by Will Durant
Guild Hall (1325), 130, 136
St. Bavon Cathedral, 131
ghettos, 727, 734, 735
Ghibellines, 150
Ghiberti, Lorenzo (1378–1455), 174, 688
Ghinucci, Cardinal, 898
Ghiyathu’d-Din (1523), 666
Giberti, Gianmatteo (1495–1543), 780, 895, 896, 897
Gibraltar, 218, 270
Giese, Tiedeman, 860
Gil (Egidio), Juan, 640
Gil Bias (Lesage), 818
Giles, Peter, 552
Gilianes, Captain (1433), 193
Gillis, Peter (1517), 139, 281
Giocondo, Giovanni (1433–1515), 96
Giorgione, II (c. 1478–1511), 298
Giotto di Bondone (c. 1276-c. 1337), 177
Giovanni da Udine (1494–1561), 829
Giovio, Paolo (1483–1552), 205, 306
Girón, Don Pedro, 639
Giudecca, Venice, 734
Giustiniani, Paolo, 899
Glapion, Jean, 359
Glarus, Switzerland, 146, 404, 405
Glasgow, Scotland, 602
university, 236
glass, painted, 835
Glendower, Owen (1359?-?1416), 106
Glinski, Helena, 654
globe, circumnavigation, 259, 865
Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of (1355–97), 56, 57
Gloucester Cathedral, 118, 119
Goa, India, 195, 914
Gobelins, Musée des, 99
God, Judaic conception, 372
Godfrey, Bishop of Würzburg, 731
God’s Truth in England, A Faithful Admonition to the (Knox), 611
Godunov, Boris (1551?–1605), 661
Goes, Hugo van der (1440?-82), 137
Goethe, Johann W. von (1749–1832), 74, 131, 852, 863
gold: medicine, 231
transmutation, 850
Golden Bull, 151, 155, 162, 726
Golden Fleece, order of the (1429), 127, 636
Golden Horde, 173, 647, 652, 653, 672
Golden Rose, 347, 348
goldsmithry, 59, 298, 815, 823, 829, 835, 848
Gómara, Francisco López de (1510?-60), 817
Gonçalves, Nuno (fl. 1450–72), 195
Gonzaga, Ercole, 896
Gonzaga, Ferdinand, 776
Gonzaga, Giulia, 893
Gonzalez de Clavijo, Ruy (d. 1412), 175, 240, 664, 671, 674, 675
Gonzalo de Cordoba, Hernández (1453–1515), 227, 742
Gossaert, Jan (c. 1470–c. 1534), 141–142
Adam and Eve (Berlin), 141
Agony in the Garden (Berlin), 141
Jan Carondelet (Louvre), 141
St. Luke Drawing the Virgin (Vienna), 141
Gotha and Torgau, League of (1526), 439
Gothic architecture, 79, 96, 97, 118, 130, 154, 220, 821, 822–823, 846
Gothic-Renaissance architecture, 97
Gothic sculpture, 98, 174
Goudimel, Claude (c. 1505–72), 779, 795, 809
Goujon, Jean (c. 1510–66), 827, 830–831, 848
government: administration, 15
centralization, 188
France, 60
loans, 545*
monarchy, 287
Ottoman, 707–711
representative, 254
Governour, Boke Named the (Elyot), 789
Gower, John (1325?-1408), 16, 30, 47, 50
Goya y Lucientis, Francisco José de (1746–1828), 221
grammar, Latin, 791
Grammont, Gabriel de, 538
Granada, 199, 201–204, 205, 206, 207, 217, 219, 220, 663
Alhambra, 201, 203, 204, 221, 226, 846
Cathedral, 846
Granson, 135
Granvelle, Cardinal de (1517–86), 776
graphic arts, 80
Grau, Hungary, 706
gravitation, 238, 241
Great Khan, 262, 664
Great Ordinance (1357), 66, 67
Great Plague, see Black Death
Great Slaughter (1355), 236
Greban, Annoul (1400?), 76
Grebel, Conrad, 396
Greco, El, Domingo Teotocopuli (1548?-?1614), 223
Greece, 175–181, 182, 709
greed, 112
Greek Anthology (Planudes), 175
Greek Catholics, 181, 182, 629
Greek Christianity, 12, 182, 83
Greek Orthodox Church, 21, 178, 350, 708
Greene, Robert (1560?-92), 760
Gregoras, Nicephorus (1295–1359), 176
Gregorian chant, 780
Gregory VII, Hildebrand, Pope (1073–85), 6, 15, 21, 35, 232, 332, 351
Gregory XI, Pope (1370–8), 7, 8, 32, 33
Gregory XII, Pope (1406–15), 9, 10
Gregory XIII, Pope (1572–85), 641
Grenoble, Palais de Justice (1505), 96
Gresham’s Law, 252, 857
Grisons, Switzerland, 410
Groote Privilegie (1477), 142
Grünewald, 173
