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The Reformation

Page 149

by Will Durant

Guild Hall (1325), 130, 136

  St. Bavon Cathedral, 131

  ghettos, 727, 734, 735

  Ghibellines, 150

  Ghiberti, Lorenzo (1378–1455), 174, 688

  Ghinucci, Cardinal, 898

  Ghiyathu’d-Din (1523), 666

  Giberti, Gianmatteo (1495–1543), 780, 895, 896, 897

  Gibraltar, 218, 270

  Giese, Tiedeman, 860

  Gil (Egidio), Juan, 640

  Gil Bias (Lesage), 818

  Giles, Peter, 552

  Gilianes, Captain (1433), 193

  Gillis, Peter (1517), 139, 281

  Giocondo, Giovanni (1433–1515), 96

  Giorgione, II (c. 1478–1511), 298

  Giotto di Bondone (c. 1276-c. 1337), 177

  Giovanni da Udine (1494–1561), 829

  Giovio, Paolo (1483–1552), 205, 306

  Girón, Don Pedro, 639

  Giudecca, Venice, 734

  Giustiniani, Paolo, 899

  Glapion, Jean, 359

  Glarus, Switzerland, 146, 404, 405

  Glasgow, Scotland, 602

  university, 236

  glass, painted, 835

  Glendower, Owen (1359?-?1416), 106

  Glinski, Helena, 654

  globe, circumnavigation, 259, 865

  Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of (1355–97), 56, 57

  Gloucester Cathedral, 118, 119

  Goa, India, 195, 914

  Gobelins, Musée des, 99

  God, Judaic conception, 372

  Godfrey, Bishop of Würzburg, 731

  God’s Truth in England, A Faithful Admonition to the (Knox), 611

  Godunov, Boris (1551?–1605), 661

  Goes, Hugo van der (1440?-82), 137

  Goethe, Johann W. von (1749–1832), 74, 131, 852, 863

  gold: medicine, 231

  transmutation, 850

  Golden Bull, 151, 155, 162, 726

  Golden Fleece, order of the (1429), 127, 636

  Golden Horde, 173, 647, 652, 653, 672

  Golden Rose, 347, 348

  goldsmithry, 59, 298, 815, 823, 829, 835, 848

  Gómara, Francisco López de (1510?-60), 817

  Gonçalves, Nuno (fl. 1450–72), 195

  Gonzaga, Ercole, 896

  Gonzaga, Ferdinand, 776

  Gonzaga, Giulia, 893

  Gonzalez de Clavijo, Ruy (d. 1412), 175, 240, 664, 671, 674, 675

  Gonzalo de Cordoba, Hernández (1453–1515), 227, 742

  Gossaert, Jan (c. 1470–c. 1534), 141–142

  Adam and Eve (Berlin), 141

  Agony in the Garden (Berlin), 141

  Jan Carondelet (Louvre), 141

  St. Luke Drawing the Virgin (Vienna), 141

  Gotha and Torgau, League of (1526), 439

  Gothic architecture, 79, 96, 97, 118, 130, 154, 220, 821, 822–823, 846

  Gothic-Renaissance architecture, 97

  Gothic sculpture, 98, 174

  Goudimel, Claude (c. 1505–72), 779, 795, 809

  Goujon, Jean (c. 1510–66), 827, 830–831, 848

  government: administration, 15

  centralization, 188

  France, 60

  loans, 545*

  monarchy, 287

  Ottoman, 707–711

  representative, 254

  Governour, Boke Named the (Elyot), 789

  Gower, John (1325?-1408), 16, 30, 47, 50

  Goya y Lucientis, Francisco José de (1746–1828), 221

  grammar, Latin, 791

  Grammont, Gabriel de, 538

  Granada, 199, 201–204, 205, 206, 207, 217, 219, 220, 663

  Alhambra, 201, 203, 204, 221, 226, 846

