44. Martin Pearce, Spymaster: The Life of Britain’s Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield (London: Bantam, 2016), p. 331.
45. Ibid., p. 335.
46. Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death and Punishment: Attitudes to Sex and Sexuality in Britain since the Renaissance (London: Collins, 1990), p. 1; Pincher, Too Secret Too Long, pp. 387, 417; James Barros, No Sense of Evil: Espionage – The Case of Herbert Norman (Toronto: Deneau, 1986), p. 9.
47. Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence (London: Collins, 1990), p. 160; Pincher, Traitors, pp. 103, 104, 105, 107, 111–13.
48. ‘After Oldfield’, Daily Telegraph, 25 April 1987; Richard Evans, ‘Ex-MI6 chief a homosexual says Thatcher’, The Times, 24 April 1987, p. 1; Michael Evans, ‘Inquiry call on ex-MI6 chief’, The Times, 20 April 1987, p. 18.
49. Pearce, Spymaster, pp. 339, 343, 344; Curtis, Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. 1, pp. 333, 335.
50. Pearce, Spymaster, p. 329.
51. Geoffrey Levy, ‘The Spycatcher of Fleet Street whose Scoops Spooked PMs’, Daily Mail, 7 August 2014; ‘Chapman Pincher’, Daily Telegraph, 6 August 2014.
52. Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 13 April 1989; Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Real Harm Done by the Fifth Man’, Daily Telegraph, 21 October 1990.
Envoi
1. Sarah Curtis, ed., The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 10.
2. Alan Campbell, Colleagues and Friends (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1988), p. 134.
3. Tim Shipman, All Out War: The Full Story of Brexit (London: William Collins, 2016), p. 329; Arron Banks, The Bad Boys of Brexit: Tales of Mischief, Mayhem & Guerrilla Warfare in the EU Referendum Campaign (London: Biteback, 2016), p. 279; Craig Oliver, Unleashing Demons: The Inside Story of Brexit (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2016), p. 280. Gove’s admirers have since claimed, as if this might mute the outrage, that he intended to say, ‘People in this country have had enough of experts from organizations with acronyms saying that they know what is best.’
4. Anthony Powell, A Writer’s Notebook (London: Heinemann, 2000), p. 49.
5. Lord Vansittart, The Mist Procession (London: Hutchinson, 1958), p. 351.
Index
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Abdulmutallab, Umar 546
Aberdeen, Rudolf Steiner School 423
Abse, Leo 175–6
Abu Ghraib prison 290
Abwehr (German military intelligence) 135, 144, 290, 297, 310, 375, 432, 461
Abyssinia 27, 42, 64
accuracy vs. secrecy of intelligence information, views on 55–6, 114
Acton, Sir Harold 218
Admiralty: Naval Intelligence Division 43, 58–9, 72, 476–7, 479; intelligence gathering during First World War 48, 60–61; Room 40 (code-breaking) 60–62; Fleet Orders on homosexuality 470; Vassall spy case 475–8
Aeroflot (airline) 508
Afghanistan 39, 40, 42
Africa, colonial expansion 41, 42–3
Agabekov, Georges 24, 124–5, 145, 373
agents provocateurs, use of 12, 36, 290, 384
agnosticism 182
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) 527, 539, 541
Air Ministry 59, 470
aircraft manufacture 156, 272, 289, 506
Akhmerov, Iskhak 281, 284, 286
Alanbrooke, Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount 76, 121, 287
Albania 198, 206, 252, 253, 302, 378–9, 413, 522
alcohol see drink and drunkenness
Aldershot 154, 155; barracks 103, 160
Aldrich, Richard, The Black Door 533
Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia 80
Alexander II, Tsar of Russia 3
Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 4
Alexander of Hillsborough, A.V. Alexander, 1st Earl 451, 452
All Souls College, Oxford 218, 264–7, 273, 310, 313, 397, 405, 472, 474, 521, 523, 540; Fellows of see Amery, Leo; Beckett, Sir Eric; Berlin, Sir Isaiah; Dawson, Geoffrey; Drury, John; Foster, Sir John; Halifax, Edward Wood, 1st Earl of; Hampshire, Sir Stuart; Henson, Herbert Hensley; Lang, Cosmo; Makins, Sir Roger; O’Neill, Sir Con; O’Reilly, Sir Patrick; Rees, Goronwy; Rowse, A.L.; Salter, Sir Arthur; Simon, Sir John; Somervell, Sir Donald; Thomas, Sir Keith; Waldegrave, William; Zaehner, R.C.
