graves, p. 22.
6. Melvin M. Miles, Eng and Chang: From Siam to Surry (self-published, CreateSpace, 2013), p. 65.
7. Evelyn Scales Thompson, Around Surry County (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2005), p. 14.
8. Graves, p. 23.
9. Orser, p. 127.
10. Greensborough Patriot, October 16, 1852.
11. Greensborough Patriot, October 30, 1852.
12. J. E. Johnson, “Siamese Twins,” in Mount Airy News, January 3, 1956.
13. Ibid.
14. Wallace and Wallace, p. 193.
15. “The Siamese Twins at Home,” in Southerner, reprinted in Trumpet and Universalist Magazine, November 2, 1850.
16. Tiya Miles, The House on Diamond Hill: A Cherokee Plantation Story (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), p. 87.
17. Hinton Rowan Helper, The Land of Gold: Reality versus Fiction (Baltimore, 1855), p. 75.
18. Lee, p. 42.
19. Ibid.
20. Helper, p. 71.
21. Ibid., p. 70.
22. Ibid., pp. 70, 55–56.
23. Wu, pp. 165–66.
24. Quoted in Wallace and Wallace, pp. 194–95.
CHAPTER 28. THE AGE OF HUMBUGS
1. See “Contract between Edmund H. Doty and Chang and Eng Bunker, 1849,” UNCCH.
2. Herbert Asbury, All Around the Town (New York: Knopf, 1934). Joel Rose, New York Sawed in Half: An Urban Historical (New York: Bloomsbury, 2001).
3. Neil Harri
s, Humbug: The Art of P. T. Barnum (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), p. 69.
4. Peter Ackroyd, Poe: A Life Cut Short (New York: Doubleday/Nan A. Talese, 2008), pp. 113–14.
5. M. R. Werner, Barnum (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1923), p. 3.
6. Irving Wallace, The Fabulous Showman: The Life and Times of P. T. Barnum (New York: Knopf, 1959), p. 40. P. T. Barnum, Struggles and Triumphs; or, Forty Years’ Recollections (Buffalo: Courier Company, 1883), p. 79.
7. Barnum, p. 53.
8. Ibid., p. 50.
9. Ibid., p. 56.
10. Ibid., p. 62.
11. Ibid., p. 83.
12. Ibid., pp. 89, 103.
13. Ibid., p. 119.
14. Ibid., p. 215.
15. Ibid., p. 107.
16. Nevins, p. 664.
17. New York Tribune, April 23, 1849.
18. New Hampshire Patriot, May 17, 1849. Wallace and Wallace, p. 216. Pittsfield Sun, July 26, 1849.
19. Barnum, p. 159.
20. Quoted in Wallace and Wallace, pp. 228–29.
21. Werner, pp. 230, 242.
22. “Movements of the Prince,” in New York Times, October 15, 1860.
23. Lewis Hyde, Trickster Makes This World: Mischief, Myth, and Art (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998), p. 10.
24. Paul Radin, The Trickster: A Study in American Indian Mythology (New York: Schocken Books, 1972), p. xxiii.
25. Warwick Wadlington, The Confidence Game in American Literature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 9–10.
CHAPTER 29. MINSTREL FREAKS
1. “Some of Uncle Sam’s Passengers,” in Daily Evening Bulletin, December 6, 1860.
2. Robert C. Toll, Blacking Up: The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 31.
3. Lee, p. 34.
4. Huang, pp. 120–21.
5. Lee, pp. 32, 40–41.
6. Ibid., p. 32.
7. Frank B. Converse, “Old Cremona” Songster (New York, 1863), pp. 39, 63.
8. Mark Twain, The Autobiography of Mark Twain (New York: Harper and Row, 1959), p. 59.
9. Ibid.
10. Anthony J. Berret, “Huckleberry Finn and the Minstrel Show,” in American Studies 27 (Fall 1986): pp. 37–49. W. T. Lhamon Jr., “Ebery Time I Wheel About I Jump Jim Crow: Cycles of Minstrel Transgression from Cool White to Vanilla Ice,” in Inside the Minstrel Mask: Readings in Nineteenth-Century Blackface Minstrelsy, ed., Annemarie Bean, et al. (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1996), pp. 275–84. Eric Lott, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 144–45.
