The Reformation
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King’s College, 235
King’s College Chapel (1447), 119, 839
camera obscura, 744
Camoëns (Camöes), Luis (1524–80), 191, 814
Campeggio, Lorenzo, Cardinal (1474?-1539), 382, 430, 443, 539, 540
Campin, Robert (1375?-1444), 133
Canada, 865
Canary Islands, 261
Canisio, Egidio, 899
Canisius, Peter (1521–97), 928
cannon, 63*, 182, 241, 671
Cano, Giambattista (1515–79), 872
Cano, Juan Sebastian del (d. 1526), 866
Cano, Melchior (1509–60), 641
canon, clergyman, 856*
canon, fugue, 775
canon law, 759
Canterbury, Archbishop of, III
Canterbury, England, 42, 119
Christ Church Priory library, 157
St. Thomas à Becket shrine, 275, 567
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 47
quoted, 50–54
Canton, China, 195
cantons, Swiss, 146–147
Canzoniere (Petrarch), 811
Cao, Diogo (fl. 1480–86), 194
Cape Breton Island, 268
Cape of Good Hope, Africa, 194
Cape Verde Islands, 194, 264, 866
capital offenses, 758
capitalism, 59, 475, 573, 590, 707, 755, 757, 763
capitalization, companies, 381
Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius (1478–1541), 439, 443. 479
Capitoline Museum, 14
Capo Blanco, Africa, 193
Capuchins, 893, 900
Caradosso, Ambragio Foppa (c. 1452–1526), 188
Caraffa, Carlo (d. 1561), 891, 923
Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro, see Paul IV
caravansaries, 707
Carcassonne, France, 60
Cardan, Jerome (1501–76), 791, 850
cardinals: absentee, 31
selection, 18
Cardinals, College of, 926
Careless by Necessity, 614
Carew, Sir Nicholas, 843
Carew, Sir Peter, 592, 593
Carinthia, Germany, 144, 147, 294
Carlos, Don (1545–68), 872
Carlstadt (Andreas Bodenstein: 1480?-1541), 349–350, 364, 365, 356, 367, 383, 396, 423, 426, 453, 627, 786
Libellus, De canonicis scripturis, 352
Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), Past and Present, 578
Carmelites, 19, 901, 903
Discalced, 903, 904, 905
Carnesecchi, Pietro (1508–67), 893
Carpaccio, Vittore (c, 1455-c. 1526), 138–139
Carranza, Bartolomé de (1503–76), 640–641
cartels, 295
Cartesianism, 747
Carthusians, 20, 21, 549
Cartier, Jacques (1494?-1553), 865
cartography, 240, 743
carving, 677
Casale, Giovanni, 539
Casimir III, King of Poland (1333–70), 172, 725
Casimir IV, King of Poland (1447–92), 171, 173, 725
Casimir, Markgraf of Alsace, 392
Casimir of Brandenburg, 380
Casimir, Statutes of, 172
Cassel, France, 59
Castellain, Georges, 130
Castellio, Sebastian (1515–63), 485–486, 614
writings, 487
Castiglione, Baldassare (1478–1529), The Courtier, 500, 742, 767, 816
Castile, 191–192, 197, 205, 214, 224, 228
Castilho, Joao de (c. 1500), 196
Castillon, France, 88
Castro, Inés de (1320–55), 191
Catalan Grand Company, 177
Catalonia, Aragon, 197
Cateau Cambrésis, Treaty of (1559), 522
Catechism (Calvin), 469
Catechumens, House of, 735
caterpillars, excommunicating, 850
Cathay, Khan of, 261
Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536), 526, 535–540, 546, 547, 548, 558
quoted, 559
Catholic League, 410, 444
“Catholic Sovereigns, The,” 207*, 532
Catbolica De concordantia (Nicholas of Cusai, 256
Catholicism, 148, 216, 409, 473, 489, 606, 631, 641, 806, 928, 929, 936–937
Cauchon, Pierre (d. 1442), 85, 86
cavalry, 63, 70, 708
cave paintings, 223
Caxton, William (1422?-91), 120–121
Cebu, island, 866
Cecil, William (1520–98), 617
celestial motion, 861
Celestial Orbs, On the Revolutions of the (Copernicus), 860
Celestina, La (de Rojas), 225
celibacy, clerical, 13, 21, 22, 30, 116, 440, 625
Cellini, Benvenuto (1500–71), 496, 822, 823, 827, 829, 919
