by Ernst Roets
Solidarity Research Institute. (4 April 2017). Rassisme, haatspraak en dubbele standaarde: Geensins ’n eenvoudige swart-en-wit saak nie.
South African Human Rights Commission. (2014). National investigative hearing into safety and security challenges in farming communities.
South African Police Service. Annual reports.
South African Police Service. Crime statistics.
Statistics South Africa. (2007). Census of commercial agriculture 2007.
Statistics South Africa. (2017). Victims of crime survey 2015/2016.
United Nations Human Rights. (1984). Convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013). The global study on homicide 2013.
Wagner, BB. (December 2004). Unique approaches for a unique type of crime: Prosecuting hate crimes. Office of the United States Attorneys.
Welsh, B and Farrington, D. (2010). The future of crime prevention: Developmental and situational strategies. Prepared for National Institute of Justice.
Zinn, R and Kelder, N. (June 2011). Basic framework for an efficient community safety network.
Policy documents
National Planning Commission. (11 November 2011). National Development Plan.
South African Police Service. (1996). National Crime Prevention Strategy.
South African Police Service. (2011). National Rural Safety Strategy.
Interviews
Burger, Johan
Cameron, Ian
Changuion, Louis
De Vries, Roland
Heunis, Mariandra
King Mthimkhulu III
Kunneke, Johan
Lamberti, Russell
Lekota, Mosioua
Lynn, Robert
Muller, Johnny and Dalene
Nyanda, Siphiwe
Oberholzer, Liza-Marie
Pringle, Ernest
Van der Merwe, Caty
South African news media
Beeld
Business Day
City Press
Daily Maverick
Die Burger
eNCA
EWN
Fin24
Forum Nuus
IOL
Landbou.com
Mail & Guardian
Maroela Media
Netwerk24
News24
OFM
Politicsweb
Pretoria News
Rapport
SABC
South Africa Today
Sowetan
The Citizen
The Mercury
The Star
TimesLive
Volksblad
Foreign and International news media
ABC News
BBC
Fox News
Irish Times
New York Daily News
Reuters
The Guardian
The Telegraph
Documentary films
Forum Films. Roets, EA. (2016). Tainted heroes.
M-Net. Carte Blanche. (12 March 2017). Documentary on farm attacks.
M-Net. Carte Blanche. (5 November 2017). Documentary on farm attacks.
SABC 2. Fokus. (27 October 2013). Documentary on farm attacks.
Seven of Nine Productions. Van der Walt, R. (2011). War of the flea.
INDEX
A
Absa AgriBusiness 44
Acts
Employment Equity xx
Natives Land, of 1913 144-146
Promotion of Access to Information 32
Restitution of Land Rights 182-183
Urban Areas, of 1923 146
AFASA (see African Farmers’ Association of South Africa)
Africa Check 44, 318
African Farmers’ Association of South Africa (AFASA) 99
African Farmers’ Union (AFU) 254
African National Congress (ANC) (also ruling party) 2, 9, 64, 67, 78, 156-157, 167, 170, 174, 181, 227, 246, 251, 303, 317, 329-330, 335-336, 351
anti-Western sentiment 155
criticism xix, 310
farm attacks 166, 251-252, 257
history 144, 147-151, 207
land 181-189
struggle songs 153, 155, 194-198, 201-219
violence 123, 148-149, 156, 161-162, 193, 201
African National Congress Women’s League (ANCWL) 10
African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) 9, 158, 191-195, 199, 201-203, 318, 343
AfriForum
Research Institute (ANI) 36, 45, 63, 93, 108, 162, 285
Youth 9, 175, 210
Trauma Unit 99, 285
Afrikaans 7, 93, 132, 192, 217, 233-234, 236-239, 241-242, 244
