by Will Durant
54. Epistles, II, 421.
55. “Peace Protests!” in Chapiro, 173, 183.
56. Tract “On the Immense Mercy of God” in Bainton, Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, 218.
57. Froude, 195.
58. Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, 48.
59. Froude, 108.
60. Folly, 215.
61. Froude, 130-1, 144.
62. Beard, Luther, 97.
63. Erasmus, Encheiridion, in Beard, 98.
64. Letter of March 25, 1520, m Murray, Erasmus and Luther, 83.
65. Colloquies, I, 98.
66. Ibid., 182.
67. Letter of Jan. 5, 1523, in Chapiro, 105.
68. Epistles, II, 143; Froude, 171-2.
69. Epistles, II, 163, 327.
70. Smith, Erasmus, 150.
71. Epistles, III, iv
72. Smith, 155.
73. Cf., e.g., Smith, 176-9.
74. Epistles, I, 42.
75. In Froude, 172.
76. Epistles, II, 176.
77. Ibid., III, 186.
78. Ibid., 94.
79. Letters to Fabricius Capito, Feb. 26, 1517, and to Leo X in Epistles, II, 505, 521.
80. Epistles, III, 48.
CHAPTER XV
1. Bax, German Society at Close of the Middle Ages, 54-6.
2. Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 562.
3. Janssen, II, 39, 41; Kautsky, 91.
4. Adams, B., Law of Civilization and Decay, 56.
5. Strieder, J., Jacob Fugger, 124,
6. Ibid., 86-9.
7. Crump, Legacy of Middle Ages, 449; Janssen, II, 87; Schapiro, J. S., Social Reform and the Reformation, 32.
8. Janssen, II, 85.
9. Ibid., 88.
10. Bax, German Society, 234-5; Schapiro, 29.
11. In Schapiro, 30.
12. Janssen, II, 88; Boissonade, Life and Work in Medieval Europe, 299.
13. Schapiro, 30.
14. Ibid., 31.
15. Schoenhof, Money and Prices, 72.
16. Janssen, II, 82.
17. Ibid., 3.
18. Adams, B., Civilization and Decay, 56.
19. Janssen, II, 60; Francke, Hy of German Literature, 103.
20. Janssen, I, 140.
21. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 175.
22. Comines, Memoirs, v, 18.
23. Ranke, Reformation, 100, 108-9.
24. In Villari, Machiavelli, I, 444; Janssen II, 202.
25. Creighton, Hy of the Papacy, IV, 94.
26. Janssen, II, 260.
27. Schoenfeld, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 188 f.
28. Beard, Luther, 147.
29. Müller-Lyer, Evolution of Modern Marriage, 57.
30. En. Brit., XVIII, 598b.
31. Schoenfeld, 181.
32. Schultz, A., Deutsches Leben in XIV und XV Jahrhundert, I, 277, 283.
33. Lacroix, Prostitution, I, 165-7.
34. Coulton, Medieval Village, 248; Headlam, Nuremberg, 163-4.
35. Ibid., 164-8.
36. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 638.
