Enemies Within

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Enemies Within Page 83

by Richard Davenport-Hines


  Mathew, Sir Theobald ‘Toby’ 413

  Matisse, Henri 194

  Maudling, Reginald 452, 508

  Maugham, Robin Maugham, 2nd Viscount 385–6, 480

  Maugham, W. Somerset 71, 253, 385; ‘Rain’ 182–3, 193

  Maw, Herbert ‘Bertie’ 103

  Mawby, Ray 510–511

  Maxse, Marjorie 308

  Maxwell, Sir Alexander 65, 77, 288, 442

  May, Alan Nunn: background and early life 220; at Cambridge 220, 406; CPGB membership 220, 333, 334; atomic spy 220, 299–300, 332–5, 347, 349, 421; unmasking 220, 332, 335–6; security services’ surveillance and questioning 336–8, 394; trial and imprisonment 70, 338–9, 348, 436, 465, 477, 546; later life 338; aftermath of case 369, 388, 394, 395

  May, Theresa 215

  Mayall, Sir Lees 389

  Mayhew, Christopher (later Baron Mayhew) 383

  Mayor, Teresa ‘Tess’ see Rothschild, Teresa

  Mazzini, Giuseppe 46

  Meerut conspiracy trial (1929) 157

  Melville, William 46

  memoirs, civil servants’, restrictions on 500–501, 503

  Men Only (magazine) 344, 381

  Menzies, Sir Stewart: early SIS career 96, 100; SIS Chief 270, 309, 371, 537; during wartime 270; and Gouzenko and Volkov defections 331, 371; post-war reorganization of service and appointment of successor 357–8, 380–81; and Anglo-American operation in Albania 378–9; and Burgess and Maclean defections 412; and Kim Philby 419, 492, 503; gives evidence to Cadogan committee 464

  Meredith, Frederick 156, 157, 424–5, 546

  Mersey, Clive Bigham, 2nd Viscount 41–2

  Metropolitan Police: officers’ pay 84, 85; officers’ union membership 84, 85, 205; strikes (1918–19) 54, 84–6, 91; Trenchard’s modernization plans (1933) 204–5; and prosecutions for homosexuality 469; see also Special Branch

  Metternich, Klemens von 37

  Meynell, Sir Francis 88, 89, 97, 409

  MGB (Soviet Ministry for State Security) 14, 394, 398, 399–400, 421

  MI5 (Security Service): origins and formation 43, 44–5, 46; remit 45, 49–50, 70, 161; size 46, 70, 269; administration, organizational culture and procedures xxiii, 50–51, 69–71, 255; budgets and financing 55–6, 68, 269; recruitment and characteristics of officers 67–71, 82, 254–5, 269, 270–71, 275; induction and training 106; during First World War 46; cuts following Armistice 55–6, 68; becomes lead national security service 49, 70; sources inside CPGB 484; penetration agents at Oxford in 1930s 215–16; expansion at outbreak of Second World War 269–71; wartime temporary applicants and recruits 269, 271–8, 547; wartime operations 286–90, 294–5, 319, 323–4, 354, 461–2; rivalry with SIS 287; Anthony Blunt works for 270, 271, 321–4; Guy Burgess as agent for 319–20; early Cold War challenges 354–6, 359–64; investigation of atomic spies 336–8, 343–4, 347–8; deployment of security liaison officers in colonies and formation of Overseas Department 359, 361–2; and Zionist terrorism 362–3; liaison with American security services 363–4; vetting of civil service staff 368–71; investigation of Donald Maclean 394–5, 398, 430; and Burgess and Maclean defections 399, 401, 409, 418; interviewing of Burgess’s associates and sexual partners 463–4, 480–81; investigation and interrogation of Philby 418–20, 438, 446–7; interrogations of John Cairncross 421–2, 513; investigation of Philby’s other contacts and review of old cases 422–5, 493–4; denigration of service following Burgess and Maclean defections 453–7, 501–5, 547–8; and Philby’s defection 497, 513, 514–15; subsequent mole hunts for further traitors 513–21, 532–4; and 1971 expulsion of Soviet agents from London 508–9; and allegations against Maurice Oldfield 541

  MI6 see SIS (Secret Intelligence Service)