AFU (see African Farmers’ Union)
Agri SA 20, 77, 252, 254
Akayesu, Jean-Paul 325
Americas 38, 127
Amnesty International (AI) 149
ANC (see African National Congress)
ANCWL (see African National Congress Women’s League)
ANCYL (see African National Congress Youth League)
Angola 131
ANI (see AfriForum Research Institute)
animals, also dogs 5-6, 18, 207, 214, 231, 233, 301, 350
Antoni, Marie-Louise 46
apartheid 11, 19, 135, 139, 141-151, 172-173, 206, 211, 214, 251, 257, 279-280, 327, 331
Arab Spring 77-78
Ashton 88
Assen 88
Assassination Witness 115
attackers
age 97
foreign nationals 93, 97
language 93
number of 97
race 93
weapons (see weapons)
Australia 71, 127, 313
Australopithecus sediba 126-127
B
Babanango 88
Bainsvlei 88
Bapela, Obed 110
Barkly East 56
Basson, Talita 223
Battle
Blood River 135, 138,
Italeni 135
Majuba 142
Vegkop 135
Bauer, Nickolaus 224-225
Beaumont Commission 146
Bela-Bela (formerly Warmbaths) 22
Belfast 1, 15, 316
Benin 131
Bergville 88
Berlin Wall 150
Bethlehem 223
Bezuidenhout, Christiaan 25, 51
Biesiesvlei 88
Bill of Rights (see South Africa, constitution)
Black First Land First (BLF) 159-160, 171
Black Jack 117
Black Monday (see protests)
BLF (see Black First Land First)
Bloemfontein 57, 100, 143, 156, 163, 204, 221
Bloemspruit 88
Blood Sisters (book) 61-63, 94
Boer Republic
Natalia 136, 138
Orange Free State 136, 141
Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) 136, 141-144
Bohlman, Heinrich 76
Bosnia 326
Botha, Benita 59
Botha, Bernard 59
Botha, Herman 59-60
Botha, Johann 307
Botha, Louis 146
Botha, Meisie 59
Brazil 41, 71
Bridges, Sunette 225
Brits 88, 223, 265-267, 273
Bronkhorstspruit x-xii, 289
brutality 11, 27, 51-64, 67, 85, 107, 154, 159, 255, 294, 311
Bucher, Beth 100
Burger, Johan xvii, 20, 23, 44, 110, 116-117, 252, 257-258, 294
C
Cameron, Ian xvii, 162, 303
Campaign
Action Stop Farm Attacks 254
against farm attacks 166, 223, 271, 282, 295, 336
Camperdown 88
Cape Peninsula University of Technology (see University of Technology)
Cape Town 157, 161, 163, 170, 183, 194, 222-223, 272
Carelse, Jessica 58
Carte Blanc
he 99, 161, 165
cave paintings 130
Census of Commercial Agriculture 44
Centurion xiv, 3, 191, 349
Chabangu, Simon 265, 271
Chameleon, Chris xvii, 226, 293
Changuion, Louis 136, 145
Chile 71
China 155, 281
Chuene, Ntuthuko 194
CIAC (see Crime Information Analysis Centre)
Cilliers, Bennie 103-104
Cilliers, Cecilia 103-104
Cilliers, Sarel 138
City Press 159
Claasen, Lorraine xvii, 36, 63, 93-94, 99, 108, 162, 285
Coetzee, Martin xvii, 1-5, 15
Coffin case 205, 227, 231, 242-243
commando system 252-253, 256-258, 297
commercial farmers 33, 42, 71, 78, 131, 206, 216, 317
number of 44-46, 69, 72, 99
Commission Treks 134
Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks 165, 255-265
community
policing forum (CPF) 261, 313
safety structures ix, xv, 162, 302-303, 309, 311, 313-314
complicity 221-247, 320
conglomeration 69, 71, 74
Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) 150, 185
Conradie, Joubert 221-223
Conradie, Marlene 221-222
Conservative Party (CP) 150-151,
Constitution (see South Africa)
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (also Genocide Convention, see genocide)
Cooks, Gwen 60
Cooks, Victor 60
Cornelia 88
Corrigan, Terence 154
