by Will Durant
Enlightenment, 939
Ennquez, Beatriz (1488), 260
Enríquez, Don Pedro (1500), 221
Enríquez, Doña Mencia, Duchess of Albuquerque, 222
Ensisheim, Alsace, 397
entities, 247–248
Ephemerides, almanac, 239, 268
Ephesus, Council of, 924
epicureanism, 272
Epicurus (342?–270 B.C.), 175, 272, 328
epicycle, 856*
epidemics, 231, 245, 874
Epirus, 179
epistemology, 247
Epistle to the Genevese (Sadoleto), 470
Epitome (Luther), 351
Erasmians, 435, 505, 640
Erasmus, Desiderius (1466?-1536), 18, 19, 20, 25, 75, 123, 124, 125, 129, 139, 160, 232, 250, 211–292, 315, 318, 324, 351, 358, 405, 410, 426, 427–431, 485, 550–551, 558
quoted, 113, 272–275, 277–281, 284, 287, 315, 411, 428–433, 524, 629, 780
Adagiorum, Collectanea, 273–274, 275, 805
Axiomata Erasmi, 430
Colloquies, 272, 275, 289, 805
Contemptu mundi, De, 271
Defender, The, 435
Education of a Christian Prince, 286
Erasmus’ Sponge on Hutten’s Aspersions, 427
Familiarium colloquiorum formulae, 282
lulius exclusus, 278–281
Libero arbitrio, De, 434, 841
New Testament revision, 273, 283–285
Paraphrases, 285
Peace, the Complaint of, 287
Praise of Folly, The, 277–278
337, 429, 805, 840
Erastian principle, 456–457
Erastus, Thomas (1524–83), 457*
Erfurt, Germany, 302, 303, 325, 364, 356, 397
university, 153, 238, 342, 786
Eric IV, King of Denmark (1241–50), 145
Eric XIV, King of Denmark (1560–8), 626
Eric, King of Norway, Denmark and Sweden (1412–39), 146
Ericsson, Leif (c. 1000), 258, 269
Erigena, Johannes Scotus (815?-?877), 153
Ermak Timofeevitch (d. 1584), 659
Ernest, Duke of Lüneburg (1521–46), 380, 439
Ernest, Elector of Saxony (1464–85), 152, 294. 339*
Ernst, Archbishop (1391), 163
erotic pictures, 760
Erzerum, 700
Espinay, Charles d’ 824
Estates, Assembly of, Scotland, 601–618
Este, Ercole d’ (1534–59), 891–892
Estella, Navarre, 200
Esthonia, 179
Estissac, Geoffroy d’ (1524), 795
Esztergom, Hungary, 188, 189
Étampes, Duchesse d’, see Anne de Pisselieu
etching, 309
ethnography, 864
Étienne, Henri II (1528–98), Apologie pour Herodote, 785
Étienne family, 159, 785
Eton, England, school, 119, 235
Eucharist, 5, 35, 36, 163, 168, 171, 200, 288, 354, 367, 376, 408, 412, 464, 465, 478, 579, 631, 727, 920, 927, 931
Eugenius IV, Pope (1431–47), 11, 12, 721, 722, 729
Europe: anticlericalism, 24
interchristian wars, 14
interdependence of states, 643
modernity, 220
peace, destruction, 252
pestilence, 64
religious revolution, 25
religious unity, 6
resurrection of civilization, 5
upheaval, 332–333
Europe, Central, universities, 237
Europe, Christian Republic of, 6
European states, federation of, 171
Evangelical Brotherhood, 384, 389
evangelical preachers, 380
Evangelicals (Lutherans), 443, 446–447, 449, 505
Everyman (c. 1480), 46, 120
evil eye, 234
Evreux, 96
excommunication, 24, 354, 356, 424
execution, 758
Exercitatorio de la vida espiritual (Cisneros), 909
Exeter, Lady, 574, 575
Exeter, Marquis of, 574
Exeter, England, first English theater, (1348), 46
Exeter Cathedral, 118, 119
Exhortation, A Brief (Knox), 615
exorcism, 851
expectancies, 331*
exploration, no, 192–194, 743, 863–867
exports, frauds, 112
Exsurge Domine, papal bull, 352, 420, 426
Eyck, Hubert van (1366?-1426), 80, 131–133, 195
Adoration of the Lamb, The, 131–132*
Eyck, Jan van (1370?-?1440), 80, 131–133, 141, 195, 223, 774
Adoration of the Lamb, The, 131–132
paintings, 133
Faber, Johann (1478–1541), 407, 430
Faber (Favre), Peter (1506–46), 908, 909, 910, 911
Fabri, Felix (1484), 306
factory system, 38, 707