  Middleton, Sir George 318, 392, 447

  Milford, Wogan Philipps, 2nd Baron 251–2

  Military Intelligence Division (United States) 280

  Millar, Frederick Hoyer (later 1st Baron Inchyra) 387

  Miller, Hugh M. 70–71, 73, 88, 92, 255

  Miller, Peter 86

  Mills, Bertram 271–2

  Mills, Cyril 271–3, 275, 331

  Mills, Kenneth 386

  Mills, Ray 539

  Milmo, Sir Helenus 290, 419–20, 438

  Milne, A.A. 180; Winnie the Pooh 322

  Milne, George Milne, 1st Baron 42, 148

  Milne, Ian ‘Tim’ 179, 180, 206, 221, 314, 331, 381, 453

  MINCEMEAT, Operation (disinformation strategy; 1943) 273, 432

  Mine, London (FO drinking-hole) 121

  Minley Manor, Surrey, War Office training centre 321, 322

  misogyny 176, 202–3; see also sex discrimination and inequality

  Mission to Moscow (film; 1943) 298–9

  Mitchell, Graham: MI5 career 370, 443; investigation of 515–16; exonerated 516

  Mitchison, Naomi 231

  Mitford, Nancy 412; Don’t Tell Alfred 430

  Mitrokhin, Vasili 275

  Modin, Yuri 347, 384, 395, 398–9, 414, 421, 437–8, 446

  Modrzhinskaya, Elena 305–6, 322–3, 328

  Moholy-Nagy, László 163

  Molière 227, 258

  Molotov, Vyacheslav 6, 9, 32, 298, 313

  Monkland, George 150, 151

  Monroe Doctrine 361

  Monsarrat, Nicholas 163

  Montagu of Beaulieu, Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron 309; trials 469–70

  Montagu, Ewen 520, 533

  Montenegro 40, 206

  Montgomery, Peter 206

  Montgomery of Alamein, Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount 177

  Montreal 334–5, 336, 518

  Montreux naval conference (1936) 160

  Moody, Charles 73–4, 150, 160, 344, 349, 381

  Moody, Gerty/Gerda (née Isaacs) 344, 349

  Moore, G.E. 205

  Moore, Henry 163

  Moorehead, Alan 338

  moral panics, definition of 425

  Morocco 42, 101, 102

  Morris of Borth-y-Gest, John Morris, Baron 289

  Morrison, Herbert (later Baron Morrison of Lambeth): Home Secretary 442–3; Deputy Prime Minister 370; Foreign Secretary 398, 409, 411–12, 441, 443, 446, 463; and Cambridge spies 398, 409, 411–12, 442, 443; opinions and views 442–3, 446, 463

  Morton, Sir Desmond: SIS officer 55, 57; and Zinoviev letter 99–100; formation of SIS economic section (Section VI) 148–9; and ARCOS raid 103–4; head of Industrial Intelligence Centre 149; wartime security adviser to Churchill 270, 273, 289; post-war career 358

  Moscow 478; British embassy 416, 435–6, 476, 477; National Hotel 482; US embassy 28

  Moscow Narodny Bank, London branch 158, 508

  Moscow News (newspaper) 154

  Mosley, Sir Oswald 136, 156, 412

  Mott, Sir Nevill 339

  Mott, Norman 291

  Mount, Lady Julia 391

  Moxon, Margaret ‘Peggy’ 210

  Muggeridge, Malcolm 292, 324, 409, 454–5, 526, 527, 537

  Mundt, Karl 366–7

  Munich agreement (1938) 170, 258, 260, 340, 361

  munitions works see armaments manufacture

  Münzenberg, Willi 221, 245, 339

  Murdoch, Rupert 543

  Mussadiq, Muhammad 522

  Mussolini, Benito 7, 27, 64, 67, 96, 231, 253, 499

  MVD (Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs) 14

  Nagasaki, atomic bombing 335, 342–3

  Nahum, Ephraim ‘Ram’ 333

  Namier, Sir Lewis 374

  Napoleon I, Emperor of the French 37

  Napoleon III, Emperor of the French 6–7

  Napoleonic wars 4

  Nash, Norman 428

  Nathanson, Isser 362

  National Council for Civil Liberties 157

  National Unemployed Workers’ Movement 154, 226

  National Union of Police and Prison Officers see NUPPO

  nationalism and nationalists xxvii, 79–82, 188, 304, 406, 427, 432, 509; Indian 45, 49; Irish 45, 46–7, 387; Italian 46; Scottish 71;
Spanish 59, 173, 261–2; Ukrainian 9, 29; see also exceptionalism, English

  nationalization of industry 363

  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): formation 361, 385; West German admission 432