Celtes, Conradus (1459–1508), 301, 305, 321–322, 404
censorship, 24, 393, 423, 424, 474, 563, 595, 630, 633, 639, 740, 923–927
Cent nouvelles nouvelles (La Salle), 75, 90
Centiloquium Theologicum (Ockham), 249
Centum Gravamina (Hundred Grievances), 17
Cepeda, Alonzo de, 900
ceramics, 688, 829
Cerceau, Jacques A. de (1505–85), 826
Cerdagne, Spanish possession, 92, 94, 227
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616), 216, 225, 905
Cervini, Cardinal (1545), 928
Cesarini, Cardinal Giuliano (1398–1444), 13, 185, 186
Cesena, Michael (1324), 148
Cesi, Cardinal (1534), 897
Ceuta, Morocco, 192
Chalcondyles, Demetrius (1424–1511), 123
Châlons, France, 506
Chambers, Dr. John, 843
Chambiges, Pierre (d. 1544), 825
Chambord, France, 496
Gothic chateau, 825
Chambord, Treaty of (1552), 455, 521
chambre ardente, le, 521
Champagne, France, 58
Chandos, Sir John (d. 1370), 29, 112
Chancellor, Richard (d. 1556), 655
chansons, 773, 774
Chantilly, France, Condé Museum, 80
chantries, 115, 568
Chapuys, Eustace, 531, 542, 548, 561
charitable bequests, 304
charity, 763
Charlemagne (King of Franks, 768–814
Emperor of the West, 800–814), 148, 149, 232, 923
Charles I, King of England (1625–49), 839
Charles IT, King of England (1660–85), 840
Charles IV, King of France (1322–8), 61, 62
Charles V, King of France (1364–80), 66, 67, 68–69, 76, 80, 157, 234, 252
Charles VI, King of France (1380–1422), 69–76, 107, 126, 224, 232
Charles VII, King of France (1422–61), u, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87–88, 89, 97, 519
Charles VIII, King of France (1483–98), 93–94, 96, 98, 99, 260, 300, 771
Charles IX, King of France (1560–74), 518
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1347–78), 148, 151–152, 155, 162, 171, 237, 726, 730
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–56), 18, 100, 142, 216, 221, 226, 228, 255, 283, 286, 287, 296, 317, 318, 338, 351, 352, 357–363, 380, 382, 393, 397, 412, 413, 428–430, 438, 441–444, 446, 450, 453–457, 461, 504, 507, 516, 521–522, 526, 527, 538, 539, 555, 558, 591, 593, 631–643, 697, 705, 706, 733, 919, 921
quoted, 636
Charles I, King of Hungary (1308–42), 184
Charles II, King of Navarre (1349–87), 66, 68
Charles I, King of Spain (1516–56), see Charles V, Emperor
Charles, Count of Angoulême, (d. 1496), 491
Charles IV, Due d’Alençon (1489–1525), 497, 498
Charles, Duke of Berry, brother of Louis XI (1446–72), 91
Charles, Duke of Bourbon (1505–27), 492, 507–508, 510, 512, 513, 519
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1467–77), 90, 91, 99, 127, 134–136, 142, 300, 403
Charles, Duke of Orléans (13
91–1465), 94, 102, 491
quoted, 77–78
Charles of Lannoy, 508, 510, 512
Charles of Lorraine (1524–74), 520
Charles of Valois, Dauphin, see Charles V of France
Charles Robert of Anjou, see Charles I, King of Hungary
charms, 850
Charolais, Charles, Count of, see Charles the Bold
Charpentier (Carpenterius), Jacques 565), 886
Chartier, Alain (1385?-after 1434). 77
Chartres, France, 68, 96
Chartreuse de Champmol, 130, 131
chapel, 131
chastity, 21, 648, 932
chastity belt, 303
Chateaubriand, Edict of (1551), 521
Chateaubriand, Françoise de Foix, Comtesse de (1475–1537), 492, 512
Châteaudun, France, château (1464), 74, 97
châteaux, 74, 96–99, 824–825
Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1340–1400), 30, 38, 47–56, 112, 114
Book of the Duchess (c. 1371). 49
Canterbury Tales (1387?), 50–54
House of Fame (1363), 49
Legend of Good
Women (1385), 40
Parliament of Fowls (1381), 49
