by Will Durant
13. From Sir E. Dudley, Tree of the Commonwealth (1509), in Coulton, Social Life in Britain, 354.
14. Green, J. R., Short History of the English People, II, 568; Mrs. Green, Town Life, II, 70.
15. Camb. Med. Hy, VIII, 441-2.
16. Ibid.
17. Holinshed, iii, 632.
18. Ibid., 636.
19. Coulton, Social Life, 37.
20. Lounsbury, II, 346; Wright, Homes of Other Days, 429.
21. Paston Letters, I, 70.
22. Holinshed, iii, 508.
23. Cf. Percy’s Reliques, II, 88 f.
24. Salzman, 230.
25. Mrs. Green, Town Life, I, 212-5; Coulton, Chaucer, 200.
26. Camb. Med. Hy, VIII, 365.
27. In Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 304.
28. Sarton, III-i, 158.
29. Wright, Homes, 379.
30. Hammerton, Universal History, VI, 3443.
31. Hearnshaw, Social and Political Ideas of... the Renaissance and the Reformation, 75.
32. Chaucer, Parson’s Tale, lines 415-30.
33. Stubbs, III, 288.
34. Hearnshaw, op. cit., 82.
35. Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 126.
36. Id., Black Death, 112.
37. Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 334; Sarton III-2, 1046; Trevelyan, England in the Age of Wycliffe, 179, 317, 321, 327.
38. Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 490,
39. Trevelyan, Wycliffe, 334.
40. Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV, Epilogue.
41. Cath. Encyc., X, 335.
42. Trevelyan, Wycliffe, 347-9.
43. In Sellery, Renaissance, 207.
44. Jusserand, English Wayfaring, 192.
45. Mantle, Burns, and Gassner, A Treasury of the Theater, 1345.
46. Putnam, G. H., Books and Their Makers during the Middle Ages, II, 104.
47. Kittredge, G. L., Harvard Studies ....in Philology and Literature, II, 87 f.
48. Malory, Morte d’Arthur, iii, 15.
49. Ibid., x, 5.
50. Paston Letters, I, 81.
51. Gasquet, Eve of the Reformation, 220.
52. Einstein, Lewis, Italian Renaissance in England, 36.
53. Ibid., 38.
54. Smith, P., Erasmus, 95-6.
55. Seebohm, The Oxford Reformers, 70-1, 74-6, 110.
CHAPTER VI
1. Blok, History... of the Netherlands, II, 289.
2. Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, II, 471; Michelet, x, 4; Blok, II, 289.
3. Pirenne, Histoire, II, 471.
4. Huizinga, 289.
5. Ibid., 203.
6. Hastings’ Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, II, 843a.
7. Janssen, History of the German People, I, 88.
8. Kempis, Thomas à, Imitation of Christ, i, 1, 3, 10, 22, 9, 20.
9. In Michelet, xii, 2.
10. Baldass, Jan van Eyck, 273.
11. Cheney, World History of Art, 623.
12. Conway, The Van Eycks and Their Followers, 141.
13. Comines, Memoirs, v, 9; Freeman, E. A., Historical Essays, 338.
14. Comines, ii, 3-4; Michelet, xv, 2-4.
15. Conway, 185.
16. Ibid., 194.
17. Baedeker, Belgique et Hollande, 129.
18. Baldass, Memling, 148.
19. Isaiah, xl, 6.
CHAPTER VII
1. Boissonade, 285.
2. Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 525.
3. Boissonade, 325.
4. Camb. Med. Hy, VII, 736 f.
5. Beard, Miriam, History of the Business Man, 63.
6. Headlam, Nuremberg, 32.
7. Thompson, Later Middle Ages, 402.
8. Janssen, IV, 132-6.
9. Freeman, Historical Essays, 360.
10. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, VI, 116; Camb. Med. Hy, VII, 120, 283 f.
11. Emerton, 66.
12. Gregorovious, VI, 151.
13. Emerton, 17; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, 1,462; Owen, Evenings with the Skeptics, II, 357.
14. Camb. Med. Hy, VII, 130-1.
15. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 602.
16. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 395.
17. Pastor, II, 48.
18. Kautsky, 102-3.
19. In Inge, Christian Mysticism, 160; James, Wm., Varieties of Religious Experience, 417; Huizinga, 203.
20. In Francke, History of German Literature, no.
21. De Wulf, Philosophy and Civilization in the Middle Ages, 294-7; Id., History of Medieval Philosophy, II, 130; Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 522.