37. In Whitcomb, Literary Source Book of the German Renaissance, 63.
38. Richard, E., Hy of German Civilization, 219.
39. Janssen, II, 64.
40. Ibid., 6.
41. Janssen, I, 168.
42. Speculum, Jan. 1931.
43. In Headlam, Nuremberg, 208.
44. Cf. Glück, Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, 100-1; Haug, H., Grünewald, 1-3, 13-18.
45. Cf. Bock, Geschichte der Graphischen Kunst, 260-1.
46. The ascription of this picture to Grünewald follows Haug. Stänge assigns it to the Master of the House Book.
47. N. Y. Times, April 7, 1928.
48. In Cust, Paintings and Drawings of Albrecht Dürer, 17.
49. Camerarius in La Fargue, Great Masters, 197.
50. Panofsky, Dürer, I, 43.
51. Ibid., II.
52. Ibid., 8.
53. Cust, 59; Janssen, XI, 94.
54. N.Y. Times magazine, April 8,1928, p. 11.
55. Cust, 31.
56. In Panofsky, I, 44.
57. Panofsky, II, fig. 171.
58. Id., I, 6.
59. Ibid., 208.
60. In Scott, W. B., Albert Dürer, 136.
61. Ibid., 154-6.
62. Janssen, I, 301.
63. Hughes, P., The Reformation in England, I, 100; Beard, Luther, 53.
64. In La Tour, Les origines de la Réforme, II, 340.
65. In Janssen, I, 78.
66. In Thompson, Social and Economic Hy, 604.
67. Janssen, I, 108.
68. Schoenfeld, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 218.
69. In Smith, Age of the Reformation, 54.
70. Strauss, D., Ulrich von Hutten, 22.
71. Creighton, Hy of the Papacy, VI, 32.
72. Robertson, J. M., Hy of Freethought, I, 435.
73. Creighton, VI, 31.
74. Ibid., 32.
75. Acton, Lectures on Modern History, 84.
76. Ranke, Reformation, 135; Beard, Luther, 85.
77. In Janssen, I, 104.
78. Strauss, Hutten, 112 f .
79. Henderson, E., Hy of Germany in the Middle Ages, 131.
80. Janssen, I, 278.
81. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 675.
82. Lacroix, Prostitution, 960.
83. Strauss, 89.
84. Janssen, III, 74.
85. Ibid.
86. Strauss, 83.
87. Janssen, III, 72.
88. Letter of Nov. 1519 in Froude, Erasmus, 252.
89. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, III, 89.
90. Janssen, II, 298; Ranke, 140; Beard, Luther, 48.
91. Preface to Luther’s edition of Wessel’s Farrago, in Creighton, Papacy, VI, 7.
92. Ranke, 120.
93. Beard, Luther, 35.
94. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 106.
95. Tawney, R. H., Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 138.
96. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 106.
97. Janssen, II, 292-6; cf. III, 77, and Catholic Encyclopedia, IX, 446.
98. Thompson, 500.
99. Pastor, VII, 326.
100. In Pastor, II, 413; italics mine.
101. Pastor, III, 194; 98 f.; Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 689.
102. Pastor, VI, 85.
103. Pastor, I, 157-8.
104. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 690.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Acton, Lectures on Modern Hy, 91; Thompson, Social and Economic Hy, 425, 428; Ranke, Reformation, 151.
2. Friar Myconius in Thatcher, O. J., Source Book for Medieval Hy, 339.
3. In Robertson, W., Charles V, I, 372.
4. Pastor, VII, 349.
5. Luther, Works, I, 26; Thesis 75.
6. Beard, Luther, 257.
7. Acton, 97.
8. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 127.
9. Ranke, Reformation, 154.
10. Beard, 121; Smith, P., Luther, 2.
11. In D’Arcy, M. C., Thomas Aquinas, 254.
12. Ranke, 144; Beard, 156.
13. Beard, 165.
14. Luther, Tischreden, lxxvii, in Gregorovius, Hy of Rome, VIII-1, 249.
15. Ganss, H. G., in Cath. En., IX, 441.
16. In Janssen, III, 97.
17. Ibid., 89.
18. Cath. En., IX, 442.
19. In Pastor, VII, 354.
20. Cath. En., IX, 443.
21. In Beard, 231-3.
22. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 132.
23. Ranke, 160.
24. Roscoe, Wm., Leo X, II, 95, 105-7.
25. Pastor, VII, 367.
26. H. von Schubert in Smith, Luther, ix.
27. In Pastor, VII, 378.
28. Smith, Reformation, 700.
29. Beard, 270.
30. Ibid., 273-4; Ranke, 195; Cath. En., IX, 443; Acton, 94-5.
31. Pastor, VII, 382; Beard, 272.
32. Smith, Luther, 56.
33. Cath. En., IX, 444.
34. Smith
, Luther, 71.
35. Letter of Aug. 20, 1531, in Froude, Erasmus, 397.
36. In Ledderhose, Life of Melanchthon, 30.
37. In Beard, 279.
38. In Strauss, Hutten, 263.
39. In Pastor, VII, 389; Janssen, III, III.
40. Strauss, 225.
41. Werke, VIII, 203, in Beard, 352.
42. Pastor, VII, 384; Smith, Luther, 75,
43. Luther, Works, II, 63.
44. Ibid., 69-70.
45. 76.
46. 78.
47. 83-99, italics mine.
48. 110-42.
49. 138-9.
50. Babylonian Captivity, in Works, II, 188.
51. Ibid., 257.
52. In Janssen, III, 129.
53. Works, II, 269-71.
54. Ibid., 293.
55. 302-10.
56. 299.
57. 331.
58. 318.
59. Ranke, 215; Pastor, VII, 400-8; Janssen, III, 30.
60. Ranke, 220; Beard, 375.
61. Hume, M., The Spanish People, 331.
62. Adams, Brooks, Civilization and Decay, 98.
63. Strieder, Jacob Fugger, 153.
64. Michelet, III, 174.
65. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 428.