  Cathedral, 846

  Granson, 135

  Granvelle, Cardinal de (1517–86), 776

  graphic arts, 80

  Grau, Hungary, 706

  gravitation, 238, 241

  Great Khan, 262, 664

  Great Ordinance (1357), 66, 67

  Great Plague, see Black Death

  Great Slaughter (1355), 236

  Greban, Annoul (1400?), 76

  Grebel, Conrad, 396

  Greco, El, Domingo Teotocopuli (1548?-?1614), 223

  Greece, 175–181, 182, 709

  greed, 112

  Greek Anthology (Planudes), 175

  Greek Catholics, 181, 182, 629

  Greek Christianity, 12, 182, 83

  Greek Orthodox Church, 21, 178, 350, 708

  Greene, Robert (1560?-92), 760

  Gregoras, Nicephorus (1295–1359), 176

  Gregorian chant, 780

  Gregory VII, Hildebrand, Pope (1073–85), 6, 15, 21, 35, 232, 332, 351

  Gregory XI, Pope (1370–8), 7, 8, 32, 33

  Gregory XII, Pope (1406–15), 9, 10

  Gregory XIII, Pope (1572–85), 641

  Grenoble, Palais de Justice (1505), 96

  Gresham’s Law, 252, 857

  Grisons, Switzerland, 410

  Groote Privilegie (1477), 142

  Grünewald, 173

  Grey, Lady Jane (1537–54), 586–587, 589, 593, 597

  Gribaldi, Matteo (1553), 487–488

  Grien, Hans Baldung (1476?-1545), 836, 841

  Gringore, Pierre (c. 1475–0. 1538), 100

  Grocyn, William (1446?-1519), 123, 124, 125, 551

  Grolier, Jean (1479–1565), 785

  Groote, Gerhard (1340–84), 128, 129

  Gruet, Jacques (1547), 479

  Grünewald, Matthias (c. 1455–1528), 310–311, 312

  Portrait of a Man (New York), 310

  Gryphius, Sebastian, 796

  Guadalajara, Spain, 638

  Guadix, Granada, 203

  Guam, 866

  Guarino da Verona (1370–1460), 123, 239

  Guéroult, Guillaume (1553), 481

  Guevara, Antonio de (1480?-1545), 816

  Guicciardini, Francisco (1483–1540), 16, 100, 205, 206, 525, 815

  Guienne, 58, 61, 62, 68, 88, 510

  Guildhall, London (1411–35, 1866), 119

  guilds, 38, 59, 60, 155, 198, 297, 309, 573, 631, 638, 738, 755, 813

  cycle of mysteries, 46

  merchant companies, 109

  poetry, 76

  Guilford, Sir Henry, 843

  Guinegate, 95

  Guise, Francis, Duke of (1519–63), 605

  Güns, Hungary, 705

  Gustavus I, King of Sweden (1523–60), 622–626

  quoted, 624–625

  Gutenberg Bible, 159

  Gutenberg, Germany, 331

  Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400–0. 1468), 158–160

  Guzmán, Leonora de, 197

  Gypsies, 171*

  Haakon VI, King of Norway (1355–80), 145

  Hadrian, Emperor (117–38), 845

  Hafiz, Shamsu’d-Din Muhammad (1320–89), 663, 666–670, 672

  Hagenbach, Peter van, 135

  Haggada, the, 739

  Hainaut, France, 58, 126, 142

  Haiti, 262–263, 264–265, 268

  Halberstadt, Germany, 338

  Hales, Robert (d. 1381), 40, 42, 43, 45

  Hales, William, 121

  Halidon Hill, battle of, 604

  Halle, Germany, 147, 339, 445

  Halley’s comet, 239

  Hallgarten, Germany, 155

  Hamburg, Germany, 156, 297, 299, 439

  Hamilton, John, Archbishop, 603

  Hamilton, Patrick (c. 1505–28), 607

  Hampton Court, England, 528, 839