faïence, 688, 715, 829
fairs, 320
faith, act of. 212
Faith, Age of, 935
Faith, Confession of, 618, 619, 628, 630
Faith, Edict of, 209
faith healing, 231
faiths, non-Christian, 16
Fallopio, Gabriele (1522–62), 871, 892
Familiarium colloquiorum formulae (Erasmus), 282
families, size, 303, 768
family names, 303
farces, 76, 100, 326, 813
Farel, William (1489–1565), 468, 469, 470, 471, 481, 484, 488, 489, 500, 502, 806
Confession of Faith and Discipline, 469, 470
farm foreclosures, 293
Farnese, Alessandro, 921
Farnese, Giulia, 416
Farnese, Ottavio (1520–86), 920, 921, 922
Farnese, Pierluigi, (1503–47), 455, 920, 921
fatalism, 708
Faust, Georg (1507), 852
Faust legend, 852
federalism, 147
Federigo, Duke of Urbino, 137, 223
Felix V, anti-pope (1439–49), 11
feminist movement, 762
Ferdausi (940?-?1020), Book of Kings, 687
Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon (1479–1516); of Castile (1474–1504), 15, 92, 94, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204–208, 213, 214, 215, 217, 221, 226–228, 255, 260, 263–266, 268, 525, 639
Ferdinand I, King of Germany (1531–64)
Holy Roman Emperor (1556–64), 226, 301, 931
Ferdinand I, King of Hungary and Bohemia (1526–04), 440, 441, 442, 444, 445, 454, 455, 456, 631, 637, 705, 706, 707
Ferdinand I (Ferrante), King of Naples (1458–94), 187, 734
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 410, 438, 450, 920
Fernando I, King of Portugal (1367–83), 191
Ferrara, Italy, 12, 188, 189, 467
festivals, 127, 195, 305
seasonal, 769
feudal barons, restrictions, 90, 145
feudalism, 109, 631, 642
Feuerbacher, Metern (1525), 387
Fez, Morocco, 695
Karouine Mosque, 695
Fichet, Guillaume (1433?-?1480), 159
fiction, 75, 818
Field, John (1525?-87), 862
Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520), 516, 537, 771
Fieravante, Ridolfo (d. 1486), 650
Filelfo, Francesco (1398–1481), 426
Filmer, Henry, 576
financiers, major political power, 295
finger prints, 679
Finland 652
Finno-Ugri tribe, 678
Firuzkuh, Persia, 698
Fish, Simon, “Supplication of the Beggars, The,” 543
Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester (1459–1535), 123, 277, 324, 429, 524*, 529, 540, 547, 548, 549–550, 558, 578
fishing industry, 752, 759
Fitzgerald, Gerald, Earl of Kildare (d. 1513), 570
Fitzgerald, Gerald, Earl of Kildare (1487–1534), 570
Fitzgerald, Thomas, Earl of Kildare (1513–1537), 570
Flagellants, 65
Flamboyant architecture, 79, 96, 97, 118, 196
Flaminio, Marcantonio (1498–1550), 893, 896, 926
Flanders, 8, 38, 58, 59, 62, 63, 92, 126, 142, 510, 631, 724, 774–777
Flanders, Count of (1336), 62
Fleet prison, London, 43, 580*
Fleming, Mary, 519
Flemings, slaughter, 43
Flodden Field, battle (1513), 605
Flore et Blanchefleur, 75
Florence, Italy, 8, 12, 38, 69, 127, 176, 187, 518, 540
Baptistery, 688
Council, 649
Orcagna’s Tabernacle, 307
Santa Maria Nuova hospital, 137
Florid style, architecture, 838
Florida, discovery, 269, 865
Flötner, Peter (c. 1490–1546), 836
folklore, Teutonic, 373
Fontainebleau, chateau, 80, 516, 825, 826, 827
Fontainebleau, School of, 825, 826, 829
Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de (1657–1757), 807
food, 39, 113, 641, 648, 692
adulteration, 763
prices, 573
Foolish War (1485), 93
Fools, Muster of (Murner), 812
foreign trade, 109
forests, Germany, 143
Forment, Damian (d. 1533), 845, 846–847
Formigny, battle (1450), 88
fornication, 211, 474, 760
Fornovo, battle (1495), 94
Fortescue, Sir John (1394?-1479), 113, 255
fortifications, medieval, 183
