10. Alastair Forbes, ‘Whitehall in Queer Street’, Sunday Dispatch, 10 June 1951, p. 4; George Wigg, House of Commons debates, 11 June 1951, vol. 488, col. 1672; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/8/120, diary of Harold Macmillan, 16 July 1951.
11. NA KV 2/4102, serial 145b, Maxwell Knight, ‘Re the MACLEAN–BURGESS Case’, 12 June 1951; NA KV 2/4102, serial 101d, Skardon, ‘Top Secret’, ‘Interview with Jack HEWIT on 5.6.51’, 6 June 1951; NA KV 2/4109, serial 409a, Skardon, ‘Note’, 27 September 1952.
12. Alan Campbell, Colleagues and Friends (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1988), p. 18; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 398.
13. NA FCO 158/206, ‘Top Secret. Strictly Personal and Confidential. The Problem of Homosexuality in Relation to Employment in the Foreign Service’, 8 October 1951.
14. NA FCO 158/206, Report of Cadogan committee, 1 November 1951.
15. NA KV 2/4104, serial 198b, Skardon, ‘Guy BURGESS’ [interview with Philip Toynbee], 22 June 1951; House of Lords debates, vol. 194, col. 738, 22 November 1955.
16. Robert Cecil, A Divided Life: A Biography of Donald Maclean (London: Bodley Head, 1988), p. 193.
17. NA KV 2/4109, serial 405a, A. F. Burbidge, ‘Note’, 27 August 1952.
18. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Wheels within Wheels: An Unconventional Life (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000), p. 100.
19. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 17/1/2, Hugh Trevor-Roper to Lady Alexandra Howard-Johnson, 9 January 1954; Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death and Punishment, pp. 303–4; Peter Wildeblood, ‘Telephone Tapping’, Spectator, 5 July 1957, p. 16.
20. Brian Lewis, Wolfenden’s Witnesses: Homosexuality in Post-War Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), pp. 96–102.
21. House of Lords debates, 19 May 1954, vol. 187, cols 756–7.
22. David Footman, Balkan Holiday (London: Heinemann, 1935), p. 204; Wildeblood, Against the Law, p. 128; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan papers D/40/130, diary of Harold Macmillan, 11 December 1960; HLRO BBK H/177, Arthur Christiansen to Lord Beaverbrook, 10 November 1955.
23. ‘The Squalid Truth’, Sunday Pictorial, 25 September 1955, p. 1; Hugh Cudlipp, At Your Peril: A Mid-Century View of the Exciting Changes of the Press in Britain and a Press View of the Exciting Changes of Mid-Century (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962), p. 317.
24. ‘Who is Hiding the Man Who Tipped Off These Sex Perverts?’, Sunday Pictorial, 25 September 1955, p. 1; Lord Rawlinson of Ewell, A Price Too High: An Autobiography (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989), p. 37.
25. ‘Guy Burgess Stripped Bare! Now I will show how he was the greatest traitor of them all! His closest friend speaks at last’, People, 11 March 1956, p. 3.
26. ‘He Kept Blackmail Letters in his Room. Guy Burgess Stripped Bare! Men in High Places made Friends with this Traitor’, People, 18 March 1956, p. 3; Sir Isaiah Berlin, Affirming: Letters, 1975–1997, ed. Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle (London: Chatto & Windus, 2015), p. 524.
27. Lewis, Wolfenden’s Witnesses, pp. 106-26, especially 106-7, 111.
28. Ibid., pp. 144–7.
29. Ian Fleming, Goldfinger (London: Cape, 1959), chapter 19, pp. 313–14.
30. John Vassall, Vassall: The Autobiography of a Spy (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1975), p. 21; Rebecca West, The Meaning of Treason (London: Virago, 1982), pp. 361–2.
31. Vassall, Vassall, p. 39.
32. John Deane Potter, ‘Twilight Traitors’, News of the World, 28 October 1962, p. 15.
33. Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Dick papers 28/1, Francis King to Kay Dick, 27 April 1975.
34. Michael Straight, After Long Silence (London: Collins, 1983), p. 63.
35. Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/290, Charles Fletcher-Cooke to Noël Annan, 23 November 1943.
36. Charles Fletcher-Cooke, ‘The Salzburg Festival’, Observer, 11 August 1946, p. 3; Charles Fletcher-Cooke, ‘Table-Talk’, Observer, 3 August 1952, p. 5; ‘Commons Discusses a “Peter Pan”’, Manchester Guardian, 11 December 1953, p. 3.