Grey, Lady Jane (1537–54), 586–587, 589, 593, 597
Gribaldi, Matteo (1553), 487–488
Grien, Hans Baldung (1476?-1545), 836, 841
Gringore, Pierre (c. 1475–0. 1538), 100
Grocyn, William (1446?-1519), 123, 124, 125, 551
Grolier, Jean (1479–1565), 785
Groote, Gerhard (1340–84), 128, 129
Gruet, Jacques (1547), 479
Grünewald, Matthias (c. 1455–1528), 310–311, 312
Portrait of a Man (New York), 310
Gryphius, Sebastian, 796
Guadalajara, Spain, 638
Guadix, Granada, 203
Guam, 866
Guarino da Verona (1370–1460), 123, 239
Guéroult, Guillaume (1553), 481
Guevara, Antonio de (1480?-1545), 816
Guicciardini, Francisco (1483–1540), 16, 100, 205, 206, 525, 815
Guienne, 58, 61, 62, 68, 88, 510
Guildhall, London (1411–35, 1866), 119
guilds, 38, 59, 60, 155, 198, 297, 309, 573, 631, 638, 738, 755, 813
cycle of mysteries, 46
merchant companies, 109
poetry, 76
Guilford, Sir Henry, 843
Guinegate, 95
Guise, Francis, Duke of (1519–63), 605
Güns, Hungary, 705
Gustavus I, King of Sweden (1523–60), 622–626
quoted, 624–625
Gutenberg Bible, 159
Gutenberg, Germany, 331
Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400–0. 1468), 158–160
Guzmán, Leonora de, 197
Gypsies, 171*
Haakon VI, King of Norway (1355–80), 145
Hadrian, Emperor (117–38), 845
Hafiz, Shamsu’d-Din Muhammad (1320–89), 663, 666–670, 672
Hagenbach, Peter van, 135
Haggada, the, 739
Hainaut, France, 58, 126, 142
Haiti, 262–263, 264–265, 268
Halberstadt, Germany, 338
Hales, Robert (d. 1381), 40, 42, 43, 45
Hales, William, 121
Halidon Hill, battle of, 604
Halle, Germany, 147, 339, 445
Halley’s comet, 239
Hallgarten, Germany, 155
Hamburg, Germany, 156, 297, 299, 439
Hamilton, John, Archbishop, 603
Hamilton, Patrick (c. 1505–28), 607
Hampton Court, England, 528, 839
Handel, George Frederick (1685–1759), 778
Handspiegel (Pfefferkorn), 324
hangings, 72, 758
Hanseatic League, 144, 155, 627, 632, 843
Hapsburg-Valois debate, 513
Hardouin, Jean (1646–1729), 21
Harfleur, France, 70
Haromi, Immanuel (1265–1330), 723
harpsichord, 772–773
Harrowing of Hell, The, 46
Harun-i-Vilaya, 700
Harvey, William (1578–1657), 871, 872
Hassam, Sul
tan (1356–63), 677
Hätzer, Ludwig (d. 1529), 395, 397
Harz mines, 143, 144
healers, 243–246
Heaven and Paradise (Horomi), 723
Hebraism, 425
Hegius, Alexander (1433–98), 128
Heidelberg, Germany, 233
Castle, 835, 846;
University, 241, 786
Heidelberg Catechism, 488
Heilbronn, Germany, 387
Heimburg, Gregor (1400?-72), 171, 331
Hele, Peter (1510), 242
Helfenstein, Ludwig von, 388
Helgesen, Paul (Poul Eliae or Eliaesin)(1480?-?), 627, 628
Hellenism, 425, 791
Helvetic Confession: First (1536), 413, 607
Second (1566), 489
Helvetius, Claude (1715–71), 939
Hennenberg, Graf von, 302
Henry II, King of Castile (1369–79), 198, 201, 204
Henry IV, King of Castile and León (1454–74), 202, 204
Henry II, King of England (1154–89), 57, 58
Henry IV, King of England (1399–1413), 56, 57, 106, 116, 119, 674
Henry V, King of England (1413–22), 70, 106, 107, 114, 230, 774
Henry VI, King of England (1422–61; 1470–71), 57, 70, 107, iii, 235
Henry VII, King of England (1485–1509), 92, 108–109, 115, 123, 255, 260, 275, 276, 491, 525, 536, 551, 569, 838
Henry VIII, King of England (1509–47), 31, 33, 37, 109, 115, 117, 125, 152, 199, 251, 253, 255, 273, 291, 338, 354, 430, 449, 455, 451, 492, 508, 510, 514, 515, 517, 523–578, 606, 771, 787
quoted, 276, 566–567
Assertion of the Seven Sacraments against Martin Luther, 532
Henry II, King of France (1547–59), 455, 514, 517, 523–578, 581, 583, 599, 930
