Spirals in Time: The Secret Life and Curious Afterlife of Seashells
Page 30
Ablett, John 152, 226, 227, 228, 230
aculifera 32, 35, 36
algal blooms 106–9
Alien 80
Allonautilus 177
Alviniconcha strummeri 24
Alzheimer’s disease 241
ammonites 137, 179, 182–6
absence today 189–92, 193
ammonoids 186–9
fertilisers 184–5
A Natural History of Shells 60, 66
animal feeds 78
anti-fouling agents 245
Archimedean spirals 50
Argonaut, Brown 174
Greater 174
Rough-keeled 174
Tuberculated 174
Argonauta argo 178
argonauts 21, 173–6, 193–4, 264–5
fossil record 178–82, 192–3
rafting 199–200
reproduction 200–1
use of air in shells 201–2
Villepreux, Jeanne 194–9
Aristotle 26, 148–9, 175
arthropods 23, 26
atherosclerosis 244
augers 38
Awakenings 243
bailer shells 78
Banks, Joseph 193, 209
barnacles 26, 142, 224–5, 285
Barthelat, François 248
Barton, Nick 82
Bat, Bumblebee 48
Bee-eater, European 142
belemnites 183
Bennett, George 221
bio-glues 243–5
bivalves 27, 33, 34, 43, 62
feeding 38–9
siphons 42
Blaber, Stephen 245
Bladderwrack 16
Blaschka, Leopold and Rudolf 232
Boettiger, Alistair 74
Bonamia 126, 127
Bonderer, Lorenz 249
boring molluscs 38
Botticelli Birth of Venus 80
Bouchet, Philippe 22–3, 283–4
Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil 82
brachiopods 26, 31, 58, 180
brains 34, 72–3, 104–5
human brains 76
Briggs, Derek 30
British Museum 152, 177, 207, 223, 225, 226
Broderip, William 178, 216, 219, 225
bryozoans 26, 142, 285
bubble snails 168–9
building a shell 47–50
dextral and sinistral shells 63–7
patterns 67–72
patterns as memory 72–6
Raup’s model 54–9, 62, 63
spiral growth 50–4
why shape matters 59–63
Burgess Shale, Canada 29–33, 180
Butterfield, Nick 31
Byron, Lord George 193
byssus 147–50, 158–60, 243
growth 165–6
harvesting 164–5
weaving 161–4
calcium carbonate 41, 43, 48, 51, 248–9, 250
limestone formations 48
ocean acidification 264–8
Caldeira, Ken 262
Cameroceras 181
Campbell, John 71–2
capiz shells 249
Caron, Jean-Bernard 31–2
caudofoveates 28, 32, 35
Caulerpa 169
cephalopods 34, 35, 41, 76
fossil record 178–82
mantles 42
right- and left-coiling shells 66
chank shells 64
Chapman, John 87, 88
Chiton, Gumboot 28
chitons 21, 28, 32, 34, 35, 40
chordates 26, 180
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) 289
Clam, Atlantic Jackknife 246
Oxheart 14
clams 17, 18, 21, 26, 27, 41
Clark, Craig 237–8
Clash 24
Clathurella cincta 252
Clements, Reuben 48–9, 59
climate change 14, 84, 108, 256
anthropogenic climate change 261–2, 272, 278–81
coccolithophores 19, 277–8
Cockle, Heart 45
West African Bloody 100, 116
cockles 17, 18, 26, 40–1, 44, 286
coiling pottery 51
Colberg, Mrs 59, 61
coleoids 181–2, 183
Colobus, Red 114
Comeau, Steeve 270, 277
Conchologia Iconica 229–30, 232
conch shells 9–10, 80
queen conch 111
shankh 63–4
conchifera 36
cone snails 38, 42, 64, 234–8, 251–2, 289
conotoxins 238–43
deadly venom 235
hunting prey 234–5, 235–7
number of species 234
protection in the wild 252, 253–4
