The Reformation
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meteorology, 239, 240, 850
Méthode de traicter les plates (Paré), 875
Metochites, Theodorus (d. 1332), 175–176
metropolitans, 649
Metz, Germany, 297, 299, 305, 455, 521
Metzler, George (1525), 387, 388
Meung, France, 84
Meung, Jean de (13th Century A.D.), 808
Meurs, Jean de (1344), 238
Mexico, 200, 817, 864
Meyer, Martin (1457), 330
quoted, 331
Michael, Prince of Tver (1319), 651
Michelangelo (1475–1564), 13, 132, 134, 222, 281, 290, 830, 831, 847, 873, 899, 921
Last Judgment, 899
Leda, 823
Michelet, Jules (1798–1874), quoted, 501
Middle Ages, 230
migrations, 659
Milan, Luis de (c. 1500–65), 771, 776
Milan, Italy, 94, 97, 149, 161, 444, 507, 508, 514
Castello Sforzesco, 650
Cathedral, 192
San Gotardo clock, 241
Milíč of Kromërize (d. 1374), 163, 725
Mill, John Stuart (1806–73), 251
millennarianism, 170
Milne, Walter, 615
Miltitz, Carl von (1490?-1529), 348, 355
Milton, John (1608–74), 277
Paradise Lost, 894
mineralogy, 864
miniatures, 80, 98, 119, 131 155, 177, 309, 686, 687, 715
mining, 90, 143, 294, 295, 296, 626, 752–753, 817.
minnesingers, 156
minstrel troupes, 46
Mir Ali Shir Nawa’i (1440–1501), 682
miracle dramas, 46, 76
miracles, bogus, 24, 34
Miraflores, Cathusian monastery, 222
Mirak, Aqa, 701
Miroir de l’âme pécheresse, Le (Marguerite of Navarre), 500
Miroir de mariage, Le (Deschamps), 76
Miroir de Phoebus (Foix), 243
Mishna Torah (Maimonides), 739
Misrule, Lord of, 114
Mithridates (Gesner), 868
Mittenwald, Germany, 306
Modena, Tommaso da, 162
Modena, Italy, 161
Accademia, 892
Mohács, Hungary, 441, 510, 704
Mohammed (570–632), 480
Mohammed I, Sultan (1413–21), 181, 680
Mohammed II, Sultan (1451–81), 182, 183, 186, 187, 680, 682, 686, 708
Book of Laws, 711
Mohammedanism, 673, 681
Mohr, George, 366
Molcho, Solomon (c. 1501–32), 740–741
Moldavia, 179, 707
Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin) (1622–73), 101, 807
Moluccas, 195
Monarchia, or Governance of England (Fortescue), 115
monarchical government, centralization, 157
monarchy, 254, 255, 605, 653
monasteries: laxity, 19–20
manufacturing and trading, 330
Mount Athos, 177
reclamation work, 17
reform, 12, 25, 899–905
restoration, 595
suppression, 439, 534–535, 562, 563, 569, 630
Monastery of the Trinity, 648
Monastic Vows, On (Luther), 364
Mondeville, Henri de (d. c. 1326), 244
Money, On the Origin, Nature, Law, and Alterations of (Oresme), 252
money economy, 294
moneylending, 728
Mongols, 161, 647, 663, 664, 671
monogamy, 127, 187, 711
Monophysites, 678
monopolists, 297, 381
monotheism, 249, 726
Montaigne, M. E. de (1533–92), 250, 788, 792, 806, 807, 854, 867, 882
Essays, 274, 474
Monte Cassino, ecclesiastical library, 5
Montefeltro, Federigo da (1444–82), 189
Montemayor, Jorge de (1521?-61), 816
Montezumas, Aztec Empire, 865
Montis Pilati, Descriptio (Gesner), 868
Montlhéry, battle of, 91
Montluc, Bishop of Valence (1572), 886
Montmorency, Due Anne de (1493–1567), 492, 494, 515, 522, 824, 828
Montmorency, Guillaume de (1530), 824, 828, 829
Montreal, Canada, 865
Moors: baptism, 638
capture, quoted, 193
Christianizing, 220
Portugal, 219
wars against, 197, 199
Mor, Anthonis (1512?-76), 831, 847
Alva (Brussels), 831
Granvelle (Vienna), 831
Mary Tudor (Madrid), 831
Philip II (Madrid), 831