corruption 72, 155, 169, 201-202, 262, 296, 304, 306-308
COSATU (see Congess of South African Trade Unions)
counter-strategy 26-27, 83, 227, 280, 294, 298, 332, 343-344
Court
Equality 207, 209-210, 213, 217
High 33, 172, 277
International Court of Justice (ICJ) 322, 331
International Criminal Court (ICC) 330
CP (see Conservative Party)
CPF (see community policing forum)
Cradle of Humankind 127
Cramond 88
creation
African traditional view 124-125
Biblical view 125-126
crime category
alcohol abuse (drunkenness) 22, 47
arson 21, 172
assault 2, 20-21, 26, 35, 39-40, 51-52, 55, 85, 92, 95, 103, 176, 227, 242-243, 254, 266, 295, 305-309, 328, 333
attempted murder xii, 19, 21, 92, 305
damage to property 21, 307
domestic violence 21-23, 230-231
murder (see murder)
rape xiv, 20-21, 26, 38, 52, 55-57, 60-62, 85, 92, 96, 172-173, 207-208, 266, 295, 305, 307, 326, 331, 333
robbery 20-21, 23, 26, 40, 46-48, 61, 92, 109-118, 164, 172, 225, 266, 295, 303, 313, 323, 340
vehicle hijacking 21, 178, 225
Crime Information Analysis Centre (CIAC) 88-89, 91-92
Crime Scene Clean-up 60-63, 81
crimes against humanity 325, 330-332
definition 330
criminology 27, 29, 51, 64, 306
Cronin, Jeremy 211
Cronje, Frans xvii, 169-172, 304
Cross, Bina xiii
Cross, John xiii
Cuba 155, 281
Cullinan 88, 164
D
Da Gama, Vasco 128
Daily Sun 229, 236, 238-242
Daily Telegraph 26
Davis, Rebecca 317
De Jager, Eileen 60-61, 81
De Jager, Herman 101
De Jager, Piet 101
De Villiers, Dawid 56
De Villiers, Dawie 56
De Villiers, Ralie 56
De Vos, Pierre 170
De Vries, Roland 81, 302, 311
definition
farm murder 4, 19-27, 47, 317
Delmas 88
Democatic Alliance (DA) 9, 73, 185, 202, 215, 224, 303
Democratic Alliance Youth (DA Youth) 9
Department
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) 70, 189
Arts and Culture 164
Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (CoGTA) 262
Defence and Military Veterans 155
International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) 281, 310
Justice and Constitutional Development 260
Labour (DL) 185, 262
Land Affairs 109-110
Police 11, 25, 29, 39, 107, 110, 224, 265-267, 269-274, 276-278, 280, 287, 295, 303, 305, 310, 343
Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR) 188
Safety and Security 110
Sport 160
Sport, Arts, Culture and Recreation (provincial department) 174
State Security 303
Devon 88
Dhlamini, Jabu 51
Dias, Bartolomeu 128
Difaqane (see Mfecane)
Dingane 134-135, 137-138
DIRCO (see Department of International Relations and Cooperation)
Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (Hawks) 296-297
Dlamini, Mcebo 164
Dlodlo, Ayanda 181
dolosse 63
domestic violence 21-23, 230-231, 261
domestic worker 265, 95
Du Plessis, Koos 57
Dubula iBhunu (see Kill the Boer)
Dullstroom 18, 59
Durban 192
E
Eastern Cape 56, 86-87, 128, 133, 162, 314
economic freedom 72, 192
Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) xix, 9, 162-163, 165, 175, 203-206, 209, 217, 219, 318, 328, 348
economic indicators
economically active population 67
employment xx, 67-69, 74, 185
employment in agriculture 69-70, 74, 185
exports 68-70, 76-77
food prices 77-78
gross domestic product (GDP) 67-68, 73, 76
impact of farm attacks 67-78
imports 69-70
unemployment 68, 74-75, 82, 159, 177, 253
Edenburg 88
EFF (see Economic Freedom Fighters)
Elliot 314
emigration 72-73, 75-77, 136