  Nazi Germany: Hitler’s rise to power 221; British officials’ assessments of 58, 136, 260; communists in 339; rearmament 153–4; remilitarization of Rhineland 153; racial ideology and atrocities 174, 523–4; sabotage activities in Austria 231; Anschluss of Austria 213, 238–9, 260; invasion of Poland 267, 270; invasion of Soviet Union 284, 294–5; opposition to regime 431; Soviet victory over 301–4

  Nazi–Soviet pact (1939) 136, 138, 139, 144, 267, 277, 293; response of Western communists 157, 211, 212, 214, 266–7, 280, 294, 309, 334, 340

  Netherlands 22, 35, 137; Nazi occupation 145, 264, 449, 526, 531; see also Hague, The

  Neue Freie Presse (Austrian newspaper) 240

  New College, Oxford 218, 445

  New Republic (magazine) 139

  New Statesman (magazine) 228

  New York 342, 356, 406, 479; Century Club 367

  New York Times 366, 493

  New Zealand 361

  Newbold, J.T. Walton 52, 152

  Newburn, Roger 317

  Newcastle-upon-Tyne: City Hall 298; shipyards 147

  Newman, John Henry 418

  Newnham College, Cambridge 202

  News Chronicle 262

  News of the World 406, 477, 537

  Newsam, Sir Frank 65

  Newspaper Publishers Association 524

  Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 3, 7, 8

  nicknames, use of 66, 117, 179, 480

  Nicolson, Benedict 416

  Nicolson, Sir Harold 252, 266, 276, 316, 411, 459, 489–90; and Guy Burgess 209, 252, 320, 384, 412, 416

  Nixon, Richard 366, 367

  NKGB (Soviet People’s Commissariat of State Security) 14, 371, 372; and atomic spies 341, 343, 350, 421; US network 307, 350

  NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs): formation 14; administration and procedures 50; characteristics of agents 16; organizational culture 305–6, 332

  Nobel prizes: chemistry 340; peace 266, 362, 518; physics 205, 333, 336

  Noel-Baker, Francis 382

  Noel-Baker, Philip (later Baron Noel-Baker) 535

  Norman, Egerton Herbert 223, 518, 541

  Normanbrook, Norman Brook, 1st Baron 354, 454, 464, 503

  Northumberland, Alan Percy, 8th Duke of 51

  Norway 26

  Norwood, Sir Cyril 192–3

  Norwood, Melita 163–4, 170, 341, 343

  Nottingham, High Pavement School 428

  novels, spy 44, 103, 152, 246, 311, 390, 475, 480, 498–500, 525–6

  nuclear disarmament campaigns 453, 484

  nuclear power see atomic energy

  nuclear weapons see atomic and nuclear weapons

  Nunn May, Alan see May, Alan Nunn

  NUPPO (National Union of Police and Prison Officers) 84–6, 91–2, 105, 109

  Nussbaum, Hilary (later Norwood) 164

  Nye, Gerald 152–3

  Nye Committee (Special Senate Committee of Investigation into the Munitions Industry) 152–3, 279

  Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 335

  Oake, Raymond 129, 131–4

  Oates, Titus xxiv, 533

  Obama, Barack 546

  Obert de Thieusies, Vicomte Alain 428

  Obrenović dynasty (Serbia), deposition 7

  Observer (newspaper) 277, 394, 417, 440, 456, 479, 485, 492, 495, 501, 524–5

  Odessa 13, 150

  Odhams Press (newspaper publisher) 112

  Office of Co-ordination of Information (United States) see COI

  Office of Naval Intelligence (United States) 280, 284–5

  Office of Strategic Services (United States) see OSS

  Official Secrets Act (1911) 45, 511, 533; prosecutions 103, 110, 157

  OGPU (Soviet Combined State Political Directorate) 13–14, 16, 21, 24, 50, 201; Oldham works for 123–9, 131; Oake works for 131–4; King works for 133–6, 140–41; see also GPU