Henry III, King of France (1574–89), 518
Henry IV, King of France (1589–1610), 61, 498
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1056–1106), 6, 15, 149, 332, 351
Henry, Duke of Brunswick (1525), 391
Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg, 439
Henry of Bergen, Bishop of Cambrai (1492), 271, 272
Henry of Hesse (1325–97), 242
Henry of Zutphen, 633
Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal (1394–1460), 157, 192, 194, 259, 269
Henry VI (Shakespeare), quoted, III
Heptameron (Marguerite of Navarre), 499, 501–502
Heraclitus (6th–5th century B.C.), 31
Herat, Khurasan, 663, 676, 686, 687, 698, 699
Herbert, Edward, Baron of Cherbury (1583–1648), 839
Hereford, Nicholas, 36
Heresies, A Dialogue Concerning (More), 533, 556
heresy, 85, 116, 117, 148, 153, 166, 168, 199, 206, 208–216, 249, 289, 347, 423, 438, 457, 473, 483, 484, 485, 500, 504, 521, 531–532, 544, 547, 549, 576, 584, 595, 596, 597, 607, 614, 624, 630, 631, 635, 639, 852
Heretics .... Duty of Civil Magistrates to Punish (de Bèze), 487
Hermann von Wied (1477–1552), 446
Hermetic lore, 850
Heroides Christianae (Hesse), 322
Herrezuelo, Antonio de, 640
herring industry, 136, 144, 752
Hertenstein, Jakob, 840
Hesdin, Jacquemart de (d. c. 1412), Les grandes heures (1409), 80
Hesse, Eoban (1488–1540), 322, 324, 327, 427
Hesse, Germany, 147, 392, 478
Heures de Turin, Les, 131*
Hicetas of Syracuse (5th Century B.C.?), 856
Hildesheim, Germany, 147
House of the Butchers’ Guild, 835
Hims, Syria, 673
Hipler, Wendel, 387
Hipparchus (130 B.C.), 856
Hippocrates (460?-?377 B.C.), 873
Hispanic Society Museum, New York, 222
Historia rerum gestarum (Pius II), 259
historians, 815, 817–818
Histories, Compendium of (Rashidu’d-Din), 666
historiography, 690, 691–694, 850
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 251, 939
Hochstetter, Ambrose, 296
Hochstetter, Joachim, 297
Hochstetter family, 295, 296, 397
Hofmann, Melchior (1530), 398, 633
Hohenzollern, Count of, 180
Hohenzollerns, 300
Holbach, Paul (1723–89), 745, 939
Holbein, Ambrose (c. 1494–1519), 108, 310, 840
Holbein, Hans, the Elder (c. 1460–1524), 296, 310, 840
Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?-1543), 73, 140, 306, 310, 432, 547, 575, 840–845, 848
Catherine Howard (Toledo, USA), 843
Charles de Saulier (Dresden), 843
Christ in the Tomb (Basel), 841
Christine of Denmark (London), 843
Erasmus (1523, Coll. Earl of Radnor), 290, 432, 841
Erasmus (1523, Basel, Turin), 290, 432, 841
Erasmus (1524?, Louvre), 290, 432, 841
French Ambassadors (London), 843
Fro ben (Hampton Court), 432, 841, 842
Henry VIII (1536, Coll. Baron Thyssen), 523, 573
Henry VIII in Wedding Dress (London), 844
Jakob Meyer and His Wife (Basel), 840
Jane Seymour (Vienna), 573, 843
Prince Edward (1539, Washington), 844
Prince Edward (1543, New York), 579, 844
Self-portrait (1542, Uffizi), 844
Self-portrait (1543, Clowes Coll., Indianapolis), 844
Thomas More (London), 842
Thomas More and His Family (copies), 842
Triumph of Poverty (British Museum), 843
Triumph of Riches (British Museum), 843
holidays, workers, 110
Holinshed, Raphael (d. 1580), 57, 106
quoted, 56, 112
Holland, see Netherlands
Hollanda, Francisco de (1517–84), 848
Holy Brotherhood, 206
Holy Faith, war for, 199
Holy Land, On the Recapture of the (Dubois), 251
Holy League, 697
Holy Roman Emperors, papal coronation, 923
Holy Roman Empire, 147, 148, 161, 359, 457, 642
Holy Union, 638
holydays, 756, 757
Holzschuher, Johann (1469–1529), 314, 350
homicidal certainty, 216