  Handel, George Frederick (1685–1759), 778

  Handspiegel (Pfefferkorn), 324

  hangings, 72, 758

  Hanseatic League, 144, 155, 627, 632, 843

  Hapsburg-Valois debate, 513

  Hardouin, Jean (1646–1729), 21

  Harfleur, France, 70

  Haromi, Immanuel (1265–1330), 723

  harpsichord, 772–773

  Harrowing of Hell, The, 46

  Harun-i-Vilaya, 700

  Harvey, William (1578–1657), 871, 872

  Hassam, Sul
tan (1356–63), 677

  Hätzer, Ludwig (d. 1529), 395, 397

  Harz mines, 143, 144

  healers, 243–246

  Heaven and Paradise (Horomi), 723

  Hebraism, 425

  Hegius, Alexander (1433–98), 128

  Heidelberg, Germany, 233

  Castle, 835, 846;

  University, 241, 786

  Heidelberg Catechism, 488

  Heilbronn, Germany, 387

  Heimburg, Gregor (1400?-72), 171, 331

  Hele, Peter (1510), 242

  Helfenstein, Ludwig von, 388

  Helgesen, Paul (Poul Eliae or Eliaesin)(1480?-?), 627, 628

  Hellenism, 425, 791

  Helvetic Confession: First (1536), 413, 607

  Second (1566), 489

  Helvetius, Claude (1715–71), 939

  Hennenberg, Graf von, 302

  Henry II, King of Castile (1369–79), 198, 201, 204

  Henry IV, King of Castile and León (1454–74), 202, 204

  Henry II, King of England (1154–89), 57, 58

  Henry IV, King of England (1399–1413), 56, 57, 106, 116, 119, 674

  Henry V, King of England (1413–22), 70, 106, 107, 114, 230, 774

  Henry VI, King of England (1422–61; 1470–71), 57, 70, 107, iii, 235

  Henry VII, King of England (1485–1509), 92, 108–109, 115, 123, 255, 260, 275, 276, 491, 525, 536, 551, 569, 838

  Henry VIII, King of England (1509–47), 31, 33, 37, 109, 115, 117, 125, 152, 199, 251, 253, 255, 273, 291, 338, 354, 430, 449, 455, 451, 492, 508, 510, 514, 515, 517, 523–578, 606, 771, 787

  quoted, 276, 566–567

  Assertion of the Seven Sacraments against Martin Luther, 532

  Henry II, King of France (1547–59), 455, 514, 517, 523–578, 581, 583, 599, 930

  Henry III, King of France (1574–89), 518

  Henry IV, King of France (1589–1610), 61, 498

  Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1056–1106), 6, 15, 149, 332, 351

  Henry, Duke of Brunswick (1525), 391

  Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg, 439

  Henry of Bergen, Bishop of Cambrai (1492), 271, 272

  Henry of Hesse (1325–97), 242

  Henry of Zutphen, 633

  Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal (1394–1460), 157, 192, 194, 259, 269

  Henry VI (Shakespeare), quoted, III

  Heptameron (Marguerite of Navarre), 499, 501–502

  Heraclitus (6th–5th century B.C.), 31

  Herat, Khurasan, 663, 676, 686, 687, 698, 699

  Herbert, Edward, Baron of Cherbury (1583–1648), 839

  Hereford, Nicholas, 36

  Heresies, A Dialogue Concerning (More), 533, 556

  heresy, 85, 116, 117, 148, 153, 166, 168, 199, 206, 208–216, 249, 289, 347, 423, 438, 457, 473, 483, 484, 485, 500, 504, 521, 531–532, 544, 547, 549, 576, 584, 595, 596, 597, 607, 614, 624, 630, 631, 635, 639, 852

