27. N. J. Crowson, ed., Fleet Street, Press Barons and Politics: The Journals of Collin Brooks, 1932–1940 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1998), p. 37.
28. Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 148; Sir Rupert Hart-Davis, ed., The Lyttelton Hart-Davis Letters, vol. 1 (London: John Murray, 1978), pp. 15, 80; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6565, diary of Sir Donald Somervell, 21 April 1934.
29. Edward Pearce, The Golden Talking-Shop: The Oxford Union Debates Empire, World War, Revolution, & Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 392.
30. Edwin T. Woodhall, ‘Secret Service Days’, in Dennis Wheatley, ed., A Century of Spy Stories (London: Hutchinson, 1938), p. 58.
31. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 41–2, 59.
32. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret Service, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), pp. 26-7; Henry Hemming, M: Maxwell Knight, MI5’s Greatest Spymaster (London: Preface, 2017), p. 76.
33. ‘Captain H. M. Miller: Service in War and Peace’, The Times, 15 June 1934, p. 21.
34. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre 10/48, Sir Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 6 January 1980; Sir John Masterman, On the Chariot Wheel: An Autobiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 218; Somerset Maugham, Strictly Personal (London: Heinemann, 1942), p. 156.
35. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 129.
36. Victor Madeira, Britannia and the Bear: The Anglo-Russian Intelligence Wars, 1917–1929 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2014), pp. 9, 131–2; Ball, Conservative Politics, p. 148; David Aaronovitch, Party Animals: My Family and Other Communists (London: Cape, 2016), p. 13.
37. Ball, Conservative Politics, p. 271; James Stourton, Kenneth Clark: Life, Art and Civilisation (London: Collins, 2016), p. 274; J. D. Bernal, ‘The End of a Political Illusion’, Cambridge Left, 1 (Summer 1933), p. 12; NA KV 2/4091, serial 202a, summary of CPGB bugging, 5 February 1951.
38. Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 54; Sir David Kelly, The Ruling Few, or the Human Background to Diplomacy (London: Hollis & Carter, 1952), p. 210; ‘Captain H. M. Miller: Service in War and Peace’, The Times, 15 June 1934, p. 21; NA KV 4/224, serial 4a, Alan Roger, ‘Most Secret. Russian Relations and Activities in Persia’, nd [August 1944]; NA KV 2/2797, serial 373a, Report ‘Mrs George [sic] Moody’, 4 November 1953.
39. Masterman, Chariot Wheel, pp. 28, 218, 219–20; Villiers David, Advice to my Godchildren (London: Maggs, 2012), p. 11; Crowson, Fleet Street, pp. 64, 87.
40. Gaynor Johnson, ed., Our Man in Berlin: The Diary of Sir Eric Phipps, 1933–1937 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 56–8; John Herman, The Paris Embassy of Sir Eric Phipps: Anglo-French Relations and the Foreign Office, 1937–1939 (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1998), pp. 13, 52–3.
41. Sir Owen O’Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London: John Murray, 1954), pp. 241, 245.
42. Sir Michael Postan, Fact and Relevance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 164; Donald Moggridge, ed., Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 10 (London: Macmillan, 1972), p. 447.
43. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, p. 42; Alan Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds, War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), p. 509.
44. Lord Beveridge, Power and Influence (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1953), p. 3; Anthony Eden, House of Commons debates, 18 June 1951, vol. 489, col. 32.
45. F. H. Hinsley and C. A. G. Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 4: Security and Counter-Intelligence (London: HMSO, 1990), pp. 57–8.
46. George Antrobus, King’s Messenger, 1918–1940: Memoirs of a Silver Greyhound (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1941), p. 150; Lord Gladwyn, Memoirs (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972), p. 57.
47. John Drury, Music at Midnight: The Life and Poetry of George Herbert (London: Allen Lane, 2013), p. 57; Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle: Memoirs (London: Macmillan, 1959), pp. 32, 39.