Self-portrait (Uffizi), 831
Mora, Sweden, 623
Morales, Cristobal (r. 1500–53), 776
Morales, Luis de (1510?-86), 847
morality dramas, 46, 76, 100
morals, 71, 400, 760–766
freedom, 434
laxity, 304
Ottoman, 711–714
Morat, 135
Moravia, 398
Moravian Brethren, 172, 395
Moray, James Stuart, Earl of (1499?-1544), 609
morbus gallicus, 94, 246
More, Sir John, 550, 551
More, Lady, quoted, 557
More, Margaret, 557
More, Thomas (1478–1535), 25, 109, 123, 125, 139, 232, 273, 277, 278, 288, 291, 429, 435, 523, 524, 525, 542, 547, 548, 550-558, 578, 727, 769, 842
quoted, 574
Confutation, 533
Heresies, A Dialogue Concerning, 533, 556
Richard III, History of, 552
Utopia, 396, 552–555, 556
Morea (Peloponnesus), 176, 177, 187
Moreh Nebuchim (Maimonides), 744, 745
Morgarten, Switzerland, 146
Moriscos, 220
Morocco, 695
Morone, Cardinal Giovanni (1509–80), 780, 898, 899, 926
morris dance, 770
Morte d’Arthur, Le (Malory), 121–122
Mortimer, Roger de (1287–1330), 27
Morton, John, Archbishop (1420?-1500), 529, 550
mosaics, 176, 179
Moscow, principality, 647, 649, 650–655
Cathedral of the Archangel, 650
Cathedral of the Assumption, 649, 650
Church of Basil the Blessed, 660
Moses (c. 1200 B.C.), 288
Moslems, 158, 175, 182, 208, 220. 229
mosques, 677, 681, 684–686, 605, 715–716
motion, relativity of, 861
Motteux, Peter de (1660?-1718), 807
Moulins, France, 80, 98
Mountjoy, Baron (d. 1534), 272, 276, 289, 428
quoted, 524
Mudejares, unconverted Moors, 200, 222
Muhammad ibn-Hasan, 698
Muhammad Nur, Sultan (1540), 701
Mühlberg, Germany, 454, 516
Mühldorf, Germany, 148
Mühlhausen, Germany, 384, 391
Muley Hassan, Prince (1534), 696, 697
Mülier. Hans (1524), 384
Mülier, Johann (Regiomontanm;, 1436–76), 239, 298, 744
Munich, Germany, 156
Altes Rathaus (1470–88), 306
Frauenkirche (1468–88), 306
Haus der Kunst, 319
municipal democracy, agitations for. no municipal protectionism, 631
Münster, Sebastian (1489–1552), Cosmographia universalis, 864
Münster, Germany* 398–400, 445, 461
Rathaus, 155
Münzer, Thomas (1489?-1525), 366, 383–384, 391, 421
Murad I, Sultan (1359–89), 178, 179, 180, 679, 709
Murad II, Sultan (1421–51), 181, 182, 185–186, 680
murals, 80, 119, 156, 177, 223, 686
Murillo, Bartolomé (1617–82), 221, 223
Murner, Thomas (1475–1537), 326, 410, 425, 812
Musculus, Andreas (1560), 765, 766
music, 6, 114, 156, 366, 447, 648, 649, 770, 77’-783
musical instruments, 772
Mustafa, son of Suleiman I, (d. 1553), 717
Mutianus Rufus, Conradus (1471?-1526), 322–323, 324, 426, 852
Myconius, Friedrich (1491–1546), quoted, 339
Myconius, Oswald (1488–1552), 413
mystery drama, 46, 76, 100, 326
mysticism, 152–154, 740
mystics, 328, 639
myths, 820
Näfels, Switzerland, 147
Nagyvarad, Hungary, 189
names, children’s, 474
Namur, Belgium, 126, 136
Nancy, France, 76, 136, 521
Nantes, France, 98
Naples, Kingdom of, 8, 80, 93, 94, 187, 188, 224, 227, 266, 721, 734
Napoleon I (1769–1821), 251, 792
Narrenschiff (Brant), 316, 326, 812
Narva, Russia, 656
Nasir ad-Din Faraj, Sultan, 690
Nassau, 147
national assembly, 27
nationalism, 287, 288, 305, 330, 354, 457, 578, 615, 621, 643, 653, 729
natural law, 3, 15, 248, 255, 373
Naumburg, Germany, 445
nautical information (1420), 192
Navagero, Andrea (1483–1529), 816
Navarre, 93, 197, 205, 507
Navarro, battle, 405
navigation, 230, 239, 240, 689
