Kill the Boer

by Ernst Roets

  60. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.

  61. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 30.

  62. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 38.

  63. Pearsall, J (Ed.). (2002). Concise Oxford English Dictionary. 10th edition, revised. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  64. Online Etymology Dictionary. s.v. ‘boor’ (Available at https://www.etymonline.com/word/boor)

  65. Wiktionary.org. Meaning of ‘boor’. (Available at https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boor).

  66. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 5.

  67. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 5.

  68. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 30.

  69. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 14. Interview with Liza-Marie Oberholzer. (12 April 2018).

  70. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 41.

  71. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 42. Interview with Liza-Marie Oberholzer. (12 April 2018).

  72. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 42.

  73. Visagie, J. (2012). Oorsake van die Groot Trek na die binneland. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 117–128. Interview with Liza-Marie Oberholzer. (12 April 2018).

  74. Interview with Liza-Marie Oberholzer. (12 April 2018).

  75. Interview with Ernest Pringle. (16 November 2017).

  76. Fredrickson, GM. (1981). White supremacy: A comparative study in American & South African history. 1st edition. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50.

  77. Visagie, J. (2012). Migrasie en die gemeenskappe noord van die Oranjerivier. In Pretorius, F. (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 97–116.

  78. Walter, EV. (1969). Terror and resistance: A study of political violence, with case studies of some primitive African communities. New York: Oxford University Press; Charters, RA. (1839). Notices of the Cape and Southern Africa, since the appointment, as governor, of Major-General Sir Geo Napier. In United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine, 31(III). London: Henry Colburn. (September, October, November). pp. 19–25; 171–179; 352–359; p. 24; Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed.; Hanson, VD. (2001). Carnage and culture: Landmark battles in the rise to western power. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Interview with Liza-Marie Oberholzer. (12 April 2018).

  79. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 27.

  80. Pringle, EL. (31 January 2013). An assessment of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Report prepared for Agri Eastern Cape. p. 4.

  81. Visagie, J. (2012). Oorsake van die Groot Trek na die binneland. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 114.

  82. Visagie, J. (2012). Oorsake van die Groot Trek na die binneland. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 114.

  83. Interview with King Mthimkhulu III. (17 April 2018).

  84. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 30.

  85. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 31. Interview with Liza-Marie Oberholzer. (12 April 2018).

  86. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 30.

  87. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 31.

  88. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 37.

  89. Visagie, J. (2012). Oorsake van die Groot Trek na die binneland. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 139–140; Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 123–124.

  90. Interview with Liza-Marie Oberholzer. (12 April 2018).

  91. Visagie, J. (2012). Oorsake van die Groot Trek na die binneland. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 142–143; Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 124.

  92. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 125.

  93. Visagie, J. (2012). Oorsake van die Groot Trek na die binneland. In Pretorius, F. (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 150.

  94. Giliomee, H (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 124.

  95. Visagie, J. (2012). Oorsake van die Groot Trek na die binneland. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 145.

  96. Pringle, EL. (31 January 2013). An assessment of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Report prepared for Agri Eastern Cape. p. 6.

  97. These include the following: Asiatic Registration Act (1906); South Africa Act (1910); Native Land Act (1913); Natives in Urban Areas Bill (1918); Urban Areas Act (1923); Colour Bar Act (1926); Native Administration Act (1927); Native Land and Trust Act (1936); Representation of Natives Act (1936); Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946).

  CHAPTER 10 – APARTHEID AND DISPOSSESSION

  1. Pringle, EL. (31 January 2013). An assessment of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Report prepared for Agri Eastern Cape. p. 7.

  2. Pringle, EL. (31 January 2013). An assessment of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Report prepared for Agri Eastern Cape. p. 8.

  3. Pringle, EL. (31 January 2013). An assessment of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Report prepared for Agri Eastern Cape. p. 8.

  4. Pringle, EL. (31 January 2013). An assessment of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Report prepared for Agri Eastern Cape. p. 8.

  5. Grobler, J. (2012). Staatsvorming en stryd, 1850–1990. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 153.

  6. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 247.

  7. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 248.

  8. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 248.

  9. Grobler, J. (2012). Staatsvorming en stryd, 1850–1990. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 173–174. Interview with Liza-Marie Oberholzer. (12 April 2018).

  10. Pringle, EL. (31 January 2013). An assessment of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Report prepared for Agri Eastern Cape. p. 8.