Employment Equity Act (see acts, Employment Equity)
eNCA 229, 236, 238-242
England 287, 313
English 7, 93, 233, 235-245
Equality Court (see Court, Equality)
Eshowe 88
Ethiopia 126
ethnic cleansing 216, 326-330, 335-336, 346
definition 326
EWN 227, 229, 236, 238-242
exploitation 13, 109, 112, 145, 153, 184-186, 210, 344
expropriation 72, 145, 181, 203, 205, 213, 321, 327, 329, 336
F
Facebook (see social media)
Fagan, Jo 221
Fagan, Mark 221
farm attacks
AfriForum data 30, 34-38, 48, 193
crimes committed during 92
definition 4, 19-27, 63
distribution over time 87-89, 91
economic impact 67-79
hotspots 48, 87-88
impact on victims 99-104
investigation of 281-287
media reporting 14, 197, 221-247
modus operandi 53, 94-97
motive 21, 61, 64, 104-105, 107-119
per province 85-87
prioritising ix, xviii, 11-12, 14-15, 161, 227-228, 251-263, 270-275, 279, 293-299, 308-309, 313-314, 336, 345
profile of attackers 93-94
profile of victims 97-99
Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks 30, 110-116, 164-165
SAPS data 29-34, 37-38, 85-88, 259
SAPS involvement xviii, 15, 52-53, 162-163, 260, 304-308, 345
symptoms of victims 102
TLU data 30, 34-38, 45, 48, 97-99
uniqueness xvii
i, 11, 25-27, 81-83
farm worker 23, 33, 82, 103, 107, 159, 162
benefits 186-187
eviction 188-189
exploitation 184-186
housing 187-188
labour disputes 109, 118, 189, 344
wages 186
farmers
commercial 21-22, 33, 42, 44-46, 69, 71-74, 78, 99, 131, 206, 216, 317
Farrington, David 27
Ferrer, Stuart 188
FF Plus (see Freedom Front Plus)
FIFA World Cup 217-218
Fivaz, George 304
flag
South African (new) 224-225
South African (old) 206, 216, 224-228
Fochville 59, 83, 287
food
prices 74
security 67, 69, 74, 77-78, 309, 344
forensic evidence 285-289, 337
Fourie, André 279
Fourie, Cecile 54
Fourie, Johan 54
Frankfort xiv, xv
Fredrickson, George 132, 134
Free State xiv, xv, 7, 54-55, 57, 86-88, 136-137, 141, 156, 290
Freedom Front Plus (FF Plus) 157, 161, 195, 270, 279
Freedom of Expression Institute (FXI) 196
French Huguenots 133
FW de Klerk Foundation 157
FXI (see Freedom of Expression Institute)
G
Gana, Makashule 9
Gauteng, ix, xii, xiv, 59-60, 83, 85-89, 100, 128, 137, 162, 164-166, 174, 191, 194, 205, 277, 287
GDP (see economic indicators)
genocide 12, 14, 135, 160, 174, 203-205, 214, 216, 228, 317-336, 345-346
Armenian 324
Cambodian 324
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (also Genocide Convention) 320-321, 325, 327
definition 320-321, 326, 334
elements 321-325
Genocide Watch 318-321, 346
Jewish (Holocaust) 324, 327
Rwandan 324-325
steps 319
George 223
George’s Valley xii
Giliomee, Hermann 131, 133-134, 142, 145, 147
Goebbels, Joseph 243
Gravelotte xiii
Great Trek 133-139, 141, 144
Greyling, Henk x-xii, 340-341, 346-348, 350
Greyling, Jan 68
Greyling, Joseph xiii
Griekwastad 22
Griquas 141
Grobler, Annerie xiv
Grobler, Liza 306
Groblersdal 59, 88
Groenewald, Pieter 161, 270
gross domestic product (GDP, see economic indicators)
Gupta family 160
H
Haffajee, Ferial 171
Hall, Bernadette xvii, 83, 273, 287-288
Hall, David 83, 273, 287-288
Hani, Chris 149, 195
Harding 88
Hart, Chris 172, 176
Hartbeesfontein 88
Hasane, Esethu 160
hate crime 12, 319, 323, 332-334
hate speech 13, 117-118, 157, 160, 175-176, 193, 195-197, 199, 205-207, 210, 214-215, 217, 245, 299, 334-336, 345
Havenga, Fanie 103