by Ernst Roets
14. National Planning Commission. (11 November 2011). National Development Plan. p. 197.
15. South African Police Service. (2011). National Rural Safety Strategy. p. 1.
16. See Chapter 3.
17. Interview with Russell Lamberti. (16 January 2018); Email by Russell Lamberti. (8 April 2018).
18. Institute of Race Relations. (2017). South Africa Survey 2017. p. 252.
19. The World Bank. (28 March 2018). Employment in agriculture, world development indicators & international debt statistics.
20. Institute of Race Relations. (2017). South Africa Survey 2017. p. 279.
21. Macrobond, ETM.
22. export.gov. (19 July 2017). South Africa – Agricultural sector. (Available at https://www.export.gov). Also Johnson, RW. (2015). How long will South Africa survive? The looming crisis. Johannesburg and Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers. p. 171.
23. Interview with Russell Lamberti. (16 January 2018).
24. Interview with Russell Lamberti. (16 January 2018).
25. News24. (27 February 2018). National Assembly adopts motion on land expropriation without compensation.
26. IOL. (7 February 2018). MPs demand privately owned dams be nationalised. Lamberti, R. (22 November 2017). Water shortages the result of water socialism. In Politicsweb.
27. Interview with Russell Lamberti. (16 January 2018).
28. Bennie van Zyl. (21 November 2017). Statement at a joint press conference on farm attacks.
29. Dianne Kohler Barnard. (21 November 2017). Statement at a joint press conference on farm attacks.
30. Bezuidenhout, C. (November 2012). Overview of farm attacks in South Africa and their potential impact on society. In Report by the Solidarity Research Institute. An overview of farm attacks in South Africa and the potential impact thereof on society. pp. 8–29 at p. 19.
31. Bohlman, HR. (2 March 2010). The macroeconomic impact of skilled emigration from South Africa: A CGE analysis. Economic Research Southern Africa. p. 2.
32. Bohlman, HR. (2 March 2010). The macroeconomic impact of skilled emigration from South Africa: A CGE analysis. Economic Research Southern Africa. p. 2.
33. InterNations. (2015). Expat Insider. Survey report: The world through expat eyes. p. 218.
34. InterNations. (2015). Expat Insider. Survey report: The world through expat eyes. p. 218.
35. InterNations. (2015). Expat Insider. Survey report: The world through expat eyes. p. 218.
36. Bohlman, HR. (2 March 2010). The macroeconomic impact of skilled emigration from South Africa: A CGE analysis. Economic Research Southern Africa. pp. 9–10.
37. Bohlman, HR. (2 March 2010). The macroeconomic impact of skilled emigration from South Africa: A CGE analysis. Economic Research Southern Africa. p. 10.
38. Beeld. (23 August 2017). Vergadering oor plaasaanvalle versoek; minister reageer nie.
39. Macrobond, ETM.
40. Interview with Russell Lamberti. (16 January 2018).
41. Johnson, RW. (2015). How long will South Africa survive? The looming crisis. Johannesburg and Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers. p. 171, and The Guardian. (17 July 2011). Use your loaf: Why food prices were crucial in the Arab spring.
CHAPTER 6 – REMOTENESS: UNIQUE CIRCUMSTANCES
1. Video on YouTube: Konteks #9: Genl.-maj. Roland de Vries betrek by die stryd teen plaasmoorde. (Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xf19TiXHSA).
2. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 55.
3. South African Institution of Civil Engineering. (2018). Report: SAICE infrastructure report card 2017.
4. Beeld. (6 April 2017). Vier nagte lank lê hy vasgebind.
5. South African Police Service. (2011). National Rural Safety Strategy. p. 1.
6. AfriForum. (2014). Report: Hoe lank nog? Plaasaanvalle – Kritiese perspektief en slagofferbemagtiging.
CHAPTER 7 – A CLOSER LOOK
1. Solidarity Research Institute. (2013). Feiteblad: Treurgrond: Die realiteit van plaasaanvalle, 1990 tot 2012. p. 1.
2. South African Police Service. (4 May 2016). Presentation: Meeting with AfriForum – Incidents of violence on farms and smallholdings.
3. South African Police Service. (4 May 2016). Presentation: Meeting with AfriForum – Incidents of violence on farms and smallholdings.
4. South African Police Service. (4 May 2016). Presentation: Meeting with AfriForum – Incidents of Violence on Farms and Smallholdings.
5. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 29.
6. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 29.
7. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 29.
8. Data collected by AfriForum and TAU SA.
9. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 29.
10. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 30.
11. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 30.
12. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 32.
13. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). Criminal Justice Monitor. p. 32.
14. This section includes extracts from Claasen, L. (25 November 2015). In Report by AfriForum to the United Nations Forum for Minority Issues. Victims of farm attacks in South Africa: Does the criminal justice system fail these victims? pp. 10–11.