22. Inge, 162.
23. Coulton, Medieval Scene, 126.
24. Headlam, Nuremberg, 29.
25. Cheney, History of Art, 665.
26. In Walsh, J. J., Thirteenth, Greatest of Centuries, 158.
27. As supposed by Carter, Invention of Printing in China, 24.
28. Sarton, III-i, 830.
29. Putnam, Books, I, 352-6.
30. En. Brit., XI, 12 c.
31. Putnam, Books, I, 359.
32. Janssen, I, 19.
CHAPTER VIII
1. Lützow, Bohemia, 59.
2. Ibid., 68.
3. Milman, VII, 487.
4. Kautsky, 46.
5. Huss, De Ecclesta, 114.
6. Ibid., 3, 16 f.
7. Ibid., xvi, 127.
8. 220-1.
9. Kautsky, 47.
10. In Creighton, History of the Papacy, I, 359.
11. Kautsky, 48.
12. Bax, German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages, 43.
13. Kautsky, 58 f.
14. Nosek, Spirit of Bohemia, 76 f.
15. Kautsky, 61-4.
16. Creighton, Papacy, II, 471; Reynaud, Unite or Perish, 185.
17. Burton, The Jew, the Gypsy, and Islam, 123.
18. Lewinski, Political History of Poland, 58.
CHAPTER IX
1. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, II, 395.
2. Ibid., 388.
3. 419.
4. In Diehl, C., Manuel d’art Byzantin, 761.
5. Gibbons, H. A., Foundation of the Ottoman Empire, 134.
6. Camb. Med. Hy, IV, 546.
7. Lane-Poole, Story of Turkey, 52.
8. Froissart, iv, 90.
9. Gibbons, H. A., Foundation, 132.
10. Camb. Med. Hy, IV, 620 f.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 693; Pastor, II, 252.
13. The remainder of this section follows the incomparable narrative of Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. lxviii.
14. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs, in Works, XIV-I, 297.
15. Camb. Med. Hy, IV, 691.
16. Gibb, Ottoman Literature, 203.
17. Sismondi, History of the Italian Republics, 630.
18. Janssen, II, 198.
19. Vambéry, Story of Hungary, 221.
20. Ibid., 23.
21. Réau, L’art russe, I, 235; Riedl, F., History of Hungarian Literature, 27.
22. Domanovsky, S., Magyar Muvelodestortenet, I, 160.
23. Szoni, Regi Magyar Templomok, 203.
24. Cf. Divald, Old Hungarian Art, figs. 123, 145.
25. Riedl, 34.
26. Nekam, Cultural Aspirations of Hungary, 88.
27. Vambéry, 251.
28. Riedi, 28-9.
29. Vambéry, 272-5.
CHAPTER X
1. Camoes, Lusiads, iii, 132.
2. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 12.
3. Beazley, Prince Henry the Navigator, 213.
4. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 10, 16.
CHAPTER XI
1. Thompson, Economic and Social History, 349, 422, 449.
2. Michelet, III, 348; Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 651; Belloc, How the Reformation Happened, 69.
3. Chapman, C. E., History of Spain, 139, 163.
4. Ibid., 216.
5. Burke, U. R., History of Spain, I, 404; Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella, I, 338; Lea, Inquisition in Spain, I, 16.
6. Carpenter, Ed., Pagan and Christian Creeds, 25.
7. Graetz, Hy of the Jews, IV, 77.
8. Lea, op. cit., I, 64.
9. Graetz, IV, 79-84.
10. Michelet, vi, 4.
11. Roth C., Hy of the Marranos, 28.
12. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, I, 120.