11. Ralph Ellison, Shadow and Act (New York: Vintage, 1972), p. 50.
12. Mark Twain, “The Siamese Twins” (first published in 1869 as “Personal Habits of the Siamese Twins”), in The Complete Humorous Sketches and Tales of Mark Twain, ed. Charles Neider (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961), pp. 280–83.
13. Twain, Pudd’nhead Wilson, pp. 315, xxxiii.
14. Sharon D. McCoy, “ ‘The Trouble Begins at Eight’: Mark Twain, the San Francisco Minstrels, and the Unsettling Legacy of Blackface Minstrelsy,” in American Literary Realism 41.3 (Spring 2009): p. 245.
15. Paul Fatout, ed., Mark Twain Speaking (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1976), p. 238.
16. Fatout, pp. 541–42; “Mark Twain and Twin Cheer New Year’s Party,” in New York Times, January 1, 1907.
17. Daily Alta California, December 15, 1860. Sacramento Daily Union, December 22, 1860.
18. Orser, p. 145.
19. Chang and Eng Bunker, letter to their families, December 10, 1860, UNCCH.
20. “The ‘Union’ in Danger,” in New York Tribune, November 12, 1860.
21. Baltimore American, as quoted in Fayetteville Observer, April 8, 1861.
CHAPTER 30. SEEING THE ELEPHANT
1. William S. Powell, North Carolina through Four Centuries (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), p. 350. Crawford, p. 77.
2. Wallace and Wallace, pp. 189–90.
3. Graves, p. 25.
4. Orser, p. 152.
5. Crawford, pp. 105–6.
6. Ambrose Bierce, Ambrose Bierce’s Civil War, ed. William McCann (New York: Wings Books, 1996), pp. 22–23.
7. Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008).
8. “Lincoln Rejects the King of Siam’s Offer of Elephants.” http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/primarysources/lincoln-rejects-the-king-of.html (accessed August 2, 2016).
9. “United States Civil War Soldiers Index, 1861–1865” (Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 8. FHL microfilm 881,402.
10. Webb Garrison, Civil War Curiosities: Strange Stories, Oddities, Events, and Coincidences (Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press, 1994), pp. 67, 72–73.
11. Ruthanne Lum McCunn, “The Numbers,” in Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War, ed. Carol A. Shively (Washington: Eastern National, 2015), p. 33.
12. For details about the fascinating story of Thomas Sylvanus, see Ruthanne Lum McCunn, Chinese Yankee: A True Story from the Civil War (San Francisco: Design Enterprise of San Francisco, 2014).
13. Shively, pp. 108–13. Jim Sundman, “A Soldier from Siam,” in Emerging Civil War, March 8, 2012. https://emergingcivilwar.com/2012/03/08/a-soldier-from-siam (accessed August 5, 2016).
14. Stuart Heaver, “The Chinese Soldiers Who Fought in the American Civil War,” in South China Morning Post, June 30, 2013. http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1270170/gettysburg-redress (accessed July 31, 2016).
15. Christopher Bunker, letter to Nannie Bunker, November 18, 1863, UNCCH.
16. Shively, p. 68.
17. Christopher Bunker, letter to family, October 12, 1864, UNCCH.
18. Shively, p. 70.
19. Thomas D. Perry, Civil War Stories from Mount Airy and Surry County (Ararat, VA: Laurel Hill Publishing, 2013), p. 119.
20. The War of Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington: 1880–1901), XLIX, Series I, Part. I, p. 616 (hereafter cited as Official Records).
21. H. K. Weand, “Our Last Campaign and Pursuit of Jeff Davis,” in History of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, ed. Charles H. Kirk (Philadelphia: Historical Committee of the Society of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 1906), p. 492.