15. Solidarity Research Institute. (2013). Feiteblad: Treurgrond: Die realiteit van plaasaanvalle, 1990 tot 2012. p. 1. In 1 333 of the 3 319 farm attacks listed in Treurgrond, the number of attackers is also provided. A total of 4 021 attackers are listed, implying an average of three attackers per farm attack.
16. Rapport. (2 April 2017). 15 kom roof toe boer weg is.
17. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. p. 50.
18. AfriForum. (25 November 2015). Report to the United Nations Forum for Minority Issues. Victims of farm attacks in South Africa: Does the criminal justice system fail these victims? p. 8.
19. South African Police Service. (4 May 2016). Presentation: Meeting with AfriForum – Incidents of violence on farms and smallholdings.
20. This section includes extracts from Claasen, L. (25 November 2015). In Report by AfriForum to the United Nations Forum for Minority Issues. Victims of farm attacks in South Africa: Does the criminal justice system fail these victims? pp. 12–14.
21. Solidarity Research Institute. (2013). Feiteblad: Treurgrond: Die realiteit van plaasaanvalle, 1990 tot 2012. p. 1.
22. Data provided by TAU SA.
23. Data provided by TAU SA.
24. MNet. Carte Blanche. (12 March 2017). Documentary on farm attacks.
25. Business Day. (24 March 2017). Black farmers still excluded from mainstream value chain.
26. This section includes extracts from Claasen, L. (25 November 2015). In Report by AfriForum to the United Nations Forum for Minority Issues. Victims of farm attacks in South Africa: Does the criminal justice system fail these victims? pp. 12–14.
27. Video on YouTube. (2 November 2017). Konteks #26: Die trauma van plaasmoorde. (Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjIjfNY6cHE).
28. Maroela Media. (17 November 2014). Underberg-plaasmoord: Twee sit lewenslank.
29. SABC 2. Fokus. (27 October 2013). Documentary on farm attacks.
30. KykNet. E-nuus. (25 October 2017).
31. KykNet. E-nuus. (30 October 2017).
32. News24. (12 October 2016). Pretoria woman whose husband was shot in front of her gives birth to a healthy baby boy.
33. MNet. Carte Blanche. (12 March 2017). Documentary on farm attacks.
34. Data provided by the AfriForum Research Institute (ANI).
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35. MNet. Carte Blanche. (12 March 2017). Documentary on farm attacks.
36. Landbou.com. (2 May 2012). Boervrou voor kleuters vermoor.
37. Beeld. (29 November 2016). Plaaswerker huil in hof toe hy getuig oor Cilliers-moord; Maroela Media. (30 January 2016). Rouxville-plaasmoord: Twee vas.
38. Claasen, L. (25 November 2015). In Report by AfriForum to the United Nations Forum for Minority Issues. Victims of farm attacks in South Africa: Does the criminal justice system fail these victims? pp. 12–14.
CHAPTER 8 – THE QUESTION OF MOTIVE
1. SABC 2. Fokus. (27 October 2013). Documentary on farm attacks.
2. Beeld. (10 October 2017). Dis oor wetteloosheid.
3. Beeld. (10 October 2017). Dis oor wetteloosheid.
4. Beeld. (28 August 2017). Boer wond aanvallers.
5. Data provided by the AfriForum Research Institute (ANI).
6. Interview with Johan Burger. (20 September 2017).
7. Solidarity. (27 September 2012). Media statement: Minister van polisie sê statistieke oor plaasaanvalle is ‘duimsuig’. Nuwe boek oor plaasaanvalle sluit sowat 500 nuwe aanvalle in.
8. ANN7. (21 March 2014). Panel discussion: SA decides.
9. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. (25 June 2007). Report: The violent nature of crime in South Africa. (A concept paper). p. 64.
10. Report by the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). p. 411.
11. Report by the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). p. 411.
12. Report by the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). p. 411.
13. Report by the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks. (31 July 2003). p. 406.
14. Dobelli, R. (2014). The art of thinking clearly. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. Chapter 97.
15. IOL. (24 June 2016). My hate for white people made me rob and kill.
16. Van der Walt, R. (2011). Documentary film: War of the flea.
17. Schutte, R and De Jager, E. (2012). Blood sisters. Pretoria: LAPA. Chapter 6; Rust, R. (2016). Vlees en bloed. Pretoria: LAPA. Chapter 7.
18. Assassination Witness. (March 2018). Report: The rule of the gun: Hits and assassinations in South Africa, 2000–2017. p. 3.
19. Assassination Witness. (March 2018). Report: The rule of the gun: Hits and assassinations in South Africa, 2000–2017. p. 5.