Troilus and Criseyde (1385), 49–50
Chaucer, John, 48
Chaucer, Philippa Roet, 48
“Chaucer, Prayer of,” 56
Chauliac, Guy de (c. 1300–c. 1370), 231, 243, 244
Chaumont, France, Chateau, 97
Chaumpaigne, Cecelia, 48
Chauvin, Gérard, 459
Chčlcicky, Peter (1390–1460), 170, 171, 395
chemistry, 242
chemotherapy, 876
Cherbourg, France, 69
Chermoye, Philippe (1455), 101
Chernigov, Russia, 173
Cheseman, Robert, 843
Chester mysteries (1328), 46
Chevalier, Étienne (1460), 81
child labor, 756
China, 259, 261, 655, 664
Chinon, France, 82, 84, 97
Chirurgia (Mondeville), 244
Choir, Sistine Chapel, 779, 781
Chora monastery, 176
Christ, The Imitation of (Thomas à Kempis), 20, 250
Christian I, King of Denmark (1448–81); of Norway (1450–81), 146, 521
Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway (1513–23, d. 1559), 621, 622, 623, 624, 627–628
Christian III, King of Denmark (1534–59), 628
Christian Brothers, Association of, 533
Christian Liberty, A Treatise on (Luther), 356
Christian Nobility, Open Letter to the (Luther), 420
Christian Religion, The Principles of the (Calvin), 460–461
Christianae fidei brevis et clara expositis (Zwingli), 413
Christianity, 3–6, 12, 170, 182, 229, 333, 371, 502, 635
Christianity, The Restitution of (Servitus), 481
Christians, medieval, beliefs, 208
Christine of Savoy, 449
Christliche Einleitung, Eine kurze (Zwingli), 408
Christopher II, King of Denmark (1320–26; 1330–32), 145
Christus, Petrus (1420?-73), 133
Dionysius the Carthusian (N. Y., Jules S. Bache Collection)
Chronicle (Tschudi), 44
Chronique des ducs de Bourgogne (Castellain), 130
chronology, methods of, 736, 743
chronometry, 241
Chrysoloras, Manuel (1355?–1415), 123
Church: administration, 933
case against, 17–25
disendowment, 33, 34, 35, 40
corruption, 603
English, royal supremacy over, 115
Germany, 320, 328–333
one hundred grievances against, 381
patronage of scholarship and art, 12, 123, 157, 225
ruler of Russia, 659
Spain, 199, 207, 639, 845
state supremacy, 377, 577, 626, 639
Switzerland, 403
trinitarian creed, 10
university funds, 237
see also clergy
Church, On the (Huss), 406
Church of England, 547, 548, 579, 590
Church of the Brotherhood, 171–172
Church organization, 246
Church Unity, In Defense of (Pole), 562
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 234, 289, 291, 856
Ciceronians, 791
Cimabue, Giovanni (c. 1240-c. 1302), 177
Ciompi (1378), 69
Cisneros, Don Garcia de, 909
city halls, 96, 130
Ciudad Real, Castile, 214
civic buildings, 96
civilization, Ottoman, 707–716
class distinctions, 37–38
class war, 40, 62, 144, 756
Claude of France, wife of Francis I (1499–1524), 95, 491, 495, 496, 519
clavichord, 772
Clavijo, see Gonzalez de Clavijo
Clement V, Pope (1305–14), 177, 233
Clement VI, Pope (1342–52), 7, 62, 151, 722, 730, 744
Clement VII, Pope (1523–34), 8, 9, 382, 412, 434, 438, 450, 504, 510, 512, 514, 518, 534, 535, 538–540, 625, 697, 705, 722, 732–733, 734, 740, 891, 918–919, 927
Clement, John (1556), quoted, 584
Cléopatre captive (Jodelle), 811
clergy: abuses, 544–545
exemption from state laws, 24
Hussite rebellion, 169
personal morality, 19–21, 30, 128, 199, 205, 404, 435–436, 529, 530–531, 603, 932
rulers of England, 27
secular, 15, 16, 530
strikes, 65
worldliness, 37
see also Church
Clerk, Roger (1382), 231
Clerks Regular of St. Paul (Barnabites), 899–900
Cleve, Cornells van (1520–67), 831
Cleve, Joos van (d. 1540), 822, 831
Eleanor of Portugal (Vienna), 831
Francis I (Cincinnati), 822
Cleves, duchy, 445, 515
climate, English, 39
clocks, 241, 242