37. Cambridge, Trinity College, Butler of Saffron Walden papers G/40, Charles Fletcher-Cooke to Molly Butler, 18 July 1963; Charles Fletcher-Cooke, ‘End of Term’, Spectator, 5 August 1960, p. 207; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan papers D/48/96, diary of Harold Macmillan, 5 March 1963.
38. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan papers D/48/85, diary of Harold Macmillan, 21 February 1963. Some of Fletcher-Cooke’s letters to Noël Annan, deposited in the archives at King’s College, Cambridge, are withheld from scrutiny at his request until the mid-twenty-first century. These may cover the circumstances of his ministerial resignation in 1963.
39. NA KV 2/4139, serial 1580a, Note by R. C. Symonds, 13 June 1963.
Chapter 19: The Exiles
1. DBPO, series 3, vol. 1 (London: Stationery Office, 1997), pp. 299–300.
2. Philip Williams, ed., The Diary of Hugh Gaitskell, 1945–1956 (London: Cape, 1983), p. 507.
3. ‘My Mission, by Guy Burgess’ and ‘Whom do they fool?’, Sunday Express, 19 February 1956.
4. Tom Driberg, ‘They May Be Heroes’, Reynolds News, 25 February 1956; NA KV 2/4115, serial 689a, Burgess to Tom Driberg, 15 March 1956.
5. NA KV 2/4116, serial 790a, Eve Bassett to Guy Burgess, 9 August 1956.
6. NA KV 2/4118, serial 857c, Note by Robertson, 24 October 1956.
7. ‘No Sort of Traitors?’, Manchester Guardian, 30 November 1956, p. 6.
8. Edward Crankshaw, ‘Unbelievable’, Observer, 9 December 1956, p. 13; Alan Pryce-Jones, ‘Meddling Diplomatist’, Times Literary Supplement, 14 December 1956, p. 751.
9. NA KV 2/4128, serial 1156a, Eve Bassett to Guy Burgess, 26 December 1958.
10. Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives (London: Macmillan, 2001), p. 272.
11. Alan Maclean, No, I Tell a Lie, It was the Tuesday: A Trudge through the Life of Alan Maclean (London: Kyle Cathie, 1997), p. 99.
12. NA KV 2/4156, serial 981a, Donald Maclean to Philip Toynbee, 28 February 1957.
13. NA KV 2/4155, serial 933a, Donald Maclean to Lady Maclean, 17 August 1956; Don Kirschner, Cold War Exile: The Unclosed Case of Maurice Halperin (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995), p. 212; Eleanor Philby, Kim Philby: The Spy I Loved (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1968), p. 116.
14. Nora Beloff, Transit of Britain: A Report on Britain’s Changing Role in the Post-War World (London: Collins, 1973), p. 108.
15. NA KV 2/4128, serial 1176a, Edward Crankshaw, ‘Burgess and Maclean’, 21 January 1959, enclosed with Sir Patrick Reilly to Sir Patrick Dean, 23 January 1959.
16. NA KV 2/4128, serial 1157a, Sir Harold Nicolson to Guy Burgess, 4 January 1959; Alan Brien, ‘Debased Coinage’, Spectator, 5 February 1960, p. 177; Michael Young, The Chipped White Cups of Dover: A Discussion of the Possibility of a New Progressive Party (London: Unit 2, 1960), pp. 3–4.
17. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/42/43, diary of Harold Macmillan, 19 May 1961; Stephen A. Smith, ‘Towards a Global History of Communism’, in Smith, ed., The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 13; DBPO, series 3, vol. 1, p. 142.
18. Lara Feigel and John Sutherland, eds, New Selected Journals, 1939–1995: Stephen Spender (London: Faber & Faber, 2012), p. 268; ‘My pals in MI5 by Burgess’, Daily Herald, 24 April 1962.
19. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), pp. 225–6.
20. Jeremy Lewis, David Astor: A Life in Print (London: Cape, 2016), p. 248.
21. Richard Davenport-Hines and Adam Sisman, eds, One Hundred Letters from Hugh Trevor-Roper (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 397.
22. NA FO 371/64085, C6781/C6781/3G, Sir Henry Mack, Vienna, to Sir Patrick Dean, 2 May 1947; Graham Greene, Ways of Escape (London: Bodley Head, 1980), p. 126.
23. NA KV 2/4170, serial 318a, Interrogation of Peter Smolka by Arthur Martin, 2 October
1961.
24. Peter Wright, Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 173; Michael Holzman, James Jesus Angleton, the CIA, and the Craft of Counterintelligence (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), p. 346 (where, however, it is wrongly stated that Solomon was thirty years older than Philby).