  Okhrana (Imperial Russian secret police) 4–6, 10–11, 12, 86

  Oldfield, Sir Maurice: background, education and early life 374, 539, 543; character and sexuality 461, 462, 526, 539, 540, 541, 542; intelligence career 123, 374–6, 377, 380, 432, 461, 539–40; retirement as SIS chief 114, 540; visiting Fellow at All Souls 540; recalled to posting in Northern Ireland 540; allegations about sexual conduct 540–41; interrogated by MI5 541; visited by Margaret Thatcher 541, 543; death 541; press coverage and aftermath of allegations 541–3

  Oldham, Ernest: background, character and early life 121, 123, 136, 458; joins Foreign Office 121–2; first posts with Communications Department 116, 117, 122–3; marriage and personal life 123, 127, 250; promoted to Staff Officer of Communications Department 123; espionage activities 123–9, 131, 143; alcoholic breakdowns 124, 127, 128, 129, 458; dismissed from FO 128–9; investigated by MI5 and FO 129–30, 131; death 130; repercussions of case 130–31, 133

  Oldham, Lucy 123, 127, 128–9, 146

  Oliver, F.S., The Endless Adventure xxiv

  Oliver, Sir Roland 338–9

  Olympic Games: International Olympic Committee 540; London (1948) 450

  O’Malley, Sir Owen 20, 75, 79, 121, 122, 243–4, 296, 302

  O’Neill, Sir Con 260–61, 266

  opinion polls, on communism vs. Nazism 267–8

  Oprichnina (Russian political police) 4

  Ordzhonikidze (Soviet cruiser) 483

  Oriel College, Oxford 212, 262

  Orlov, Alexander 241–2, 243, 247–8, 252

  Orthodox Church, Russian 8

  Orwell, George, Animal Farm 300

  OSS (US Office of Strategic Services): formation and remit 280, 285–6; recruitment of personnel 280–81; communist agents in 212, 281–3, 284, 305, 324, 346; replaced by CIA 377

  Osterley Park, Home Guard Training Establishment 277

  Ostrowski, Lieschen 210

  Ottawa: British high commission 221, 332; Soviet embassy 330–31, 332, 334

  Ottaway, John 106–7, 129–30, 163

  Otten, Karl 431

  Ottoman Empire 40, 507; Young Turks 7, 41; see also Turkey

  OVERLORD, Operation (D-Day landings; 1944) 324

  Overseas Development, Ministry of 520

  Ovey, Sir Esmond 18, 151

  Owen, David (later Baron Owen) 542

  Owen, Will 175–6, 510

  Oxford 214, 216; City Council 217; St Edward’s School 428; see also Cowley

  Oxford and Cambridge Club, London 292

  Oxford City (parliamentary constituency) 217

  Oxford Union debates 215; (1919) 196; (1933; ‘King and Country’) 211, 282

  Oxford University xxiii, 153, 237; compared to Cambridge 203–4, 210, 214–19; homosexuality at 218, 535; Rhodes scholars 94, 211–14, 216, 282; security services’ investigations of 517, 518–19; undergraduates and communism 196–9, 202, 210–218; see also All Souls College; Balliol College; Brasenose College; Christ Church; Hertford College; Magdalen College; New College; Oriel College; St Anne’s College; St Edmund Hall; University College; Wadham College; Worcester College