22. Ina Woestemeyer Van Noppen, Stoneman’s Last Raid (Raleigh: North Carolina State College Print Shop, 1961), p. 1.
23. Official Records, Series I, XLIX, Part II, p. 112.
24. Perry, pp. 120–21. Van Noppen, p. 32. Orser, p. 153. John G. Barrett, The Civil War in North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963), p. 353.
25. Wallace and Wallace, p. 252.
26. Quoted in Orser, p. 153.
27. Barrett, p. 353.
CHAPTER 31. RECONSTRUCTION
1. John T. Trowbridge, A Picture of the Desolated States and the Work of Restoration, 1865–1868 (Hartford, CT: L. Stebbins, 1868), p. 577.
2. The Sun (New York), December 10, 1870.
3. J. C. Shields, letter to Chang and Eng Bunker, December 10, 1870, UNCCH.
4. Wallace and Wallace, p. 256.
5. “Disastrous Fire,” in New York Times, July 14, 1865.
6. Graves, p. 32.
7. Nannie Bunker, diary (unpaginated), NCSA; all subsequent quotes from her, unless otherwise indicated, are from her diary.
8. Barnum, p. 283.
9. Graves, p. 35.
10. James Simpson, “A Lecture on the Siamese Twins and Other Viable United Twins,” in British Medical Journal, February 13, 1869.
CHAPTER 32. THE LAST RADIANCE OF THE SETTING SUN
1. “Chang and Eng,” in Philadelphia Medical Times, February 19, 1874, p. 327.
2. William Linn Keese, The Siamese Twins and Other Poems (New York: E. W. Dayton, 1902),
p. 7.
3. Hunter, p. 106.
4. Wallace and Wallace, p. 292.
5. Neider, p. 281.
6. Graves, p. 29.
7. Ibid., p. 39.
8. Wallace and Wallace, p. 286. Hunter, p. 100.
9. Charles Morrow Wilson, Liberia: Black Africa in Microcosm (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), pp. 76–77.
10. See Edward James Roye, “Letters from Colonists,” in African Repository XXII (1847), p. 232.
11. Crabb, p. 222.
12. For the concept of the “gray zone,” see Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved, trans. Raymond Rosenthal (New York: Vintage, 1989), pp. 36–69.
13. “Chang and Eng,” in Philadelphia Medical Times, February 19, 1874.
14. Fatout, p. 278.
15. “Chang and Eng,” in Philadelphia Medical Times, February 19, 1874, p. 328. New York Times, February 20, 1874, p. 8. Daily News, Raleigh, NC, January 21, 1874, p. 4.
CHAPTER 33. AFTERLIFE
1. Mary Roach, Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), pp. 9–10.
2. Nannie Bunker, letter to Christopher Bunker, January 19, 1874, NCSA.
3. Roach, pp. 41–44.
4. Ibid., p. 46.
5. Edward Warren, The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D.: Compiled Chiefly from His Autobiography and Journals (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860), vol. 2, pp. 412, 419–20.
6. Letter, Rozell, Horton, and Gray to Mrs. Chang and Eng Bunker, January 29, 1874, UNCCH.
7. “Death of the Siamese Twins,” in Charlotte Observer (Charlotte, NC), January 28, 1874, p. 1.
8. “The Dead Twins,” in Morning Star (Wilmington, NC), January 28, 1874, p. 3.
9. William H. Pancoast, “Report on the Surgical Consideration in Regard to the Propriety of an Operation for the Separation of Eng and Chang Bunker,” in Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia (1875): pp. 150–51.
10. “Chang and Eng,” in Philadelphia Medical Times, February 19, 1874, p. 329.
11. “The Dead Chang and Eng,” in Greensborough Patriot (Greensboro, NC), February 4, 1874, p. 3. “The Twins,” in Daily News (Raleigh, NC), February 26, 1874, p. 2.
12. “The Siamese Twins Autopsy,” in Daily News (Raleigh, NC), February 20, 1874, p. 2.
13. “The Twins—Clear as Mud,” in Daily News (Raleigh, NC), February 26, 1874, p. 4.