13. Graetz, IV, 566.
14. Ibn Batuta, Travels, 315.
15. Ameer Ali, S., Short History of the Saracens, 570.
16. In Chapman, Hy of Spain, 200.
17. Pedraza in Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella, I, 314.
18. Lane-Poole, The Moors in Spain, 232.
19. Ibid., 267.
20. Prescott, Ferdinand, I, 169.
21. Cf. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, I, 560-6.
22. Prescott, II, 340, note 46.
23. Lea, Spain, IV, 362.
24. Guizot, Hy of France, II, 564.
25. Letter to Fr. Vettori in Machiavelli, Hy of Florence, Appendix, p. 498; cf. The Prince, ch. xxi.
26. Guicciardini, History, IV, 108.
27. Hefele, K., Cardinal Ximenes, 40-4.
28. Graetz, IV, 315.
29. Lea, Spain, II, 511-13.
30. Ibid., III, 2; Ellis, H., Soul of Spain, 42.
31. Lea, Spain, I, 268, 100, 193; II, 323, 385.
32. Ibid., I, 235.
33. Ibid., I, 233-6; Pastor, IV, 400.
34. Lea, I, 178; II, 104-9, 401 f.; III, 184; Lacroix, P., Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, 433.
35. Graetz, IV, 313.
36. Lea, Spain, IV, 517.
37. Ibid.
38. Beginning of Psalm CXIV in the Vulgate translation.
39. Lea, Spain, I, 133.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., I, 134.
42. Prescott, Ferdinand, I, 514.
43. Graetz, IV, 391.
44. Ibid., 369.
45. Ibid., 370.
46. Ibid., 371; Abbott, Israel in Europe, 167.
47. Graetz, IV, 372.
48. Ibid., 376.
49. Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World, 56-9.
50. Dozy, Spanish Islam, 268.
51. Arnold, T. W., The Preaching of Islam, 143.
52. Lea, Spain, III, 325.
53. Lane-Poole, Moors in Spain, 279.
54. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 315.
55. Vacandard, The Inquisition, 198.
56. Santos y Olivera, La cathedral de Sevilla, 8.
57. Calvert, Moorish Remains in Spain, 383.
58. Post, C. R., History of Spanish Painting, VIII-2, 705.
59. In Ticknor, Hy of Spanish Literature, I, 227.
60. Prescott, Ferdinand, II, 448-9.
61. Ibid., 327.
62. Ibid., 332.
CHAPTER XII
1. France, A., Joan of Arc, II, 17.
2. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1040 f.
3. Thorndike, Lynn, History of Magic and Experimental Science, III, 18.
4. Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 187.
5. Thorndike, III, 520.
6. Sarton, III-2, 1246.
7. Coulton, Social Life, 505.
8. Singer, C., Studies in the History and Method of Science, 191.
9. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, III, 461-5; Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life, 333.
10. Smith, P., Age of the Reformation, 655.
11. Sanger, Prostitution, 104.
12. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, III, 519.
13. Ibid., 543.
14. Sprenger, Malleus malefic arum, in Ibid., 502.
15. Michelet, III, 36.
16. Lea, Middle Ages, III, 549.
17. Cf. Thorndike, IV, ch. LI.
18. Id., III, II.
19. III, 30, 33.
20. 454.
21. 398-469.
22. Jusserand, Wayfaring Life, 328.
23. Abram, English Life and Manners, 205.
24. In Seebohm, Oxford Reformers, 211.
25. Paston Letters, 1,117.
26. De Wulf, Hy of Med. Philosophy, II, 168.
27. Thorndike, Science and Thought in the Fifteenth Century, 254.
28. Cambridge Hy of Poland, I, 274.
29. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 117.
30. Duhem, Études sur Léonard de Vinci, III, 388.
31. Gilson, La philosophie au Moyen Age, II, 388.
32. Kesten, Copernicus, 91.
33. Penrose, Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 19,
34. In Morison, S. E., Admiral of the Ocean Sea, 93.
35. Thorndike, IV, 102.
36. Ibid., 108.
37. Gilson, La philosophie au Moyen Age, II, 129; Sarton, III-i, 543-4; Duhem, III, chs. IX-X.
38. Ibid., 181 f.
39. Sarton, III-2, 1429-31.
40. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 503.
41. Usher, A. P., Hy of Mechanical Inventions, 127.
42. Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 186.
43. Thorndike, III, 483.
44. Walsh, J. J., The Popes and Science, 79.
45. Froissart, iv, 51.
46. In Sarton, III-1, 870.
47. Castiglioni, Hy of Medicine, 381.
48. Coulton, Social Life, 330.
49. Ashley, Introd. to English Economic Hy, II, 318.
50. Lecky, Hy of European Morals, II, 86.
51. Ibid.
52. Beard, C., Luther, 56.
53. De Wulf, Hy of Med. Philosophy, II, 172.
54. Ockham, Super IV Lib. Sentent., 1, 27, 2, K, in Tornay, Ockham, 9.
55. Summa totius logicae, I, 12, in Tornay, 9-
56. Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologica, I, ii, 3.