  Oxford University Labour Club 202, 216

  pacifism and pacifists 49, 88, 152, 211, 249, 260, 485

  Page, Bruce 502

  Page, Sir Denys 314

  Palestine 109–110, 140, 360, 361, 362, 363, 389

  Palliser, Sir Michael 432, 433

  Palmela, Domingos de Sousa Holstein-Beck, Duque de 428

  Palmer, Leonard 314

  Paparov, Fyodor 259

  Paris: British embassy 192, 259–61; St Michael’s Anglican Church 192, 322

  Paris Peace Conference (1919) 121; see also Versailles, treaty of

  Parker of Waddington, Hubert Parker, Baron 451

  Parkhurst prison 81, 117

  Parlanti, Conrad 134–5, 141

  Parmoor, Charles Cripps, 1st Baron 100


  Part, Sir Antony 506

  passport control officers (PCOs), SIS officers deployed as 59–60, 135, 253

  Pasternak, Boris, Dr Zhivago 486

  Patterson, Robert 285

  Pauker, Karl 30–31

  Pax Britannica 38

  Peake, Iris 449

  Pearce, Martin 543

  Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack (1941) 284, 355, 536

  Pearson, Lester 518

  Peierls, Sir Rudolf 340, 342, 347, 535

  Pembroke, Marie de Valence, Countess of 203

  Pembroke College, Cambridge 19, 203

  Penney, Sir Ronald 355, 358

  Penning-Rowsell, Edmund 405–6

  People (newspaper) 438–9, 472–3, 474

  Percy, Lord Eustace (later 1st Baron Percy of Newcastle) 44, 45

  ‘Permissive Society’ 455, 456

  Perth, James Drummond, 3rd Duke of 36

  Perth, Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of 27

  Perutz, Max 203, 340

  Pétain, Philippe 206, 315

  Peter I ‘the Great’, Tsar of Russia 3, 8

  Péter, Gábor 232

  ‘Peter the Painter’ (criminal) 106

  Peterhouse, Cambridge 478

  Peterson, Sir Maurice 32, 121, 268, 371, 373, 460

  Petrie, Sir David 269–70, 355

  Petrov, Evdokia 437

  Petrov, Vladimir 437–8, 440, 442, 471, 472, 483, 484

  Petrovsky, Max 93, 112

  Philby, Aileen (née Furse) 308, 373, 374, 380, 387–8, 414, 417, 419, 491–2, 494–5

  Philby, Dora (née Johnston) 177, 376, 492

  Philby, Dudley 308

  Philby, Eleanor (earlier Brewer) 493

  Philby, Harry 308

  Philby, John 308

  Philby, Josephine 308

  Philby, Kim: family background 177–8; birth and naming 177; upbringing and schooling 173–6, 178–85, 194–5; at Cambridge 199, 205, 206–7, 306; politicization 199, 207, 209; leaves Cambridge 221–2, 231; in Vienna 232–4, 379; marriage to Litzi Friedmann 232, 234, 235, 308, 373; returns to London 234; recruited as Soviet agent 177, 199, 210, 221–2, 234–7, 239, 422; induction as agent 240–42, 246, 248–9; and recruitment of Maclean and Burgess 242–3, 247; journalist in Spain during civil war 261–2, 309; decorated by Franco 262, 309; returns to London 262–3; relationship with Aileen Furse 308, 373; Krivitsky’s incomplete identification of 143–4; admission to SIS 270, 271, 308–310, 318–19; training of SOE operatives 309–310, 319, 426; head of sub-section for Iberia 310–312; wartime material supplied to Soviets 294, 305, 306–7, 312, 319; Soviet handlers’ treatment of 305–7, 324; and Juan Gómez de Lecube 290; and Peter Smolka 278, 312; head of SIS Section IX 314, 357; and Gouzenko defection 331, 337; and Volkov and Rado attempted defections 372–3, 374–6, 381, 418; marriage to Aileen Furse 308, 373, 374, 380, 491–2, 494–5; posting to Istanbul 373–4, 375–6; as potential future chief of SIS 376, 381, 503–4; Oldfield’s suspicions of 375–6, 377, 380, 432; posting to Washington embassy 377–8, 379–81; continued espionage activities and betrayals 377, 378–9, 380, 522; mounting fear of exposure 377–8, 381, 386; warns of VENONA evidence 347, 386, 430; and Burgess’s posting to Washington embassy 387–8, 397; learns of security services’ investigation of Maclean 395–6; under security services’ investigation 410, 414, 418, 446–7; recalled to London 414, 418; interrogated by White, Milmo and Skardon 261, 418–20, 438; leaves SIS 419, 438, 503; MI5’s investigation and interrogation of contacts 421–4, 493–4; domestic life in England 491–2; and Vladimir Petrov’s defection and revelations 437–8; reinterviewed by SIS 444; parliamentary exchanges on 442, 447; exonerated by Macmillan 444–5; holds press conference denying guilt 446, 447; death of wife 492; resumes work for SIS 492–3, 504; posting to Beirut 492–3, 514; marriage to Eleanor Brewer 493; denounced by Flora Solomon 494–5; confronted by SIS in Beirut 495–6, 497; defection 180, 496–7; reactions to defection 309, 354, 480, 497–8, 501–2, 503–4, 514–15, 545–6; publication of Sunday Times account of case 175, 499, 501–2; publication of memoirs (My Secret War) 310, 314, 357, 453, 499, 502–3, 512–13; response to expulsion of Soviet agents in London 510

 

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