clothing, specified by law, 474
clothing manufacture, 38, 136
Clothworkers’ Guild, 756
Clouet, François (1510?-?72), 848
portraits, 830
Henry II (Uffizi), 830
Clouet, Jean (c. 1485–1545), 791, 822, 829, 848
Francis I, 830
coal-fields, British, 38
Cobbett, William (1763–1835), 578
Cochin China, 195
Cochlaeus, Johannes (1479–1552), 383, 851
quoted, 426
code, Turkish, 713
Codure, Jean (1534), 910
Coecke, Pieter, 832
Coelho, Duarte (1537-?79), 195
Coello, Alonso, see Sanchez Coello
Coeur, Jacques (1395–1456), 87–88
House of (c. 1450), 74, 79
coffee drinking, 713
Cognac, League of (1526), 512
Coimbra, Portugal, university, 237
Colchester, England, 42
Colet, Sir Henry, 124
Colet, John (1407?-1519), 25, 123, 124, 125, 273, 275, 291, 428, 429, 524, 768
quoted, 525, 530
Coligny, Gaspard de (1519–72), 520, 522, 635
Collège de France, 788, 791, 797
Collège Royale, France, 788, 790
Colloquies (Erasmus), 272, 275, 289, 805
Colmar, Germany, 156, 297
Cologne, Archbishop of (1326), 153–154
Cologne, Germany, 7, 8, 69, 121, 135, 144, 147, 153, 156, 159, 297, 299, 305, 356, 400, 440, 454, 467
cathedral, 154
Rathaus, 155
Reichstag, 297
university, 232
Colombe, Michel (c. 1431–1512), Easter Sepulcher (New York), 98
Colombo, Matteo Realdo (1516?-?59), 871, 872
Colonna, Giulia Gonzaga, 696
Colonna, Cardinal Ottone, see Martin
V
Colonna, Sciarra (d. 1329), 149
Colonna, Vittoria (1492-?1547), 508, 893, 900, 926
Columbus, Bartolomé (1445?-?1514), 265, 266
Columbus, Christopher (1446?-1506), 24, 157, 194, 195, 216, 239, 240, 258–268, 269, 299
quoted, 262, 266, 267
Columbus, Diego (1450?-?1515), 265, 269
Columbus, Ferdinand (1488–1539), 259, 266
comedies, 46, 815, 817
Comenius, John (1592–1672), 172
cometary astronomy, 239
comets, 850
Comines, Philippe de (1447?-?1511), 89, 100, 299
Cronique (1495–8), 99
Memoires (1489–91), 99
quoted, 89, 92, 100, 108
Commendone, Giovanni, 630
commerce, expansion, 15, 90, 109, 118, 157, 294, 651
commercial hegemony, 632
commercial revolution, 269, 867
commercialism, 304, 763
Committee of Public Safety, 399
commodities, controlled buying, 382
Common Chest, Regulation of a (Luther), 764
common law, 759
commoner, English, 109
Commons, House of (Lower House), 27–28, 550, 570–571
communication, 753
communism, 32, 41, 59, no, iii, 153, 169, 170, 175, 294, 390, 393, 633, 634, 635
Anabaptists, 395–402
community chest, 764
Compañía de Jesú:, 911
Compère, Jacques (1329), 131
Compiègne, France, 84, 96
Complutum (Alcalá), 225*
conceptualism, 246, 250
conciliar movement, 9
Concordat, 502, 503, 520
concubinage, 21–22, 199, 256, 400, 403, 440, 529, 603, 932
Condé, Prince Louis de (1530–69), 521
Confederation, Swiss, 146, 147
confession, 35, 37
Confession of Faith and Discipline (Farel), 469, 470
“Confession of the Lady Mary, The,” 561
confessional box, 933
Conflans, treaty of (1465), 91
Confraternità della Carità, 896
Confutation, Catholic, 443, 444
Congo River, Africa, 194
Congregation of Jesus Christ, Lords of the, 615, 616–618
quoted, 616–617
conic sections, 855
Consensus Tigurinus (1549), 413
Constance, Germany, 300, 443
Council of, 10–11, 22, 37, 73, 165–167, 168, 350, 774, 927, 928, 930
Treaty of (1446), 147
Constance Missal, 159*
Constantine XI Palaeologus, Holy Roman Emperor (1448–53), 182–183
Constantinople, Turkey, 12, 159, 177, 178, 182, 680, 709
capture by Turks, 16, 157, 171, 183, 649
last years (1373–1453), 181–184
mosques, 686, 715–716
sacking (1204), 175
St. Sophia cathedral, 183
siege (1402), 181
(1452), 182–183, 186
consubstantiation, 354, 376, 412