venom collection 252–3
conodonts 180
conotoxins 237–8
chemical composition 238–9
neurological effects 239–41
therapeutic possibilities 241–3
conservation 254
Conus 234
gloriamus 219, 230–1
Conway Morris, Simon 30–1
Cook, James 209–10
coprolites 184–5
Coral Triangle 216–17, 283
corals 29, 42, 48, 110, 142
coral reefs 12–14, 18, 123, 135
Cornwall 15–17
Cowrie, Cuming’s 227
Gold Ringer 96–7
Money 61, 68, 93, 96, 97, 204
cowries 11, 17, 79
mantle 41–2
turning cowries into currency 91–8
crabs 17, 19, 53, 61, 104
hermit 18, 137–43, 286
land hermit 139–41
pea 169
Craik, David 242
Cranch, John 177, 207–8
Crassotrea 119
creation myths 80
crustaceans 26, 104
cultch 131
Cuming, Hugh 205–7, 208–9
conchology 215–16, 223–6
Coral Triangle expedition 216, 218–21
Discoverer expeditions 209, 210–15
Museum Cuming collection 226–32
currency 91–3
slave trade 93–6
cuttlefish 17, 26, 27, 43, 178, 182
coloration 76
cuttlebones 44, 267
Cuvier, Georges 193
d’Errico, Francesco 82
Dall, William Healey 143
Dance, Peter A History of Shell Collecting 227
Darwin, Charles 214, 224–5, 231
Dead Man’s Fingers 17
Descartes, René 50
dextral shells 63–7
diabetes 244
diatoms 19, 37, 106
echinoderms 26, 33, 283
ecosystems 13, 14, 18
how to probe an ecosystem 273–6
mussel beds 134–7
rebuilding oysterbeds 131–4
Eldredge, Lucius G. 61
Endean, Bob 237, 242
Ermentrout, Bard 71–2, 73–6, 231
escargots 65, 105
exoskeletons 53, 248, 264
farmed seafood 101
oyster farms 104
rope-grown mussels 103–4
‘trash fish’ 120
feet 36, 39–41, 67
Finn, Julian 201–2
Finnemore, Alex 249
food 100–5
overfishing 109–12
oyster harvesting in Gambia 112–20
poisoning outbreaks 89–90, 105–9
foraminifera 19, 257, 258
fossil record 28–33, 65–6
ammonoids 186–9
cephalopods 178–82, 192–3
Fraaije, René 137
Frembly, John 208
gastropods 26–7, 33, 35, 43
feeding on oysters 44
living with hermit crabs 142
teeth 37
Gattuso, Jean-Pierre 280
Gaydarska, Bisserka 87, 88
Gaza, Theodorus
149
geckos 48, 67, 228
genitalia 64–5, 245
Geoduck 42
geology 185–6
Gerlach, Justin 228
giant clams 18, 109–11, 288–9
giant mangrove snails 19
gills 24, 36, 39, 40, 126, 128, 130, 132, 169, 265
Gilmer, Ronald 259
Glaucus atlantica 260–1
Glory of the Sea 219–20, 230–1, 232, 288
Glowacki, Mary 90
Golding William 80
Gong, Zhenqiang 75
grave goods 11, 77–8, 79, 85–8, 89
Gray, John Edward 225, 227
Great Barrier Reef, Australia 13, 110, 237
Grimpoteuthis 43
Grimwood, Captain 209, 210–14, 218
Grotte des Pigeons, Morocco 82, 84
Harbison, Richard 259
Harries, Dan 135–6
Helioceras 187–8
hermaphroditism 64, 260
Hertz, Adolph Jacob 96–7
Hogendorn, Jan 95
Hooker, William Jackson 223
Hoso, Masaki 67
human sacrifice 90–1
Hydrobia 40
hydrothermal vents 24–5, 250–1, 264
Ibla cumingi 224–5
Ibn Battuta 93
ichthyosaurs 188
insects 23–4, 26
Ipoh, Malaysia 47–8
Janha, Fatou 112–20
Janthina 260
jewellery 77–8, 80, 89
signs of inequality 84–8
the oldest gems 82–4
Johnson, Marion 95
Kimberella 32
Kingfisher, Malachite 114
Kocot, Kevin 34–5, 36