48. Drury, Music at Midnight, p. 6; O’Malley, Phantom Caravan, p. 35; Sir Bernard Burrows, Diplomat in a Changing World (London: Memoir Club, 2001), p. 22.
49. Sheila Grant Duff, The Parting of the Ways (London: Peter Owen, 1982), p. 127; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/9, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 25 January 1940; Wellesley, Diplomacy in Fetters, p. 130; Wilfrid Vernon, House of Commons debates, 4 March 1948, vol. 448, col. 616; West, Guy Liddell Diaries, vol. 1, p. 305.
50. Charles Ritchie, The Siren Years: Undiplomatic Diaries, 1937–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 77; Crowson, Fleet Street, p. 103; Philip Jordan, There is No Return (London: Cresset Press, 1938), p. 93.
51. ‘Rebuilding the Fleet’, Observer, 12 July 1936, p. 22.
52. DBPO, series 1, volume 6, pp. 206–9; Goronwy Rees, A Chapter of Accidents (London: Chatto & Windus, 1972), p. 94; Wilfred Macartney, Walls Have Mouths: A Record of Ten Years’ Penal Servitude (London: Gollancz, 1936), p. 384.
53. Michael Young, The Chipped White Cups of Dover: A Discussion of the Possibility of a New Progressive Party (London: Unit 2, 1960), p. 6.
54. J. D. Gregory, On the Edge of Diplomacy: Rambles and Reflections, 1902–1928 (London: Hutchinson, 1929), pp. 242–3.
Chapter 4: The Vigilance Detectives
1. House of Commons debates, vol. 166, 12 July 1923, cols 1697, 1705; vol. 448, 11 March 1948, cols 1554 & 1557.
2. Durham Cathedral Library, Henson papers vol. 23, diary of Herbert Hensley Henson, 30 August 1918.
3. ‘Police Grievances’, Manchester Guardian, 5 May 1919.
4. Stanley Salvidge, Salvidge of Liverpool: Behind the Political Scene, 1890–1928 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1934), p. 177.
5. John Callaghan and Kevin Morgan, ‘The Open Conspiracy of the Communist Party and the Case of W. N. Ewer, Communist and Anti-Communist’, Historical Journal, 49 (2006), p. 558.
6. NA KV 2/1016, serial 59A, précis of Ewer file, K. L. L. Sissmore, 16 October 1925; Ewer, quoted in Callaghan and Morgan, ‘Open Conspiracy’, p. 554.
7. NA KV 2/1016, serial 3, Sir Victor Wellesley to Ministry of Labour, 7 February 1919; serial 4, Note ‘W. Norman Ewer’, Hugh M. Miller, 17 February 1919.
8. Giles Ury, Labour and the Gulag: Russia and the Seduction of the British Left (London: Backbite, 2017), pp. 124–5.
9. ‘Mr Edgar Lansbury’s “Extravagance”: Bankruptcy Proceedings’, Manchester Guardian, 20 December 1927, p. 12.
10. Anne Olivier Bell, ed., The Diary of Virginia Woolf, vol. 3 (London: Hogarth Press, 1980), p. 199; NA KV 2/1033, minute 2, Oswald Harker to Joseph Ball, 29 September 1922; 13 & 14, Notes by Harker of 28 September & 14 November 1923; serial 33a, Norman Ewer to George Slocombe, 1 December 1925; serial 50a, Oswald Frewen to Clare Sheridan, 31 January 1926; 77a, Clare Sheridan, ‘I Shadowed Kameneff’, Evening Standard, 25 August 1936; Clare Sheridan, Russian Portraits (London: Cape, 1921), pp. 14, 18, 21, 24, 26–8.
11. ‘Diamonds in Day-Light: Lenin’s “Jewel Box” a War Chest’, Observer, 26 September 1920.
12. Sheridan, ‘I Shadowed Kameneff’; Sheridan, Russian Portraits, pp. 38–9.
13. ‘A Forged Russian Newspaper: Police Official’s “Indiscretion”’, Manchester Guardian, 4 March 1921, p. 10.