Negro chieftains, Africa, slave trade, 193–194
Negro sorcery, 233
Negroponte (Euboea), 187
Neihardt, Matthias Gothardt, see Matthias Grünewald
Nejati, Isa (d. 1508), 682
Neoplatonism, 850
nepotism, 12, 920, 923, 933
Neri, St. Philip (1515–95), 896
Nestorians, 678
Netherlands, 128, 142, 216, 300, 318, 526, 596, 631–637
Anabaptists, 398
annexation, 126
constitutional sovereign, 142
dykes, 136
extent (1300), 58
Holy Roman Empire, 148
liberation from Spain, 635
printing, 158, 159
religious history, 127
schools, 235
sea, conquering, 143
Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 470
neuroses, contagious, 65
Neuss, Germany, 135
Neustadt, Germany, 389
Nevers, Count of, 180, 181, 679
Nevers, France, 58
Neville, Sir Edward, 574
New England, witchcraft, 216
New Jerusalem, 633
New Testament, 320, 503, 607, 628
circulation in print, 382, 407, 533
Luther’s translation, 369, 409, 439, 633
revision (Erasmus), 273, 283–285, 369
New World, 225, 228, 268, 269
New York harbor, 865
Newcastle, England, coal, 752
Newfoundland, discovery, no, 865
newspaper, first (1548), 784
Newton, Isaac (1642–1727), 241, 251, 862
Nicaea (Iznik), Asia Minor, 678
Council of, 10
Nicaragua, 267
Nice, France, 515, 698
Nicene Creed, 412, 929
Nicholas V, Antipope (1328), 149, 150
Nicholas V, Pope (1447–55), 12, 13, 14, 153, 158, 171, 425, 721, 722, 729, 731
Nicholas of Cusa (1401–64), 13, 16, 25, 129, 246, 251, 255–257, 728, 731, 856
quoted, 256, 257
Nicholas o’ cusa (c. 1270–1340), Fostillae perpetuae, 75
Nicolas de démanges (1360?-1434), 72
Nicomedia (Izmid), Asia Minor, 678
Nicopolis, 674, 679
Battle (1396), 180–181, 185
Nicot, Jean (1530?-1600), 752
Nijni Novgorod, principality, 647, 651
Nikolaus von der Flüe (1417–1487), 403
Nîmes, France, 506
Niña, Columbus’s ship, 261, 263
Nisard, Desire (1806–88), 841
Nish, 180
Nishapur, Persia, 663
Nizami, Abu Muhammad (1141–1202), 682
nobles, function, 494
nomads, 692
nominalism, 248, 250, 255, 272, 342
Nonesuch Palace (1538), 839–840
Norby, Sören, 624
Norfolk, Duke of (1473–1554), 542, 560, 566
Norfolk, England, 116
Norman conquest (1066), 45, 61–62
Norman nobility, 570
Normandy, 58, 61, 63, 71, 88, 91, 161, 510
Normandy, Duchesse of, 67
Norris, Sir Henry, 559, 560
North Carolina, 865
North Sea, 62, 109, 144, 299
Northern War (1410), 173
Northumberland, Duke of, see John Dudley, Earl of Warwick Norway, 144, 145, 146, 628
Norwich, England, 582
Cathedral, 119
Nostradamus (1503–66), 851
Not-browne Mayd, The, 811
Novara, Domenico de (1498), 856
novel, picaresque, 818
Novgorod, Russia, 647, 649, 652, 658–659
Novgorod, Third Chronicle of, 658
Novgorod-Severski, principality, 653
Novi, Alevisio (1493), 65
Noyon, France, 96
nudism, 72, 170
Numa Pompilius (715–673 B.C.), 288
numerals, mathematics, 238
Nun of Kent, see Elizabeth Barton
Nuñes, Pedro (1492–1577), Treatise on the Sphere, 743
Nuremberg, Germany, 144, 147, 149, 156, 159, 239, 240, 241, 242, 269, 297, 298–299, 304, 319, 356, 439, 441, 454, 457
Churches, 154–155
Diet, 17, 24, 381–382
Lorenzkirche, 307, 308, 309, 439
Peace of (1532), 444
Rathaus, 155
Sebaldusgrab, 307
Sebalduskirche, 306, 307, 308, 439
Nymegen, Germany, Rathaus, 835
Obelisci (Eck), 346, 349
obscenity, 72, 932
observatory, 239, 743
Occult Philosophy (Agrippa), 853
occultism, 230, 233, 234, 850.