  Heretics .... Duty of Civil Magistrates to Punish (de Bèze), 487

  Hermann von Wied (1477–1552), 446

  Hermetic lore, 850

  Heroides Christianae (Hesse), 322

  Herrezuelo, Antonio de, 640

  herring industry, 136, 144, 752

  Hertenstein, Jakob, 840

  Hesdin, Jacquemart de (d. c. 1412), Les grandes heures (1409), 80

  Hesse, Eoban (1488–1540), 322, 324, 327, 427

  Hesse, Germany, 147, 392, 478

  Heures de Turin, Les, 131*

  Hicetas of Syracuse (5th Century B.C.?), 856

  Hildesheim, Germany, 147

  House of the Butchers’ Guild, 835

  Hims, Syria, 673

  Hipler, Wendel, 387

  Hipparchus (130 B.C.), 856

  Hippocrates (460?-?377 B.C.), 873

  Hispanic Society Museum, New York, 222

  Historia rerum gestarum (Pius II), 259

  historians, 815, 817–818

  Histories, Compendium of (Rashidu’d-Din), 666

  historiography, 690, 691–694, 850

  Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 251, 939

  Hochstetter, Ambrose, 296

  Hochstetter, Joachim, 297

  Hochstetter family, 295, 296, 397

  Hofmann, Melchior (1530), 398, 633

  Hohenzollern, Count of, 180

  Hohenzollerns, 300

  Holbach, Paul (1723–89), 745, 939

  Holbein, Ambrose (c. 1494–1519), 108, 310, 840

  Holbein, Hans, the Elder (c. 1460–1524), 296, 310, 840

  Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?-1543), 73, 140, 306, 310, 432, 547, 575, 840–845, 848

  Catherine Howard (Toledo, USA), 843

  Charles de Saulier (Dresden), 843

  Christ in the Tomb (Basel), 841

  Christine of Denmark (London), 843

  Erasmus (1523, Coll. Earl of Radnor), 290, 432, 841

  Erasmus (1523, Basel, Turin), 290, 432, 841

  Erasmus (1524?, Louvre), 290, 432, 841

  French Ambassadors (London), 843

  Fro ben (Hampton Court), 432, 841, 842

  Henry VIII (1536, Coll. Baron Thyssen), 523, 573

  Henry VIII in Wedding Dress (London), 844

  Jakob Meyer and His Wife (Basel), 840

  Jane Seymour (Vienna), 573, 843

  Prince Edward (1539, Washington), 844

  Prince Edward (1543, New York), 579, 844

  Self-portrait (1542, Uffizi), 844

  Self-portrait (1543, Clowes Coll., Indianapolis), 844

  Thomas More (London), 842

  Thomas More and His Family (copies), 842

  Triumph of Poverty (British Museum), 843

  Triumph of Riches (British Museum), 843

  holidays, workers, 110

  Holinshed, Raphael (d. 1580), 57, 106

  quoted, 56, 112

  Holland, see Netherlands

  Hollanda, Francisco de (1517–84), 848

  Holy Brotherhood, 206

  Holy Faith, war for, 199

  Holy Land, On the Recapture of the (Dubois), 251

  Holy League, 697

  Holy Roman Emperors, papal coronation, 923

  Holy Roman Empire, 147, 148, 161, 359, 457, 642

  Holy Union, 638

  holydays, 756, 757

  Holzschuher, Johann (1469–1529), 314, 350

  homicidal certainty, 216

  homosexualism, 564, 711

  Honduras, 267

  Honi soit qui mal y pense, motto of Order of the Garter, 28

  honor, 202

  Hoogstraeten, Jakob van (1460?-1527), 324, 346

  Hooper, John (d. 1555), 596

  quoted, 584

  Hopfer, Daniel (1504), 309

  Horeb Brotherhood, 169

  Hormuz, Arabia, 195

  Hosius, Stanislaus (1504–79), 630

  hospitals, 245, 568

  Host, bleeding, 728

  Hotman, François (1524–90), 614

  House of Fame, The (Chaucer), 49

  House of Martha, 911

  Household Book (Sylvester), 660

  household pets, 769

  houses, 74–75, 97, 113, 136, 155, 201, 404, 651, 674

  English country, 839

  Germany (1500),

  303

  Hrotswitha (960), 322

  Hübmaier, Balthasar, (1480–1528), 383, 395, 396, 397, 398

  Huesca, Spain, 221

  cathedral, 847

  Hugh Capet, King of France (987–996), 61, 66

  Huguenots, 216, 465, 466, 467, 475, 484, 488, 500, 505, 506, 520, 521, 635, 779, 810, 821, 885, 892