homosexualism, 564, 711
Honduras, 267
Honi soit qui mal y pense, motto of Order of the Garter, 28
honor, 202
Hoogstraeten, Jakob van (1460?-1527), 324, 346
Hooper, John (d. 1555), 596
quoted, 584
Hopfer, Daniel (1504), 309
Horeb Brotherhood, 169
Hormuz, Arabia, 195
Hosius, Stanislaus (1504–79), 630
hospitals, 245, 568
Host, bleeding, 728
Hotman, François (1524–90), 614
House of Fame, The (Chaucer), 49
House of Martha, 911
Household Book (Sylvester), 660
household pets, 769
houses, 74–75, 97, 113, 136, 155, 201, 404, 651, 674
English country, 839
Germany (1500),
303
Hrotswitha (960), 322
Hübmaier, Balthasar, (1480–1528), 383, 395, 396, 397, 398
Huesca, Spain, 221
cathedral, 847
Hugh Capet, King of France (987–996), 61, 66
Huguenots, 216, 465, 466, 467, 475, 484, 488, 500, 505, 506, 520, 521, 635, 779, 810, 821, 885, 892
Hulagu, Mongol emperor (1217–65), 664
Hull, England, 107
Human Body, On the Structure of the (Vesalius), 871, 872
Human Race, Abridgement of the History of the (Abu-al-Fida), 690
humanists, 122–125, 162, 189, 225, 238, 239, 257, 271, 291, 301, 320–325, 371, 403, 425–427, 485, 629, 724, 789, 790, 791, 796, 806, 842, 883, 924, 935, 939
humanities, 238
Humboldt II, Count of-the
Viennoise (1349), 66*
Hume, David (1711–76), 251, 869
humor, 76, 111
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1391–1447), 123, 157
Hundred Grievances, against the Church, 17
Hundred Years’ War, 8, 61, 62, 65, 73, 87, 88, 107, 126, 150, 237, 604, 792
Hungarian Diet, 190
Hungary: German empire, separation, 300
peasant revolt (1514), 190
population, 184
primate, 188
printing, 159, 189
Reformation, 631
renaissance (1456–90), 187–190
Turkish invasion, 182, 185–186, 440–441, 704, 710
Huns, 671, 678
Hunyadi János (c. 1387–1456), 182, 184–186, 187, 189, 680
Husein ibn-Baiqara, Sultan, 676, 682, 687
Huscin Udi, 682
Huss, John (1369?-1415), 10, 31, 74, 152, 162, 163–167, 168, 250, 343, 350, 353, 354, 360, 607, 725
On the Church, 406
Hussites, 152, 153, 162, 165, 168–169, 170, 328, 629, 725
Hut, Hans, 398
Hutchinson, Roger (c. 1550), quoted, 584
Hutten, Ulrich von (1488–1523), 297, 304, 324, 325–328, 350, 351, 352, 356, 427
quoted, 327, 359
Expostulation, An, 427
Gespräche, 35’
hydraulic hammer, 144
hygiene, 198–199, 202, 244
hymnal, Protestant, 778
hymns, Luther’s, 439, 443, 447
Iaroslavl, Russia, 652
Ibn-al-Khatib, 689
ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288), 689, 872
Ibn-Batuta (1304–77), 201, 677, 689, 695, 864
ibn-Khalduii, Abd-al-Rahman (1332–1406), 251, 677, 690–694
quoted, 691, 693
Introduction to the Universe, 690–694
Ibn-Muzaffar (1352), 667
Ibrahim Pasha, 700, 710–711, 713
Iceland, 146, 258, 259, 628
iconoclasm, 615
icons, 648, 649
idleness, 759
idolatry, 474, 613*, 616, 617, 708, 820, 932
Ile-de-France, 58
Iliad, 49
illiteracy, see literacy
illuminated manuscripts, 80, 98, 119, 130, 155, 189, 309, 687, 700, 701
images, removal from churches, 366, 408, 409, 411, 436, 464, 580, 584, 629, 631, 821
Imago mundi (d’Ailly), 240, 259
Imhoff, Hans, 308
Imitation of Christ, The (Thomas à Kempis), 129
immortality, personal, 288
Imperial Chamber of Justice, 444, 445
Imperial Diet, Germany, 147
imperialism, no, 195
impetus, law of, 241
imprimatur, ecclesiastical, 924
imprinting, 157
Improperia (Palestrina), 781
Incarnation Convent, 901, 904
Incas, socialistic civilization, 865
incontinence, 21
Index, Congregation of the, 862, 863, 924
Index auctorum et librorum prohibitorum, 924
India, 88, 194–195, 259, 260, 261, 673, 676, 700, 707, 815