66. Armstrong, E., Charles V, I, 69.
67. Janssen, III, 173.
68. Pastor, VII, 423.
69. Lingard, Hy of England, IV, 225.
70. In Janssen, III, 172; Bainton, Here I Stand, 175.
71. Strauss, 276 f.
72. Beard, 421-3.
73. Janssen, III, 182.
74. Beard, 432.
75. Bainton, Here I Stand, 185.
76. Ibid.; Schaff, German Reformation, 29.
77. Bainton, Here I Stand, 185; cf. Cath. En. IX, 446d, and the Protestant authors there cited.
78. Creighton, Hy of the Papacy, VI, 176.
79. Carlyle, Thos., Heroes and Hero Worship, 360.
80. Bainton, Here 1 Stand, 186.
81. Acton, 101.
82. Bainton, 189.
83. Ibid., 195.
84. Taylor, H. O., Thought and Expression in the 16th Century, II, 213.
85. Bax, German Society, 142; Lecky, History of Rationalism, I, 22.
86. Janssen, III, 246-8.
87. Bainton, 200.
88. Ibid., 205-6; Ranke, 251.
89. Luther, Works, III, 206-7.
90. Ibid., 211.
91. Ranke, 254.
92. Bainton, 208.
93. Janssen, III, 259.
94. Ibid., 263.
95. Bainton, 214.
96. Beard, 127.
97. Janssen, IV, 98.
98. Smith, Luther, 155.
99. Ibid., 168.
100. 380.
101. Froude, Erasmus, 294.
102. Janssen, XIV, 408.
103. Luther, Table Talk, 118.
104. Werke (Walch), VIII, 2042, in Beard, The Reformation of the 16th Century in Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge, 161.
105. Luther, Table Talk, 353.
106. Luther, Werke (Erlangen), VI, 142-8, in Maritain, Three Reformers, 33, and Beard, Reformation, 156.
107. In Paulsen, German Education, 47.
108. In Janssen, III, 240.
109. Schaff, German Reformation, 35-6.
110. Luther, T.T., 24.
111. Smith, Luther, xi.
112. T.T., 2.
113. Ibid., 91, 96.
114. 67.
115. 15.
116. 797; Smith, Luther, 362.
117. T.T., 574.
118. Sermon of March 6, J521; Janssen, XII, 316.
119. Maritain, Three Reformers, 30.
120. Smith, Reformation, 653.
121. Lecky, Rationalism, I, 22.
122. T.T., 577, 597; Janssen, XIV, 87.
123. Janssen, XII, 317.
124. Lecky, Rationalism, I, 23.
125. T.T., 579-86, 608.
126. Luther, Works, III, 235-7.
127. Works, II, 391.
128. Ibid., 316.
129. T.T., 283.
130. Romans, x, 9.
131. Mark, xvi, 16.
132. Works, II, 316.
133. Werke, XL, 436; XXV, 330, 142, 130; Werke (Erlangen), XVIII, 260.
134. Werke (Erlangen), XX, 58; LX, 107-8; Werke (Weimar), X-2, 276.
135. O’Brien, G., Economic Effects of the Reformation, 41.
136. Works, II, 328-9.
137. Ibid., 331.
138. Romans, ix, 18.
139. Luther, De servo arbitrio, in Janssen, IV, 104.
140. De servo arbitrio, in Lecky, Rationalism, I, 140.
141. In Fülöp-Miller, R., Saints That Moved the World, 291.
142. Janssen, IV, 114.
143. T.T., 96.
144. Ibid., 178.
145. Works, II, 188.
146. Werke, XXVIII, 142-201, in Bax, German Society, 188-90.
147. Works, III, 258-61.
148. In Janssen, III, 268.
149. In Allen, J. W., Political Thought, 330.
150. Works, IV, 25.
151. Ibid., 26, 29.
152. Works, II, 160.
153. Ibid., IV, 35.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Richard, E., German Civilization, 250.
2. Janssen, III, 214.
3. Pastor, IX, 134.
4. Schapiro, J. S., Social Reform, 34-5.
5. Richard, 250; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 174.
6. Luther, Works, III, 204-5.
7. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 183.
8. Janssen, III, 221; Schapiro, 103-14.
9. Janssen, III, 223; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 177.
10. Janssen, III, 342.
11. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 193.
12. Kautsky, 116-119.
13. Ibid., 121.
14. 130.
15. Ranke, Reformation, 338.
16. In Kautsky, 139.
17. Ibid., 144.
18. Luther, Works, IV, 210-16.
19. Ibid., 220-1.
20. 240.
21. 244.