Fossilium, De natura (Agricola), 864
Fouquet, Jean (1416?-80), 80–81, 99
Fox, Edward (1496?-1538), 532, 536
Foxe, John (1516–87), 598
Book of Martyrs, 596*
Foxe, Richard (1448?-1528), 529
France: alliance with England, 526
constitutional government, 66
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 255
education, 236–237
extent (1300), 58, (1369), 69, (1481–83), 92
government (1300), 60
industrialization, 59–60
Jewish expulsion, 724
merchant rule, 67
monarchy, 207, 255
national unification, 90, 92
papal tribute, 337
population (1515), 493
Protestants, 501–506
renaissance, 792–795
Revolution (1789), 88
sanitary ordinances, 245
serfs, 37
throne, English king on, 61, 68, 70–71, 106, 525
trade routes, 754
universities, 237, 787–788
war lavages (1422), 70–71
war with England, 8, 27, 28, 29, 41, 45, 62, 63, 81, 535, 596, 599
France, Anatole (1844–1924), 805
Francesca, Piero della (1420?-92), 223, 313
Franche-Comté, 58, 93, 126
Francis I, King of France (1515–47), 87, 95, 97, 99, 286, 287, 338, 357, 363, 413, 429, 438, 444, 453, 455, 460, 461, 491–571, 520, 526, 527, 697, 704, 718, 771, 785, 788, 793, 822, 921
quoted, 509
Francis II, King of France (1559–60), 518
Francis, son of Francis I of France, 8, 511, 518
Francis, Duke of Brittany, 91
tomb, 98
Francis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 439
Francis, Duke of Guise (1519–63), 517, 520, 521, 522, 923
Franciscans, 19, 209, 236, 246, 329, 597, 900;
Observantine, 207, 571
Spiritual, 148
Franck, Sebastian (1499?-1543), 397, 423, 813
Franco, Niccolo, 932
Franconia, duchy, 387–388
francs-tireurs, free bowmen, 88
Frankenhausen, Germany, 391
Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany, 151, 156, 387, 412, 424
Rathaus, 155
fratricide, 679, 711
Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor (1152–90), 6, 161, 444
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1440–93), 152, 188, 294, 300, 322, 383, 732
Frederick I, King of Denmark (1523–33), 623, 627, 628
Frederick III, Duke of Austria (1306–30);
King of Germany (1314–22), 148, 295
Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (1486–1525), 237, 314, 339–340, 344, 347, 348, 351, 358, 362, 378, 381, 384, 391, 421, 429, 430, 439, 627
free cities, 297
free love, 633
free thought, 250, 708, 784, 785, 924
free will, 434–435
free workers, 39
freedom of debate, 28
freedom of speech, 579
freedom of worship, 219, 455, 456, 606, 616, 628, 629, 630, 632, 664, 678, 708, 716
freethinkers, 584
Fregose, Federigo (1536), 897
Freiburg, Saxony, 306
Cathedral (1283), 154
Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Austria, 389, 436
French Academy, 76
French Disease, Three Chapters on the (Paracelsus), 880
French Renaissance architecture, 822–828
frescoes, 176, 177, 223, 715
Fribourg, Switzerland, 403, 467
Friesland, East, Germany, 440
Friesland, West, 633
Fritz, Joss (1512), 294
Froben, Jerome (1535), 436
Froben, Johann (1460?-1527), 159, 283, 285, 427, 429, 432, 503, 877
Froissart, Jean (1333?-?1400), 28, 29, 56, 75–76, 99, 243, 244
quoted, 41
Chronicles, 75
Froment, Antoine (1509-?81), 468
Froment, Nicolas (c. 1435–84), 98
Froschauer, Christian, 159, 409
Froude, James A. (1818–94), quoted, 581, 765–766
Fuchs, Leonard (1501–66), 868
Fuenllana, Miguel de (fl. 1554), 776
Fugger, Anton (1493–1560), 442, 522
Fugger, Georg (1453–1506), 295
Fugger, Jakob I (d. 1469), 295
Fugger, Jakob II (1459–1525), 295, 296, 357;
quoted, 357
Fugger, Johannes (1348–1409), 295
Fugger, Ulrich (1441–1510), 295, 296