  11. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. pp. 85–86; See also South African History Online. King Dinuzulu. (Available at https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/king-dinuzulu).

  12. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea
Boekhuis. p. 85.

  13. Pretorius, F. (2012). Almal se oorlog: Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902). In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 238.

  14. Pretorius, F. (2012). Almal se oorlog: Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902). In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 241.

  15. Pretorius, F. (2012). Almal se oorlog: Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902). In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 241.

  16. Pretorius, F. (2012). Almal se oorlog: Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902). In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 241.

  17. Pretorius, F. (2012). Almal se oorlog: Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902). In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 243.

  18. Ngcukaitobi, T. (2018). The land is ours: Black lawyers and the birth of constitutionalism in South Africa. Cape Town: Penquin Random House. p. 55.

  19. Pretorius, F. (2012). Almal se oorlog: Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902). In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 249.

  20. Pretorius, F. (2012). Almal se oorlog: Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902). In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 250.

  21. Pretorius, F. (2012). Almal se oorlog: Die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899-1902). In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 254.

  22. Pringle, EL. (31 January 2013). An assessment of the 1913 Natives Land Act. Report prepared for Agri Eastern Cape. p. 9.

  23. Giliomee, H. (1 April 2018). Al die Groot Trekke van Afrikaners. Article in Rapport.

  24. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie, Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 250.

  25. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 253–254.

  26. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 254.

  27. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 260–261

  28. Changuion, L and Steenkamp, B. (2011). Disputed land: The historical development of the South African land issue, 1652–2011. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 132.

  29. Section 1(1) of the Natives Land Act, 1913 (Act No. 27 of 1913).

  30. Jeffery, A. (2012). BEE helping or hurting? Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 298.

  31. Jeffery, A. (2012). BEE helping or hurting? Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 299.

  32. Native Urban Areas Act, 1923 (Act No. 21 of 1923).

  33. Scher, DM. (2012). Naoorlogse rasseverhoudings, 1902–1948. In Pretorius, F (Ed.). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika: Van voortye tot vandag. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 265.

  34. Jeffery, A. (2012). BEE helping or hurting? Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 300.

  35. Giliomee, H. (2004). Die Afrikaners: ’n Biografie. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 253.

  36. Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 22.

  37. Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 34.

  38. Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 62.

  39. Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 62.

  40. Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 63.

  41. Pelzer, AN (Ed.). (1966). Verwoerd speaks: Speeches 1948–1966. (10–11). Johannesburg: APB Publishers. Quoted in Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 64.

  42. Jeffery, A. (2009). People’s war: New light on the struggle for South Africa. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the ANC’s political and military strategy in the era of 1976 and 1994.

  43. Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. pp. 305 and 367.

  44. Jeffery, A. (2009). People’s war: New light on the struggle for South Africa. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers. p. 94.

  45. A discussion on the Kabwe Conference and the Messina landmine incident is dealt with in the documentary film Tainted heroes by Roets, E and Pretorius, B. (2016).

  46. Personal interview with Siphiwe Nyanda. (9 April 2014).

  47. These reports are by Amnesty International. (2 December 1992). South Africa: Torture, ill-treatment and executions in African National Congress camps; Skweyiya Commission, Johannesburg. (August 1992). Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Complaints by Former African National Congress Prisoners and Detainees; Report of the Douglas Commission, Durban, (January 1993). Other sources include: Trewhela, P. (2009). Inside Quatro. Johannesburg: Jacana Media; Jeffery, A. (2009). People’s war: New light on the struggle for South Africa. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, and Forsyth, O. (2015). Agent 407: A South African spy breaks her silence. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers.

  48. These reports are by Amnesty International. (2 December 1992). South Africa: Torture, ill-treatment and executions in African National Congress camps; Skweyiya Commission, Johannesburg. (August 1992). Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Complaints by Former African National Congress Prisoners and Detainees; Report of the Douglas Commission, Durban, (January 1993). Other sources include: Trewhela, P. (2009). Inside Quatro. Johannesburg: Jacana Media; Jeffery, A. (2009). People’s war: New light on the struggle for South Africa. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, and Forsyth, O. (2015). Agent 407: A South African spy breaks her silence. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers. Other methods of torture include forcing prisoners to dig up the bodies of ANC loyalists who had died several days before and wash them for what they referred to as ‘heroic burials’; prisoners were sometimes kept naked and tied up with ropes for extended periods of time – sometimes for as long as three weeks. Prisoners were frequently given spoiled food that had been rejected by cadres of the ANC in the camps. Visits to the medical clinic usually resulted in beatings of sick people. Prisoners had to chop wood for hours on end and signs of fatigue or exhaustion were met with severe beatings, as prisoners were told that bandits – the term that was used to define them – do not get tired. The most feared duty in camp Quatro was, however, the pushing of the huge water tank, which normally had to be pulled by heavy military trucks. Prisoners were then whipped with sticks whenever the pace became too slow, or whenever prison guards felt like it.