20. Email by BP Uys. (9 April 2018).
21. Interview with Johan Burger. (20 September 2017).
22. Interview with Johan Burger. (20 September 2017).
23. Interview with Johan Burger. (20 September 2017).
24. Beeld. (28 August 2017). Polisie vlek sindikaat by Tzaneen oop.
CHAPTER 9 – SWORDS, SHIELDS AND SPEARS
1. Statistics South Africa. (2016). General Household Survey 2015. p.31. Also Institute of Race Relations. (2018). South Africa Survey 2018. p. 77.
2. Statistics South Africa. (2016). General Household Survey 2015. p.31. Also Institute of Race Relations. (2018). South Africa Survey 2018. p. 77.
3. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books.
4. See for example https://www.vusamazulu.com/indaba-my-children/credo-vusamazulu-mutwa.
5. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. p. 3.
6. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. p. 6.
7. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. p. 9.
8. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. p. 10–11.
9. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. p. 11–12.
10. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. p. 14.
11. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. p. 14.
12. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. p. 15.
13. Mutwa, C. (1963). Indaba, my children. Johannesburg: Blue Crane Books. p. 15.
14. The Bible (Common English Bible). (2011). Nashville: Christian Resource Development Corporation. Genesis 1:27.
15. The Bible (Common English Bible). (2011). Nashville: Christian Resource Development Corporation. Genesis 2:21–22.
16. The Bible (Common English Bible). (2011). Nashville: Christian Resource Development Corporation. Genesis 2:8.
17. The Bible (Common English Bible). (2011). Nashville: Christian Resource Development Corporation. Genesis 1:28.
18. The Bible (Common English Bible). (2011). Nashville: Christian Resource Development Corporation. Genesis 1:29.
19. The Bible (Common English Bible). (2011). Nashville: Christian Resource Development Corporation. Genesis 3:17–19.
20. The Bible (Common English Bible). (2011). Nashville: Christian Resource Development Corporation. Genesis 11:1–9.
21. See for example Gallup. (8 July 2011). In U.S., 3 in 10 say they take the Bible literally.
22. Pretorius, F (Ed.). (2012). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 18. Also BBC News. (4 March 2015). First human discovered in Ethiopia.
23. BBC. (8 September 2011). African fossils put a new spin on human origins story.
24. Harari, YN. (2011). Sapiens: A brief history of humankind. London: Vintage. p. 6; Meyer, A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 28.
25. ABC News. (2 October 2016). New species of human relative, Homo naledi, found in underground graveyard in Cradle of Humankind.
26. Meyer. A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 29.
27. Meyer. A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 29.
28. Meyer. A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 29.
29. Meyer. A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 29.
30. Meyer. A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 30.
31. Science Daily. (10 May 2007). New research confirms ‘Out of Africa’ theory on human evolution. Also Harari, YN. (2011). Sapiens: A brief history of humankind. London: Vintage. p. 16.
32. Meyer. A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 30.
33. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 17.
34. Lyon, B et al. (1969). A history of the Western world. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. p. 428.
35. Lyon, B et al. (1969). A history of the Western world. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. p. 428
36. Lyon, B et al. (1969). A history of the Western world. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. p. 428.
37. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 17.
38. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 17.
39. Meyer, A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 34.
40. Burenhult, G. (2000). Die ersten Menschen. Augsburg: Weltbild Verlag.
41. Thompson. L. (2001). A history of South Africa. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Also Newman. L. (1995). The peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press.
42. Oakes. D (Ed.). (1989). Re
ader’s Digest: Illustrated history of South Africa: The real story. Cape Town: Reader’s Digest.
43. Tsongas lived in Mozambique in 1554 and, according to Portuguese sources, fled to South Africa.
44. Meyer, A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 35–36.
45. Fuze, MM. (1979). The black people and whence they came. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. p. 2.
46. Meyer, A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 30.
47. Meyer, A. (2012). Suid-Afrika se oerverlede. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 30.
48. Science Magazine. (4 December 2014). Dwindling African tribe may have been most populous group on planet.
49. BBC. (undated). Oppression of Khoisan 7 Xhosa. The story of Africa: Southern Africa. (Available at https://www.bbc.co.uk).
50. Interview with Mosioua Lekota. (20 November 2017).
51. Khoisan. (Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoisan).
52. Pringle, EL. (31 January 2013). An assessment of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Report prepared for Agri Eastern Cape. pp. 3–4.
53. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 3. Also Pretorius, F (Ed.). (2012). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 41.
54. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 1.
55. See for example The Citizen. (24 February 2017). Mngxitama tells Anneline Kriel farm murders are black revenge.
56. Fredrickson, GM (1981). White Supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. Interview with Liza-Marie Oberholzer. (12 April 2018).
57. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 12.
58. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28.
59. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–32.