Ochino, Bernardino (1487–1564), 580, 893–894
quoted, 476
Ockham, William of (c. 1300–49), 7, 9, 16, 150, 165, 236, 246–251, 252, 255, 272, 332, 342
Ockhamists, 250
“Ockham’s razor,” 247, 249
Oderic of Pordenone (1286–1331), 240, 664
Odes (Ronsard), 809
Oecolampadius, Johannes (1482–1531), 324, 410–411, 412, 479, 480, 505
offices, sale of, 11, 95, 714
Ogilvy, Marion, 603, 606
Ojeda Alonzo de (1405?-1515), 269
Okeghem, Johannes (c. 1430–95), 774, 775
Oklahoma, discovery, 865
Olaf II, King of Norway (1380–87), 145
Old Testament, 320, 323, 741
German translation, 369
Oldcastle, Sir John (1377?-1417), 116–117
Oldenburg, Christopher, Count of, 628
Olesnicki, Archbishop (1447), 725
Olevianus, Kaspar (1536–87), 488
Olgierd, Grand Duke of Lithuania (1345–77), 173
On Civil Dominion (Wyclif), 31, 32
Open Letter Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate (Luther), 352–354
Oporinus, Johannes (1507–68), 871, 878, 879
Oran, 696
Orange, revolt, 93
Oratory, Fathers of the, 896
oratory, forensic, 274
Oratory of the Divine Love, 895
Ordóñez, García (c. 1500), 224
Ordonnances ecclésiastiques, 472
Oresme, Nicole (c. 1323–82), 234, 238, 246, 251–252, 856
organs, 772
Orkhan, Sultan (1326–59), 178, 678–679
Orkhan (nephew of Mohammed II), 182
Orlamünde, Germany, 367
Orléans, 81, 83, 86, 93, 96, 102, 506
Orléans, Duchesse of, 67
; Orléans-Longueville, cathedral, 97
Orley, Bernaert van (1492?-1542), 318, 831
Orta, Garcia d’ (c. 1500–0. 1570), 743
Ortiz, Francisco, 639
Ortiz, Pablo (1490), 222
Ortoghrul (d. 1288?), 678
Ory, Matthias, 482
Osiander, Andreas (1498–1552), 859, 862
quoted, 859–60
Osier, Sir William (1849–1919), 869
Osman (Othman; 1288–1326), 678
Ostia, Italy, 697
Osuña, Francisco de, 901
Othman, see Osman
Otranto, Italy, 187
Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 439
Ottoman Empire, 438, 677, 698, 716
Ottoman Turks, 663
Ottomans, 678–680, 699
Ovando, Nicolas de (1460?-1518), 266, 268
Oviedo, Castile, 197
Oviedo, Gonzalo de (1478–1557), 817
Oxford University, 33, 36, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 236, 524, 550, 787
Magdalen College, 525
Ockhamists. school of, 250
Pacello, Domenico (1495), 97
Pacher, Michael (1435–98), 310
Altarpiece, St. Wolfgang’s Parish Church, Salzkammergut, 310
Pacific Ocean, 267, 269, 866
Padilla, Juan de, 222, 638, 639
Padilla, Maria dev 197
Padua, Italy, 785
University, 243
pagan culture, classic, 57
pageants, 202, 769
Pagnini, Santes, 480
painting: Burgundy. 131
England, 119
Flanders, 831
France, 80, 98
Germany, 298, 309, 835–838
Hungary, 189
icons, 649
Italy, 820
Lowlands, 831
Netherlands influence, 98
panel, 119
Portugal, 195
Spain, 223, 847
textile, 177
Palaeologus, Zoë (fl, 1472), 650
palaces, Spain, 221
Palatinate, 147, 454, 478
Pale, the, Ireland, 569* 570
Palestine, 663, 721
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1526?–94), 776, 779–783
Improperia, 781
Missa Papae Marcelli, 781
Palestrina, Lucrezia di Goris, 780
pallium, 7
Palmer, Sir Thomas, 585
Palos, Spain, 263
Pamplona, Navarre, 221, 906
Panama Canal, 267
Pannonius, János (1434–72), 189
Panselinos, Manuel (1535), 177, 715
Pantagruel (Rabelais), 797, 798, 801–804, 80?
Pantagruelism, 806–807
pantheism, 153–154, 478, 483
papacy, Germany’s grievances against, 332
Papacy at Rome Founded by the Devil, Against the (Luther), 450
Papal Schism (1378–1417), 8–10, 33. 34, 41, 73, 332
papal sovereignty, 590
Papal States, 8, 13, 92, 918, 921, 923
paper manufacture, 157
paper money, 158
Paracelsus (1493?-1541), 850, 875–881, 886
quoted, 878
Arch-Wisdom, The, 876