25. Chapman Pincher, Their Trade is Treachery (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981), p. 64; Davenport-Hines and Sisman, One Hundred Letters, p. 397; Martin Pearce, Spymaster: The Life of Britain’s Most Decorated Cold War Spy and Head of MI6, Sir Maurice Oldfield (London: Bantam, 2016), p. 212.
26. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 13/5, diary of Hugh Trevor-Roper, 25 November 1967.
27. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/45, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 14 January 1968.
28. Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton, the CIA’s Master Spy Hunter (London: Simon & Schuster, 1991), pp. 66–7; Holzman, Angleton, p. 206.
29. ‘Danger: The Old Pals’ Act’, Daily Mirror editorial, 3 July 1963, p. 2.
30. W. N. Ewer, ‘Poor Burgess – The Tragic Heretic who was always an Unhappy Misfit’, Daily Herald, 2 September 1963.
31. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/45, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 14 January 1968.
32. Ian Fleming, ‘If I Were Prime Minister’, Spectator, 9 October 1959, p. 466; Ian Fleming, You Only Live Twice (London: Cape, 1964), chapter 8, pp. 103–4.
33. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6925, ff. 246–7.
34. Oxford, Worcester College archives, WOR/PRO 10/1/128/1, Dick White to Masterman, 5 October 1967, and Masterman to White, 7 October 1967; Phillip Knightley, David Leitch, Bruce Page and Hugo Young, ‘Government and the Press’, The Times, 23 November 1967, p. 11.
35. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/45, White to Trevor-Roper, 14 January 1968.
36. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/45, Bruce Page to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 5 January 1968.
37. Holzman, Angleton, p. 204.
38. Oxford, Worcester College archives, WOR/PRO 10/1/128/1, Lord Normanbrook to Sir J. C. Masterman, 25 March 1965; and White to Masterman, 20 May 1968.
39. Richard Deacon, The History of the British Secret Service (London: Muller, 1969), p. 402.
40. Oxford, Worcester College archives, WOR/PRO/10/1/128/1, Masterman to White, 16 May 1968; Sir John Masterman, The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), p. 188.
41. DBPO, series 3, vol. 1, pp. 68, 287, 300.
42. Ibid., pp. 92, 214, 292; Lord Greenhill of Harrow, More by Accident (York: Wilton, 1992), p. 121.
43. Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1990), p. 435.
44. DBPO, series 3, vol. 1, pp. 339–40.
45. Ibid., pp. 309–10.
46. NA KV 2/4138, serial 1559a, Guy Burgess to Sir Roy Harrod, 29 January 1963.
47. House of Lords debates, 27 July 1971, vol. 323, col. 279, and 27 October 1971, vol. 324, col. 723.
48. Gill Bennett, Six Moments of Crisis: Inside British Foreign Policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 127.
49. Ibid., p. 135.
50. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 436.
51. Patrick Keatley, ‘Spy Charges May Follow Lialine Case’, Guardian, 2 October 1971, p. 1; Robert Kaiser, ‘A Who’s Who of Spies by Philby’, ibid., p. 3.
52. Arthur Lewis, House of Commons debates, 27 October 1971, vol. 823, cols 2034–6.
53. DBPO, series 3, vol. 1, p. 423; DBPO, series 3, vol. 3 (London: Stationery Office, 2001), p. 88; DBPO, series 3, vol. 8 (London: Routledge, 2012), pp. 381, 384.
Chapter 20: The Mole Hunts
1. Evelyn Waugh, The Sword of Honour Trilogy (London: Everyman, 1994), pp. 151, 307.
2. Graham Greene, Collected Essays (London: Bodley Head, 1969), p. 414.
3. Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London: Allen Lane, 2009), p. 437.
4. Markus Wolf, Man without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spy Master (London: Cape, 1997), pp. 174–5.
5. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 503-5.
6. Ibid., pp. 438–9.
7. Peter Wright, Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 13.
8. Jenifer Hart, Ask Me No More: An Autobiography (London: Peter Halban, 1998), pp. 77-9; Sir Isaiah Berlin, Affirming: Letters, 1975–1997, ed. Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle (London: Chatto & Windus, 2015), p. 215; Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 25 October 1990.
9. Wright, Spycatcher, p. 265.
10. Ibid., pp. 265–6.
11. Ibid., pp. 265–6, 267; Hart, Ask Me No More, p. 53.
12. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/48, Ewen Montagu to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 3 January 1980, and Dick White to Trevor-Roper, 6 January 1980.
13. Berlin, Affirming, p. 525.
14. R. C. Zaehner, Concordant Discord: The Interdependence of Faiths (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), p. 6.