  49. Trewhela, P. (2009). Inside Quatro. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. p. 69.

  50. Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 309.

  51. The Telegraph. (8 November 2014). Fall of the Berlin Wall opened a world of opportunity.

  52. Office of the Historian, US Department of State. (undated). The Berlin Wall falls and USSR dissolves.

  53. Du Toit, ZB. (1999). Die nuwe toekoms: ’n Perspektief op die Afrikaner by eeuwisseling. Pretoria: J.P. Van der Walt. p. 16.

  54. Speech by FW de Klerk. (2 February 1990). Speech at the opening of Parliament.

  55. Hermann, D and Van Zyl, C. (2011). Land of sorrow: 20 years of farm attacks in South Africa. Centurion: Kraal Uitgewers.

  56. Du Toit, ZB. (1999). Die nuwe toekoms: ’n Perspektief op die Afrikaner by eeuwisseling. Pretoria: J.P. Van der Walt. pp. 84 and 170. Also Woolman, S. et al. (Eds). (2010). Constitutional law of South Africa. Pretoria: Juta. p. 24F-4.

  57. Mandela, N. (1994). Long walk to freedom. London: Abacus. p. 664.

  58. Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 334.

  59. Mandela, N. (1994). Long walk to freedom. London: Abacus. p. 717.

  60. Giliomee, H. (2012). Die laaste Afrikanerleiers. Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 359; Mandela, N. (1994). Long walk to freedom. London: Abacus. p. 717; Lodge, T. (2006). Mandela: A critical life. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 173.

  61. Currie, I and
De Waal, J. (2013). The Bill of Rights handbook. 6th edition. Cape Town: Juta. p. 4.

  62. Currie, I and De Waal, J. (2013). The Bill of Rights handbook. 6th edition. Cape Town: Juta. p. 7.

  63. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Section 1.

  64. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Section 9(1).

  65. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Section 10.

  66. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Section 11.

  67. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Section 12.

  68. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Section 14.

  CHAPTER 11 – ZEITGEIST

  1. Corrigan, T. (18 January 2018). The ‘brutal farmer’ stereotype. In Politicsweb.

  2. Corrigan, T. (18 January 2018). The ‘brutal farmer’ stereotype. In Politicsweb.

  3. BBC News. (28 February 2013). Lulu Xingwana: Minister sorry for Afrikaner slur; Mail & Guardian. (27 February 2013). Xingwana apologises for ‘racist’ comments on Afrikaner men.

  4. Mail & Guadian. (20 October 2008). Will Pretoria have a Fidel Castro Street? Also IOL. (21 October 2008). ANC’s ‘insane name changes’.

  5. IOL. (29 August 2014). Chairman Mao gets go ahead in Tshwane.

  6. Mail & Guardian. (8 September 2014). Madonsela accused of being a CIA spy.

  7. IOL. (19 February 2016). USA plotting regime change in SA: ANC.

  8. Mail & Guardian. (30 April 2018). US threatens to cut funding to South Africa.

  9. Speech by Jacob Zuma. (14 March 2012). Video on YouTube. Jacob Zuma sings ‘Kill the Boer’ at ANC centenary celebrations in Bloemfontein, South Africa. (Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cb3MLHblnbQ).

  10. Mail & Guardian. (11 November 2013). Ramaphosa warns against the return of ‘boers’.

  11. The Guardian. (19 February 2015). Jacob Zuma under investigation for using hate speech.

  12. EWN. (19 February 2015). Zuma: SA’s problems began with Jan van Riebeeck.

  13. Van Onselen, G. (17 September 2012). Zuma’s minority rights gaffe: What HANSARD says. On https://inside-politics.org. (Available at https://inside-politics.org/2012/09/17/zumas-minority-rights-gaff-what-hansard-says/). See also Times Live. (13 September 2012). You have less rights because you’re a minority: Zuma.