14. NA KV 2/989, serial 2a, Harker, ‘Re Federated Press of America’, 27 June 1928.
15. Francis Beckett, Stalin’s British Victims (Stroud: Sutton, 2004), p. 26.
16. J. D. Gregory, On the Edge of Diplomacy: Rambles and Reflections, 1902–1928 (London: Hutchinson, 1929), p. 269.
17. George Slocombe, The Tumult and the Shouting (New York: Macmillan, 1936), p. 26.
18. Ibid., pp. 18, 20.
19. Ibid., p. 48.
20. George Slocombe, ‘Winning the War’, Daily Herald, 20 July 1918, p. 13; Slocombe, ‘A Letter to Lenin’, Daily Herald, 24 August 1918, p. 4; NA KV 2/485, serial 5, H. D. Goldsmith to S. Menzies, 30 August 1918.
21. Sir Francis Meynell, My Lives (London: Bodley Head, 1971), p. 112; George Slocombe, Men in Arms (London: Heinemann, 1936
), pp. 17, 37.
22. NA KV 2/485, serial 6, Home Office Warrant on 12, Woodend, Sutton, 30 November 1921; Ewer to Slocombe, intercepted letter 1 April 1922.
23. NA KV 2/2379, serial 17a, Guy Liddell, New Scotland Yard, to N. Watson, 13 November 1928.
24. A. J. P. Taylor, English History, 1914–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), pp. 218, 225; ‘No Case against Communist Editor’, Manchester Guardian, 14 August 1924, p. 14.
25. Thomas Jones, Whitehall Diary, ed. Keith Middlemas, vol. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 300; Ury, Labour and Gulag, pp. 228–9, 287–8, 423, 597 n.55; Gill Bennett, ‘A Most Extraordinary and Mysterious Business’: The Zinoviev Letter of 1924 (London: Foreign & Commonwealth Office, 1999), p. 59. I rely at all points in this section on Bennett’s authoritative account.
26. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), p. 96.
27. NA KV 2/1016, batch 192 of 18 November 1925 and batch 195 of 26 November 1925.
28. Stuart Ball, ed., Parliament and Politics in the Age of Baldwin and MacDonald: The Headlam Diaries, 1923–1935 (London: The Historians’ Press, 1992), p. 98. Edward Langston is identified, with ingenious pertinacity, in Timothy Phillips, The Secret Twenties: British Intelligence, the Russians and the Jazz Age (London: Granta, 2017).
29. ‘Prologue by Compton Mackenzie’, in Wilfred Macartney, Walls Have Mouths: A Record of Ten Years’ Penal Servitude (London: Gollancz, 1936), p. 18.
30. Gill Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 94.
31. Stuart Ball, ed., Conservative Politics in National and Imperial Crisis: Letters from Britain to the Viceroy of India, 1926–31 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), pp. 141, 142, 144, 244.
32. Bennett, Churchill’s Man of Mystery, p. 95.
33. Information from Patric Dickinson, Clarenceux King of Arms.
34. Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archive (London: HarperCollins, 1998), pp. 149–50.
35. NA KV 2/989, serial 63a, Oswald Harker to Sir Vernon Kell, 24 July 1928.
36. NA KV 2/990, serial 104a, Report of visit to Allen at Bournemouth, Harker, 12 April 1929.
37. NA KV 2/990, serial 105a, note by Harker, 29 April 1929; Report of meeting with Allen at Southampton on 18 May, Harker, 21 May 1929.
38. ‘The Shock to Tory Liverpool – Leaders Dumbfounded’, Manchester Guardian, 7 March 1923.
39. Ball, Conservative Politics, p. 321.
40. Ball, Parliament and Politics in the Age of Baldwin and MacDonald, p. 118.
41. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6565, diary of Sir Donald Somervell, 10 March 1934; ‘Cabinet Secrets in Book’, Manchester Guardian, 21 March 1934, p. 4.