15. Ibid., pp. 395–6, 416, 432-3.
16. Wright, Spycatcher, pp. 244–6.
17. Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Wartime Journals, ed. Richard Davenport-Hines (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), pp. 67–8.
18. Sir Stuart Hampshire, Innocence and Experience (London: Allen Lane, 1989), p. 8.
19. Ibid., pp. 10–11.
20. Sir Stuart Hampshire, ‘Danger of taste for spy stories’, The Times, 1 December 1981, p. 11.
21. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/48, White to Trevor-Roper, 6 January 1980.
22. Graham Lord, ‘John Junor: a bigot and blatant hypocrite’, Press Gazette, 10 April 2013; Miranda Carter, Blunt: His Lives (London: Macmillan, 2001), pp. 475, 481; Malcolm Muggeridge, ‘The Eclipse of the Gentleman’, Time, 3 December 1979.
23. ‘DAMN YOUR CONSCIENCE!:, Daily Express, 21 November 1979, p. 1; ‘Daily Mail Comment’, Daily Mail, 21 November 1979, p. 6.
24. Sir Michael Howard, ‘Professor Blunt and security’, The Times, 21 November 1979, p. 15; Russell Burlingham, ibid.
25. Chapman Pincher, ‘Newest twists in the Blunt tale’, Evening News, 17 March 1980; Chapman Pincher, Traitors: The Labyrinths of Treason (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1987), p. 161; Peter Kidson, ‘Anthony Frederick Blunt’, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy, vol. 13 (Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 36–7.
26. Frederic Raphael, There and Then: Personal Terms 6 (Manchester: Carcanet, 2013), p. 141; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), pp. 107, 151, 184; Cambridge University Library, Add 9429/1G/35, Andrew Boyle to George Carey-Foster, 17 August 1978.
27. Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The unholy trinity’, Spectator, 17 November 1979, p. 22; Neal Ascherson, ‘What sort of traitors?’, London Review of Books, 7 February 1980, p. 6.
28. Boyle, Climate of Treason, pp. 197, 291–2; Berlin, Affirming, pp. 117–21.
29. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/48, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 25 January 1980.
30. Boyle, Climate of Treason, pp. 11, 87, 156, 218.
31. Chapman Pincher, Their Trade is Treachery (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981), pp. 1–2; Chapman Pincher, Too Secret Too Long: The Great Betrayal of Britain’s Crucial Secrets and the Cover-up (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984), p. 517.
32. Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Real Harm Done by the Fifth Man’, Daily Telegraph, 21 October 1990; Richard Aldrich and Rory Cormac, The Black Door: Spies, Secret Intelligence and British Prime Ministers (London: Collins, 2016), pp. 366–7.
33. Andrew, Defence of the Realm, pp. 519-20; Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 13 May 1988.
34. Robert Leeson, ed., Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part III – Fraud, Fascism an
d Free Market Religion (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), pp. ix, 33, 215, 223.
35. Richard Deacon, The British Connection: Russia’s Manipulation of British Individuals and Institutions (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1979), pp. 51–2.
36. Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 13 May 1988.
37. John Costello, Mask of Treachery: Spies, Lies, Buggery and Betrayal, the First Documented Dossier of Anthony Blunt’s Cambridge Spy Ring (New York: William Morrow, 1988), p. 605.
38. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre 10/48, Dick White to Hugh Trevor-Roper, 6 January 1980; Cambridge, King’s College archives, NGA 5/1/1029, Dick White to Noël Annan, 10 May 1989.
39. Christopher N. L. Brooke, A History of the University of Cambridge, vol. 4 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 127; Malcolm Muggeridge, ‘The Eclipse of the Gentleman’, Time, 3 December 1979; Sarah Curtis, ed., The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 229; Richard Deacon, The Cambridge Apostles: A History of Cambridge University’s Elite Intellectual Secret Society (London: Robert Boyce, 1985), pp. 61, 68.
40. Richard Davenport-Hines and Adam Sisman, eds, One Hundred Letters from Hugh Trevor-Roper (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 397–8; Anthony Cave Brown, ‘C’: The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill (New York: Macmillan, 1987), p. 173; Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret Service, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 129; Michael Holzman, James Jesus Angleton: The CIA and the Craft of Counterintelligence (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), p. 100.
41. NA KV 2/4119, serial 468a, G. R. Mitchell, ‘Philip Dennis PROCTOR’, 3 December 1953.
42. E. M. Forster, Two Cheers for Democracy (London: Edward Arnold, 1951), pp. 82–3; Ray Mills, ‘The Angry Voice’, Daily Star, 2 September & 9 September 1986.
43. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Dacre papers 10/46, Hugh Trevor-Roper to Donald McCormick, 30 October 1981.
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