57. Ockham, Super IV Lib. Sentent., IV, 12, K, in Tornay, 119.
58. Ibid., I, ii, 6, in Owen, Evenings with the Skeptics, II, 375.
59. Ibid., I, iii, 2. in Owen, II, 378.
60. Tornay, 63.
61. Gilson, Philosophie au Moyen Age, II, 104; Tornay, 58, 191-2.
62. Tornay, 186; Owen, II, 377.
63. De Wulf, Med. Philosophy, II, 184; Crump and Jacob, Legacy of the Middle Ages, 251.
64. Owen, II, 392,
65. Gilson, Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages, 86.
66. Ockham, Centiloquium theologicum, ix, in Owen, II, 395.
67. Owen, II, 386.
68. Ibid., 396, 399.
69. Allen, J. W., Hy of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, 124.
70. Beer, Social Struggles in the Middle Ages, 112; Tornay, 81.
71. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, VI, 44.
72. De Wulf, Med. Philosophy, II, 187.
73. Jacobs, E. F., in History, XVI, no. 63, p. 218.
74. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, III, 265.
75. Owen, II, 410.
76. Duhem, Etudes, in Tornay, 51, 165.
77. Cunningham, W., Growth of English Industry and Commerce, 359.
78. Marsilius of Padua in Emerton, 35, 45, and passim.
79. Ibid., 39; Pastor, I, 78; Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 656.
80. Coker, F. W., Readings in Political Philosophy, 246-52.
81. Ibid., 25; Emerton, 22.
82. Defensor Pacis, i, 15, in Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, VI, 41.
83. Coker, 257; Duhem, II, 106-7.
84. Thorndike, IV, 388.
85. Id., Science and Thought in Fifteenth Century, 296.
86. Ibid., 296, 136-7.
87. Nicholas of Cusa, De concordantia Catholica, in Hearnshaw, Thinkers of the Renaissance and Reformation, 44n.
88. Figgis, J. N., From Gerson to Grotius, 67.
89. In Pastor, II, 137,
90. Coulton, Med. Panorama, 528.
91. In Janssen, I, 3.
CHAPTER XIII
1. Morison, 24. The account henceforth follows this fascinating biography.
2. The evidence is presented in the early chapters of Madariaga, S. de, Christopher Columbus, esp. pp. 53-9, an
d 184.
3. Beazley, C. R., in En. Brit., VI, 78.
4. Penrose, 10.
5. Seneca, Medea, 364 f.
6. Morison, 72.
7. Roth, C., Jewish Contribution to Civilization, 74.
8. Lea, Spain, I, 259.
9. Morison, 229.
10. Ibid., 231-3.
11. 115.
12. David, M., Who Was Columbus?, 70.
13. Morison, 576.
14. Ibid., 617.
15. En. Brit., XXIII, 107c. For a recent defense of Vespucci cf. Arciniegas, G., Amerigo and the New World.
CHAPTER XIV
1. Froude, Erasmus, 110.
2. One of many bon mots appropriated from Mrs. Will Durant by the laws of community property.
3. Letter to Wm. Gauden in Froude, Erasmus, 32-3.
4. In Smith, P., Erasmus, 28.
5. Erasmus, Colloquies, II, 326 f.
6. Id., Epistles, I, 127.
7. Smith, Erasmus, 60; Froude, Erasmus, 45.
8. Smith, Erasmus, 63.
9. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 117.
10. Froude, Erasmus, 80.
11. Smith, 32.
12. Epistles, I, 301, 307.
13. Froude, 80-1.
14. Epistles, I, 370.
15. Colloquies, II, 13-35.
16. In Froude, 91.
17. Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, 14, 30, 33.
18. Ibid., 51.
19. 127.
20. 138.
21. 67.
22. 131-4.
23. 86-8.
24. 175.
25. 169-74.
26. 207.
27. Epistles, II, 168.
28. On Erasmus’ authorship cf. Allen, P. S., The Age of Erasmus, 185-9, an d Chambers, R. W., Thomas More, 114-5.
29. In Froude, 150-68.
30. Epistles, III, 418.
31. Colloquies, I, 298.
32. Ibid., 391; II, 13, 34.
33. Colloquies, I, 298.
34. Ibid., 229, 236.
35. Ibid., II, 161.
36. I, 22.
37. I, 24, 35.
38. Smith, 299.
39. Froude, 121 and Smith, 171.
40. In Froude, 126.
41. Smith, Age of Reformation, 58.
42. Epistles, II, 400.
43. Ibid., 464.
44. 249.
45. Erasmus, Education of a Christian Prince, 173; Smith, Erasmus, 201, 217.
46. Epistles, II, 201.
47. Education, 253,
48. Epistles, II, 517.
49. “Peace Protests!” in Chapiro, J., Erasmus and Our Struggle for Peace, 153-65.
50. Ibid., 168.
51. 81.
52. Epistles, II, 120.
53. Letter to Zwingli, Sept 5, 1522.