42. NA KV 2/990, serial 109a, Report of Harker’s meeting on 18 May with Allen at Southampton, 21 May 1929.
43. Ury, Labour and Gulag, p. 200; NA KV 2/1016, no serial (item following serial 8612), intercepted undated letter, Ewer to Palme Dutt [December 1929].
44. KV 2/485, serial 205a, Note ‘George Slocombe’, 29 April 1930; serial 253a, note of Harker’s conversation with Sir Arthur Willert, 22 August 1930.
45. NA KV 2/1016, serial untraced, ‘Revolutionary Matters’, 21 September 1931; ‘And his Pal’, Daily Worker, 27 August 1936; Callaghan and Morgan, ‘Open Conspiracy’, pp. 562-3.
46. Beckett, Stalin’s British Victims, pp. 62, 70–1; NA KV 2/1017, serial 1105z, Extract from B.4.c report by Maxwell Knight on interview with William Norman Ewer on 27.1.50.
47. NA KV 2/1017, serial 1105z, Extract from B.4.c report by Maxwell Knight on interview with William Norman Ewer on 27.1.50.
48. Brian Stewart and Samantha Newbery, Why Spy? The Art of Intelligence (London: Hurst, 2015), pp. 6-7.
Chapter 5: The Cipher Spies
1. Julian and Margaret Bullard, eds, Inside Stalin’s Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard, 1934–1939 (Charlbury: Day Books, 2000), p. 237; Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), pp. 49, 60.
2. Wilfred Macartney, Walls Have Mouths: A Record of Ten Years’ Penal Servitude (London: Gollancz, 1936), p. 208.
3. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6917, unpublished memoirs of Sir Patrick Reilly, f. 7; George Antrobus, King’s Messenger, 1918–1940: Memoirs of a Silver Greyhound (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1941), pp. 98–101. In this chapter I rely throughout on Nick Barratt’s excellent biography of his great-uncle Ernest Oldham, The Forgotten Spy (London: Blink, 2015).
4. J. D. Gregory, On the Edge of Diplomacy: Rambles and Reflections, 1902–1928 (London: Hutchinson, 1929), p. 274; Vansittart, Mist Procession, p. 376.
5. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 16; Stuart Ball, ed., Conservative Politics in National and Imperial Crisis: Letters from Britain to the Viceroy of India, 1926–31 (Farnham: Ashgate, 2014), p. 165; George Slocombe, A Mirror to Geneva: Its Growth, Grandeur and Decay (New York: Henry Holt, 1938), p. 171.
6. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, pp. 186–7.
7. Ibid., p. 63; ‘Commander Cotesworth’, The Times, 23 September 1937, p. 14.
8. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, pp. 13, 154; T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph (London: Cape, 1935), p. 660.
9. Kenneth Young, ed., The Diaries of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, 1915–1938 (London: Macmillan, 1973), p. 97; Emily Russell, ed., A Constant Heart: The War Diaries of Maud Russell, 1938–1945 (Stanbridge: Dovecot Press, 2017), p. 137.
10. Sir Owen O’Malley, The Phantom Caravan (London: John Murray, 1954), p. 77; Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 12.
11. Slocombe, Mirror to Geneva, pp. 48–9.
12. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 188.
13. Martin Pearce, Spymaster: The Life of Britain’s Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield (London: Bantam, 2016), p. 61; NA KV 2/2670, serial 21a, Wilfred Dunderdale, ‘Grigori Zinovievich BESODOVSKY’, c. 23 October 1929; Elizabeth Poretsky, Our Own People: A Memoir of ‘Ignace Reiss’ and his Friends (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 74.
14. Slocombe, Mirror to Geneva, p. 43; Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 86.
15. William E. Duff, A Time for Spies: Theodore Stephanovitch Mally and the Era of the Great Illegals (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1999), p. 82.