Fugger family, 295, 296, 299, 338, 357, 358, 379, 397, 436, 453, 572, 632, 752
Fulda, Germany
Fundamentum organisandi (Paumann), 773
funerary monuments, 119
furniture, 113, 155, 768
Fust, Johann (1400?-?1466), 158
Gad, Hemming (fl. 1517), 622
Gaetano da Thiene, Sr. (1480–1547), 895–896
Gaillon, France, castle-château, 97, 98
Galen (2nd Century A.D.), 123, 243, 244, 869, 870, 871, 873
Galicia, 172
Galilei, Galileo (1564–1642), 238, 241, 862
Galle, Peter (1524), 625
Gallegos, Fernando (1466–1507), 223
galleries, Protestant churches, 447
Gallican Church, 11, 502
Gallipoli, Greece, 177, 179
Gama, Vasco da (1409?-1524), 157, 194, 195, 269, 299, 676, 689, 707, 743
gambling, 10, 114, 471, 759, 769
games, 114, 477, 769–770
Garamond, Claude (d. 1561), 784, 785
Garcilaso de la Vega (1503–36), 816–817
quoted, 816
gardens, 713, 769
botanical, 868
Gardiner, Stephen (1483?–1555), 571, 576, 577, 580, 585, 589, 590, 592, 593, 595, 596–597
Gargantua (Rabelais), 501, 760, 787, 797, 799–801, 808
Garter, Order of the, 28
Gascoigne, Thomas (1450), quoted, 23
Gascony, 58, 61, 68, 510
Gasmaier, Michael (1525), 389, 392
Gasquet, Francis Aidan, Cardinal (1846–1929), 418
Gast, Johannes, 852
Gaston III, Phoebus, Count of Foix (1331–91), 71, 243
Gaston de Foix (1489–1512), 497
Gautier, Théophil
e (1811–72), 221, 847
Gaveston, Piers (d. 1312), 26
Gawhar Shad (1377–1457), 685, 686
Gay Saber, troubadour fraternity, 224
Gay Science, Academy of the, 76
Gedymin, Prince of Lithuania (1345–77). 173
Geertgen tot Sint Jans (c. 1467–c. 1495), 136
Geiger counters, 753*
Geiler von Kaiserberg, Johann (1445–1510), 297
Gelderland, Netherlands, 91, 135, 515
gem cutting, 688
Gemistus Pletho, Georgius (1355?-1450), 176
Gemma Frisius (1508–55), 870
Geneva, Switzerland, 404, 457–458, 467–468, 470, 471, 472–476, 487, 489, 608, 609
Consistory, 472–473, 474, 479, 489
Council of Sixty, 467, 470, 471, 474, 476
Great Council of Two Hundred, 468, 469, 472, 479, 484
Protestant Council, 483
Reformation Monument, 489
Small Council of Twenty-five, 468, 472, 482, 484
Genghis Khan (1206–27), 664, 671
Genoa, Italy, 48, 195, 258, 259, 734, 754
Gentile, Valentino (d. 1557), 488
geography, 240, 689, 690, 864
geology, 241, 863–864
Geometrical Gothic design, 79, 118
geometry, 238, 676
Geonim, 739
George, Count of Hohenlohe (1525), 388
George, Duke of Saxony (1500–39), 345, 348, 350, 378, 384, 435, 440, 445, 756
George Brankovic, King of Serbia (1427–56), 182
George of Poděbrad, King of Bohemia (1459.–71), 171
Georgia, 673
Gerhart, Nicolaus (1464), 306
Germaine de Foix, Queen of Aragon and Naples (1505–38), 227, 905
“German Nation, The Needs of the,” 383
Germany: capitalist era, 296
Church, 320, 328–333, 382
crusades, financing, 340, 347
electors, 151–152
emperor, English king, 106
federation, 147
government (1453–1517), 299–302
Holy Roman Empire, 148
humanists, 320–325
Jews, 726–727
king, 147-148
mining, 143–144
papal tribute, 7, 337–338
prosperity, 293
Protestant churches, 445–446
public baths, 244
publishing, 784
Reformation, 37
religion subject to the state, 209
schools, 235
trade decline, 457
unity, 457
Germany, northern, 299
Germany, South, 299
Germany, Western, convents, 20
Gerona, Spain, Cathedral, 221
Gerson, Jean de (1363–1429), 71, 72, 75–7 4, 129, 232
Gersonides, see Levi ben Gerson
Gesner, Conrad (1516–65), 868–869, 871
Gespräche (Hutten), 351
Geyer, Florian (1525), 387, 388, 391
Ghazan Khan (1295–1304), 664
Ghent, 58, 59, 62, 63, 69, 127, 515, 631, 632, 635