  Hulagu, Mongol emperor (1217–65), 664

  Hull, England, 107

  Human Body, On the Structure of the (Vesalius), 871, 872

  Human Race, Abridgement of the History of the (Abu-al-Fida), 690

  humanists, 122–125, 162, 189, 225, 238, 239, 257, 271, 291, 301, 320–325, 371, 403, 425–427, 485, 629, 724, 789, 790, 791, 796, 806, 842, 883, 924, 935, 939

  humanities, 238

  Humboldt II, Count of-the
Viennoise (1349), 66*

  Hume, David (1711–76), 251, 869

  humor, 76, 111

  Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1391–1447), 123, 157

  Hundred Grievances, against the Church, 17

  Hundred Years’ War, 8, 61, 62, 65, 73, 87, 88, 107, 126, 150, 237, 604, 792

  Hungarian Diet, 190

  Hungary: German empire, separation, 300

  peasant revolt (1514), 190

  population, 184

  primate, 188

  printing, 159, 189

  Reformation, 631

  renaissance (1456–90), 187–190

  Turkish invasion, 182, 185–186, 440–441, 704, 710

  Huns, 671, 678

  Hunyadi János (c. 1387–1456), 182, 184–186, 187, 189, 680

  Husein ibn-Baiqara, Sultan, 676, 682, 687

  Huscin Udi, 682

  Huss, John (1369?-1415), 10, 31, 74, 152, 162, 163–167, 168, 250, 343, 350, 353, 354, 360, 607, 725

  On the Church, 406

  Hussites, 152, 153, 162, 165, 168–169, 170, 328, 629, 725

  Hut, Hans, 398

  Hutchinson, Roger (c. 1550), quoted, 584

  Hutten, Ulrich von (1488–1523), 297, 304, 324, 325–328, 350, 351, 352, 356, 427

  quoted, 327, 359

  Expostulation, An, 427

  Gespräche, 35’

  hydraulic hammer, 144

  hygiene, 198–199, 202, 244

  hymnal, Protestant, 778

  hymns, Luther’s, 439, 443, 447

  Iaroslavl, Russia, 652

  Ibn-al-Khatib, 689

  ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288), 689, 872

  Ibn-Batuta (1304–77), 201, 677, 689, 695, 864

  ibn-Khalduii, Abd-al-Rahman (1332–1406), 251, 677, 690–694

  quoted, 691, 693

  Introduction to the Universe, 690–694

  Ibn-Muzaffar (1352), 667

  Ibrahim Pasha, 700, 710–711, 713

  Iceland, 146, 258, 259, 628

  iconoclasm, 615

  icons, 648, 649

  idleness, 759

  idolatry, 474, 613*, 616, 617, 708, 820, 932

  Ile-de-France, 58

  Iliad, 49

  illiteracy, see literacy

  illuminated manuscripts, 80, 98, 119, 130, 155, 189, 309, 687, 700, 701

  images, removal from churches, 366, 408, 409, 411, 436, 464, 580, 584, 629, 631, 821

  Imago mundi (d’Ailly), 240, 259

  Imhoff, Hans, 308

  Imitation of Christ, The (Thomas à Kempis), 129

  immortality, personal, 288

  Imperial Chamber of Justice, 444, 445

  Imperial Diet, Germany, 147

  imperialism, no, 195

  impetus, law of, 241

  imprimatur, ecclesiastical, 924

  imprinting, 157

  Improperia (Palestrina), 781

  Incarnation Convent, 901, 904

  Incas, socialistic civilization, 865

  incontinence, 21

  Index, Congregation of the, 862, 863, 924

  Index auctorum et librorum prohibitorum, 924

  India, 88, 194–195, 259, 260, 261, 673, 676, 700, 707, 815

 

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