16. Ibid., p. 55; Poretsky, Our Own People, pp. 102–3, 214.
17. NA KV 2/808, serial 48a, ‘Jules Hotel, Jermyn St., W.1.’, report by T. A. Robertson, 28 August 1933.
18. Antrobus, King’s Messenger, p. 188.
19. Ibid., pp. 172–3, 189.
20. Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives (London: HarperCollins, 1998), p. 75; Barratt, Forgotten Spy, p. 239.
21. NA KV 2/809, serial 128a, 20 September 1939, report on bank accounts of King and Oake.
22. NA KV 2/805, serial 55x, expurgated copy (prepared for USA) of Jane Archer interrogations of Walter Krivitsky, [? prepared April 1941]; West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, pp. 76–7.
23. NA KV 2/810, no serial, ‘Leakages from the Communications Department’, Valentine Vivian, 30 October 1939; NA KV 2/809, serial 132c, interrogation of Raymond Oake, 25 September 1939.
24. West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, p. 81.
25. Viscount Simon, Retrospect (London: Hutchinson, 1952), pp. 202–3.
26. NA KV 2/809, serial 123a, ‘Hans PIECK, Dutch; information from Mr C. PARLANTI’, 15 September 1939.
27. West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, pp. 92-3.
28. Barratt, Forgotten Spy, p. 250.
29. West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, p. 90.
30. D. C. Watt, ‘John Herbert King: A Soviet Source in the Foreign Office’, Intelligence and National Security, 3 (1988), pp. 62–82.
31. E. M. Forster, Two Cheers for Democracy (London: Edward Arnold, 1951), p. 78.
32. Kevin Quinlan, The Secret War between the Wars: MI5 in the 1920s and 1930s (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2014), p. 143.
&nb
sp; 33. Robert Gale Woolbert, ‘Recent Books on International Relations’, Foreign Affairs, 18 (April 1940), p. 574; Malcolm Cowley, ‘Krivitsky’, New Republic, 22 January 1940, pp. 120–3; Hans Bak, ed., The Long Voyage: Selected Letters of Malcolm Cowley, 1915–1987 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014), pp. 258–9; Whittaker Chambers, Witness (London: André Deutsch, 1953), p. 233.
34. NA KV 2/802, serial 9a, Victor Mallet to Gladwyn Jebb, 3 September 1939, with enclosure ‘Most Secret Memorandum by Mr Mallet’.
35. NA KV 2/809, serial 107a, G.H.S. [?] to Jane Sissmore, 25 March 1938, and serial 132b, interrogation of King, 25 September 1939; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/8, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 26 September 1939.
36. Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/8, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 25 September 1939.
37. NA KV 2/810, no serial, ‘Leakages from the Communications Department’, Valentine Vivian, 30 October 1939; Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/8, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 21 September 1939, & ACAD 1/9, 26 January 1940.
38. James Lees-Milne, Prophesying Peace (London: Chatto & Windus, 1977), p. 123.
39. Quinlan, Secret War, p. 146.
40. Ibid., p. 139.
41. Ibid., p. 141.
42. NA KV 2/805, serial 55x, expurgated copy (prepared for USA) of Jane Archer interrogations of Walter Krivitsky, [? prepared April 1941].
43. Ibid.
44. NA KV 2/804, serial 1a, Archer, ‘Report re interview with Krivitsky’, 23 January 1940, 10 February 1940, 3 March 1940.
45. NA KV 2/810, no serial, ‘Leakages from the Communications Department’, Valentine Vivian, 30 October 1939; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009), pp. 267–8.
46. Bak, Long Voyage, p. 318.
Chapter 6: The Blueprint Spies
1. Cambridge University Library, Vickers papers 546, Percy Westmacott to F. D. Rose, 18 March 1865.
2. Cecil L’Estrange Malone, The Russian Republic (London: Allen & Unwin, 1920), pp. 15–16; Cambridge University Library, Vickers microfilm R286, General Sir Noel Birch to Field Marshal Sir George Milne, April 1929 (incompletely dated).
Enemies Within Page 72