22. Ranke, 459.
23. Janssen, IV, 166; Bax, Peasant? War, 79-84.
24. Ranke, 348-9.
25. Robinson, J. H., Readings in European Hy, 289 f; Bax, Peasants’ War, 156-60.
26. Ranke, 344.
27. Bax, Peasants’ War, 101.
28. Ibid., 118-30.
29. In Janssen, IV, 208
30. Bax, 76, 224.
31. Ibid., 205.
32. 229.
33. Luther, Works, IV, 248-54.
34. Bax, 265-6.
35. Ibid., 312-5.
36. 303.
37. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 191.
38. Bax, 336-7.
39. Armstrong, Charles V, I, 222.
40. Ranke, 360.
41. Schapiro, 86; Smith, Luther, 164.
42. Ibid., 165.
43. 164.
44. Works, IV, 261.
45. Ibid., 261-72.
46. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 192.
47. Ranke, 728.
48. Payne, E. A., Anabaptists, 11.
49. Kautsky, 164..
50. Ibid., 166.
51. Allen, Political Thought, 43.
52. Ranke, 732-3.
53. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 82.
54. Janssen, IV, 114.
55. Kautsky, 176.
56. Ibid., 185.
57. 187.
58. Ranke, 729.
59. Kautsky, 192.
60. Ranke, 757.
61. Kautsky, 255-6.
62. Ibid., 257.
63. 260.
64. 273.
65. Ranke, 745-6.
66. Smithson, R. J., Anabaptists, 179-80.
67. Kautsky, 290; Ranke, 755.
68. Smithson, 181.
69. Fosdick, Great Voices of the Reformation, 285.
70. Payne, Anabaptists, 16.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Cath. En., XV, 773.
/>
2. Schaff, Swiss Ref., 6.
3. Ibid.
4. Hughes, Reformation, I, 124.
5. Schaff, 24.
6. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 713.
7. Schaff, 32.
8. Ranke, 513.
9. Schaff, 52-3.
10. Fosdick, 183.
11. Ibid., 173, 191,
12. Lea, Auricular Confession, I, 519.
13. Fosdick, 190.
14. Schaff, 59.
15. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 321, 334.
16. Smith, Erasmus, 391.
17. Schaff, 94.
18. Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 36-8.
19. Erasmus, Epistle of May 9, 1529, in Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 112.
20. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 207-10.
21. In Janssen, V, 231.
22. Schaff, 177.
23. Ibid.
24. Bossuet, Variations, II, 29.
25. En. Brit., XXIII, 998.
26. Schaff, 188.
27. Smith, Luther, 290.
28. T.T., 801.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Kauffmann Collection, Berlin.
2. Werke, XLII, 582, in Maritain, 171.
3. Werke, X-2, 304, in Maritain, 171.
4. T.T., 715.
5. Ibid., 752.
6. Maulde, Women of the Renaissance, 467.
7. Werke, X-2, 301, in Maritain, 184.
8. Bainton, Here I Stand, 299.
9. T.T., 715.
10. Bainton, 301.
11. T.T., 737.
12. Ibid., 751.
13. In Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 417.
14. In Fosdick, 71.
15. Smith, Luther, 354.
16. Schaff, German Reformation, 465,
17. Bainton, 304.
18. Smith, 320.
19. Letter to Pope Leo, 1520.
20. Luther, Works, I, 7.
21. Janssen, XI, 349; Luther, Works, II, 231; Bainton, 295.
22. Bainton, 295.
23. Janssen, III, 242.
24. Werke, VIII, 624, in Maritain, 188.
25. In Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, 207.
26. T.T., 462.
27. Werke, XXV, 108, in Cath. En., IX, 447b.
28. T.T., 319.
29. Gasquet, Eve of the Reformation, 173.
30. Smith, Luther, 407; Bainton, Here I Stand, 295.
31. Smith, 355.
32. Ibid., 326.
33. In Janssen, XI, 253.
34. Bainton, 225.
35. T.T., 100.
36. Smith, Luther, 322.
37. Ibid., 349.
38. Ibid.
39. Janssen, XII, 16; T.T., 114.
40. Ibid., 257.
41. 91, 96.
42. 780.
43. Jusserand, Literary History of the English People, II, 167
44. T.T., 841.
45. Ibid., 413.
46. Luther, Works, I, 76.
47. Ibid., 142.
48. Works, III, 251.
49. Bainton, Here, 314.
50. PForfo., III, 204, 207.
51. Preface to the Shorter Catechism.
52. Werke (Erlangen), XXIX, 46-74, in Jewish Encyc., VIII, 213.