Allen, Albert see Lakey, Arthur
Allen, Carleton 211
Allen of Hurtwood, Clifford Allen, 1st Baron 266
Allenby, Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount 388
American Refrigerator Company 242
American Relief Administration 13
American security services see ASA; CIA; COI; FBI; Military Intelligence Division; Office of Naval Intelligence; OSS
Amery, Julian (later Baron Amery of Lustleigh) 173
Amery, Leo 173, 234, 266
Amies, Sir Hardy 287, 461
Amman 493
Andrew, Sir Christopher 25, 515, 516, 534, 535
Andrews, Kenneth 188
Angell, Sir Norman 266
Angelov, Pavel 334, 335
Anglesey Abbey, Cambridgeshire 214
Angleton, James: character 458, 497, 513; chief of counter-espionage in Rome 372; head of CIA’s Office of Special Operations in Washington 379–80; relations with Kim Philby 380, 387; and Philby’s defection 497, 513; and Golitsyn’s defection 513
Anglo-American loan (1946) 363
Anglo-German Fellowship 246
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 522
Anglo-Russian Three Ply and Veneer Company 89, 110
Anglo-Soviet treaty (1942) 275, 295–7, 301, 313
Anglocentrism 42, 79–82, 117, 188, 296, 353, 392, 448, 490, 507–8, 549
Ankara, British embassy 142, 371
Annan, Noël (later Baron Annan) 416, 479, 535, 536, 537
Anschluss (Nazi annexation of Austria; 1938) 213, 238–9, 260
anti-American sentiment 349, 363, 489, 522
anti-British sentiment 359
anti-colonialism 188, 209, 359
anti-German sentiment 44, 288
anti-semitism 12–13, 30, 95, 102, 275, 277–8, 494
Anti-Socialist Union 66, 107
anti-war organizations 152, 159, 211, 224–5; see also pacifism
Antrobus, George 117–20, 123, 126, 130, 131, 145, 146
Antwerp 35
Apostles (Cambridge University society) 397, 531, 536–7, 538–9
appeasement 59, 170, 260, 265, 266, 267–8
Aragon, Louis 222
Archer, John 287
Archer, Kathleen ‘Jane’ (née Sissmore) 24, 64–5, 105–6, 113, 124, 142, 145, 340; debriefing of Walter Krivitsky 142–4, 162, 170, 248, 323
ARCOS (All Russian Co-operative Society) 86, 93, 98; police raid (1927) 49, 98, 103–5, 536; repercussions of raid 60, 62, 94, 104–5, 125, 150, 158, 166, 355
Ardagh, Sir John 39, 41
Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 335
armaments manufacture 11, 126, 147–54, 157–8, 160, 164, 230; propaganda against 152–3, 220; see also Vickers; Woolwich, Royal Ordnance Factories
Armenia 125, 374
Armistice Day protest (1933) 224–5
Armstrong, Sir Robert (later Baron Armstrong of Ilminster) 533, 540–41
Armstrong & Co Ltd (engineering and shipbuilding company) 147
Army Education Department 302
Army and Navy Club 380
Army Security Agency (United States; ASA) 346
Arsenal football club 180
ASA (US Army Security Agency) 346
Ascherson, Neal 529–30
Ascona, Switzerland 400
Ashanti wars 41, 42
Ashton, Henry 227
Ashwick, Ernest 417
Asquith, H.H., 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith 48, 215, 240
Asquith, Margot, Countess of Oxford a
nd Asquith 214
Associated Press (press agency) 241
Association of Scientific Workers 354
Astor, David 417, 440, 495
Astor, Nancy, Viscountess 214, 263
Astor, Waldorf, 2nd Viscount 87, 277
Astor of Hever, John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron 440
atheism and atheists 8–9, 49, 71, 249, 380
Athenaeum (club) 65, 251, 292, 293, 298
Athens 136, 360, 382
Athlone, Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of 331
Athlone, Princess Alice, Countess of 331
atomic energy, development of 344–5, 347, 506
atomic and nuclear weapons: development 297, 327–8, 333–6, 340, 342, 349, 350–51, 432; testing and deployment 335, 342–3, 351–2, 370, 393; see also nuclear disarmament campaigns
atomic spies 73, 263, 300, 328, 330–52, 370, 505; see also Fuchs, Klaus; Mann, Wilfrid; May, Trevor Nunn; Norwood, Melita; Pontecorvo, Bruno; Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel
Attlee, Clement Attlee, 1st Earl: at Oxford 215; as demobbed soldier 47; addresses Red Army anniversary celebration 298; Prime Minister 331, 343, 355, 445; and Soviet espionage 331; and atomic weapons development 343; and appointment of Sillitoe as Director General of MI5 355; and withdrawal of British forces from Greece 360–61; and Zionist terrorism 362, 363; and Anglo-American Special Relationship 364; and vetting of Whitehall staff 369, 370; and Korean war 393; at Philip Jordan’s memorial service 409; and Hector McNeil 414
Attlee, Violet, Countess 409
Auden, W.H. 197, 218, 388, 397, 406
Australia 361, 437–8, 533; Royal Commission on Espionage (1954–5) 437, 438
Austria: 18th and 19th centuries 35, 37; ‘Red Vienna’ (1918–34) 14, 22, 155, 229–31; civil war and rise of fascism 231–4, 238; Anschluss (1938) 213, 238–9, 260; Soviet zone of occupation 302; see also Austro-Hungarian empire; Salzburg; Vienna
Austrian Intelligence Bureau 69
Austro-Hungarian empire 49, 69; end of 48
Austro-Prussian war (1866) 41
aviation spies 154–7, 277, 344, 424–5
Ayer, Sir A.J. ‘Freddie’ 191, 474
Babington, Anthony 34
Baldwin, Calvin 285
Baldwin of Bewdley, Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl 63, 103, 153, 182, 215, 243
Balfour, Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl of 215
Balfour, Sir John ‘Jock’ 3, 317–18, 359, 388, 460
Ball, Sir Joseph 99
Balliol College, Oxford 173, 215, 217, 325
Balogh, Thomas (later Baron Balogh) 325
Balzac, Honoré de 227
Bankhead, Tallulah 183
BARBAROSSA, Operation (Nazi invasion of Soviet Union; 1941) 284, 294–5
Barclay, Sir Roderick 464
Barker, Sir William 504
Barros, James 541
Bartlett, Vernon 145
Bassett, Evelyn ‘Eve’ (earlier Burgess) 189, 191, 385, 396, 414, 484, 486
Bassett, John 191, 414–15
battleships, construction of 164
Bauer, Péter 203
Bazarov, Basil 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 145
Bazna, Elyesa 142
BBC 113, 280, 302, 431, 526; Guy Burgess works for 252, 253, 263, 270, 318, 319, 320
Beauchamp, Kathleen ‘Kay’ 216
Beauclerk, Charles (later 13th Duke of St Albans) 493–4
Beaulieu, Hampshire 309–310
Beaumarchais, Jacques Delarüe-Caron de 428
Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de 428
Beaver, William 38
Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, 1st Baron: Minister of Aircraft Production 286–7, 293, 298, 327; press baron 406–7, 430–32, 434, 468, 469, 471; see also Daily Express; Evening Standard; Sunday Express
Beckett, Sir Eric 266
Beech, Richard 159
Beethoven, Ludwig van 180, 206
Begin, Menachem 362
Beirut 492–3, 495–6
Belfast 540
Belgrade 252–3, 391, 471; Danube River conference (1948) 479
Bell, Julian 206, 225, 256
Bell, Quentin 397
Bellecroft House, Isle of Wight 89, 90
Beloff, Nora 417, 456, 486, 488
Belorussia 9
Benckendorff, Count Alexander 4
Beneš, Edvard 266, 300, 320
Bennett, Gill 104–5, 149, 255
Bénouville, Pierre de 166
Benson, A.C. 218
Bentley, Elizabeth 283–6, 307–8, 346, 364–5, 394, 405, 435, 458, 518
Benyaminov, Alexander 505
Beria, Lavrentiy 29–30, 294, 351–2, 437; execution 31
Berle, Adolf 139, 140
Berlin 221, 339, 375, 431, 448; British embassy 27, 58; Ruhleben internment camp 460; SIS station 400, 448
Berlin blockade (1948–9) 363
Berlin, Sir Isaiah 264; and Herbert and Jenifer Hart 213, 274, 518; and Donald Maclean 318; and Guy Burgess 319, 416, 530; and Andrew Boyle’s The Climate of Treason 530; Views on: British journalism 518; Stuart Hampshire 521; Karl Mundt 366; Gerald Nye 153; Goronwy Rees 474; Robin Zaehner 413, 521
Bernal, J.D. 72–3, 249, 250
Berne 400
Bertie of Thame, Francis Bertie, 1st Viscount 73, 192
Bessarabia 9
Bessedovsky, Gregori 18, 19, 123–4, 125, 137, 373
Bethlen, Count István 303–4
Betterton, Sir Henry (later 1st Baron Rushcliffe) 109–110
Beveridge, William Beveridge, 1st Baron 76
Beves, Donald 518
Bevin, Ernest 304, 331, 357, 358, 361, 382, 398, 506
Bialoguski, Michael 437, 438
Bidault, Georges 32
Bigham, Clive (later 2nd Viscount Mersey) 41–2
Bingham, David 509
Bingham, John see Clanmorris, John Bingham, 7th Baron
Bint et Sambain (detective agency) 86
Birch, Frank 518
Birch, Sir Noel 148
Birkenhead, F.E. Smith, 1st Earl of 63, 104, 214, 297
Birkett, Norman Birkett, 1st Baron 288–9
Birley, Sir Robert 397
Birmingham 151, 220
Birmingham Small Arms Company 150
Bishop’s Stortford College, Hertfordshire 516
Blackett, Sir Patrick (later Baron Blackett) 220, 336
Blackshirts (British Union of Fascists) 156, 288, 344
Blair, Tony 215, 526
Blake, Anthony 226
Blake, George xxviii, 357–8, 448–53, 493, 495, 496, 546
Bland, Sir Nevile 464
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire 214
Bletchley Park (GC&CS wartime headquarters) 270, 314, 328, 444, 528
Blitz: Cambridge 333; Coventry 145; London 273, 290, 291–2, 294, 324, 325
Blockade, Ministry of 48
Bloomsbury set 197
Blunt, (Sir) Anthony: family background 188, 191, 322; birth 191; upbringing and schooling 173–6, 188, 191–5; friendship with Louis MacNeice 194; undergraduate at Cambridge 205–6, 218–19, 225, 227, 274, 536–7; early sexual relations and love affairs 206, 218–19, 222; politicization 227, 256; postgraduate studies and research fellowship 256; career as art historian 256, 374, 414, 520, 528–9; visits Soviet Union 383, 478; recruited as Soviet agent 177, 256, 266; acts as talent-spotter for Arnold Deutsch 256, 257, 421, 514; running of sub-agents 294, 324, 385; materials passed to Soviets 106, 144, 306, 322–4, 347, 385; Soviet handlers’ treatment of 305–7, 322–3; appointment to MI5 270, 271, 321–4; wartime life in London 292, 324–6; and Peter Smolka 312; and Burgess’s recruitment to MI5 319; leaves MI5 374; Surveyor of King’s/Queen’s Pictures 374; Director of Courtauld Institute 374, 414, 513, 520; post-war espionage activities 374, 385; mounting fear of exposure 378; and Burgess and Maclean defections 397, 398, 399, 400–401, 416; refuses to defect 398–9, 414; acts as liaison for security services following defections 267, 401, 414, 486; implicated as suspect 412–13, 414, 474, 530–31; investigated and questioned by security s
ervices following defections 410, 414, 447; and Vladimir Petrov’s defection 437; further questioning by MI5 following Philby defection 513; confession to Arthur Martin 513–14, 515; granted immunity from prosecution in return for cooperation 514, 517, 546; information provided to security services 514; retirement as Surveyor of Queen’s Pictures 514; identification by security services as Fourth Man 517; public exposure 526; reactions to exposure 526–9, 535–6, 540, 542, 545–6
Character & characteristics: anti-colonialism 188; appearance 193, 194, 205, 322; art connoisseurship 206, 256, 486, 520, 528–9; attraction to Marxism 8–9, 227, 249–50, 256; charm 322; club membership 251, 414; compartmentalization of life 486; dress and bathing habits 193, 205; drinking 378, 458; effeminacy 256; intellect 256, 529–30; language skills 206, 321; rejection of English nationalism 188; relations with colleagues 322; schoolboy nickname 193; self-control 256; sense of humour 206; sexuality 218–19, 325, 528, 541; shyness 205; unsporty 193; views on commerce and consumers 250
Blunt, Hilda 176, 191–2
Blunt, Stanley 176, 191–2
Blunt, Wilfrid 541–2
Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen 50, 188, 388; Diaries 1888–1914 187–8
BMA (British Medical Association) 474–5
Board of Economic Warfare (United States) 284–5
boarding-schools, and character formation 173–4, 179, 186–7, 188–9, 189–90, 194–5, 254
Boase, T.S.R. 218
Boddington, Herbert ‘Con’ 130, 255
Bodkin, Sir Archibald 98–9
Boetzelaer van Oosterhout, Carel Godfried ‘Pim’, Baron van 428
Bofors (armaments company) 148
Bohr, Niels 335, 336
Boky, Gleb 25
Bolshevik revolution (1917) 3, 5, 6–8, 10, 16, 48, 49, 88–9, 90, 301–2
bomb-disposal 274
‘Bond, James’ (fictional character) 475, 498, 499, 500
Bonham Carter, Sir Charles 166–7
Bonham Carter, Lady Violet (later Baroness Asquith of Yarnbury) 417
Boodle’s (club) 292, 313
Booker, Mary (later Burn) 384
Boorstin, Daniel 212
Boothby, Sir Robert (later Baron Boothby) 440–41
Boris III, King of Bulgaria 80
Born, Max 340
Borovik, Genrikh 236, 246
Borovoy, Mary 163, 164–5
Borovoy, Mikhail 163, 164, 165, 166
Bosnia 206
Bournemouth 81, 105, 106–7, 191
Bowen, Elizabeth 264
Bower, Tom, The Perfect English Spy 255
Enemies Within Page 78