Kohn, Alan 236–7
KOSMOS (Kiel Off-Shore Mesocosms for future Ocean Simulation) 273–6, 280
Kruta, Isabelle 191
Kurlansky, Mark 111
L-dopa 243–4
Laidre, Mark 141
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 193
land snails 18, 286
Landman, Neil 192
Langur, Delacour 48
Leach, William 177, 207
left-coiling shells 63–7
Lewy, Zeef 179
Liew, Thor-Seng 49, 59
Limacina helicina 269, 270
limestone formations 47–9
Limpet, Dismal 230
Slipper 126, 133–4, 267
limpets 26, 37, 40, 43, 66, 188, 286
Linnaeus, Carl 178, 209–10
Lischka, Silke 256, 257–8, 260, 261, 269–70, 272, 274–5
lobsters 19, 53, 104
Local Activation with Lateral Inhibition (LALI) 71–2
logarithmic spirals 50–2
Lord of the Flies 80
Lovell, Matilda Sophia 102
Lyell, Charles 225
Mach Bands 72
Maeder, Felicitas 152–3
Manno, Clara 270, 271
mantles 36, 41–3
building shells 51–2
patterns 69–70, 71–2, 73–4, 75, 76
marine habitats 14, 18
destruction 281
Marrocu, Ignazio 157, 160
mating 64–5
oysters 128–9
Matthew, G. F. 30
McKinley, Daniel 147–51
Meinhardt, Hans 69–72
Meinhardt, Hans 69
Melo 78
Michelson, Arnold 56–7
microsnails 48–9, 59, 62, 188, 251
Mirkhalaf, Mohammad 248
Möbius, Karl 123–4
Mollusca 19
MolluscaBase 22
molluscs 19, 21–5, 36, 233, 283–5
cooking and eating alive 104–5
feet 39–41
fossil record 28–33
number of species 22–3
ocean acidification 261–8
phylogeny 34–5
predation 61–2
shells 41–5
slime 40
teeth 37–9
what is a mollusc? 26–8
which came first, the mollusc or the shell? 33–6
monoplacophorans 27, 35
Montagu, George 206–7, 208, 214
morphospaces, theoretical 58–9
morphospecies 23, 251
mosasaurs 188
Moseley, Henry 51
mother-of-pearl 51, 247–9
Mumbles Oyster Company 127–8
murex shells 163
Musée Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 22
museums of possible creatures 54–9
Mussel Adhesive Proteins (MAPs) 243–5
Mussel, Blue 134, 147
Horse 134
mussels 16, 19, 21, 27, 39
mussel glue 243–5
nacre 51, 247–9, 250, 252
Naef, Adolf 179
Nassarius 82
gibbosulus 83–4
Natural History Museum, London 10–11, 153
Museum Cuming shell collection 226–32
Nature 262
nautilids 189–92
Nautilus, Belly-button 177
White-patch 177
nautiluses 21, 27, 176–8, 289
chambered nautiluses 44, 50–1, 176, 221
modern shell trade 221–3
nautilus cups 203–4
reproduction 222
Nelson, Horatio 153, 155
Nepinnotheres pinnothere 169
neuroscience 75–6, 240–1
Nipponites 188
Noctiluca scintillans 257
nodal gene 66
nudibranchs 18, 42
nutrient pollution 108–9
Obinautilus 193
ocean acidification 261–8
how to probe an ecosystem 273–6
sea butterflies 268–73, 274–5
why time matters 276–82
octopuses 21, 26, 27, 35, 41, 42, 76, 178, 182
argonauts 173–6
dumbo 43
intelligence 72
nautiluses 176–8
reproduction 200–1
Ocythoe antiquorum 178
cranchi 177
Odontogriphus 31–2
olive snails 39
Olivera, Baldomero 237–8, 239, 241, 242, 251, 252
Olsen, Ole Theodor 124
On Growth and Form 52–4, 55, 148
ornaments 10–11
Oster, George 71–2, 73–6, 231
Ostrea edulis 124
overfishing 18, 103, 109–12, 222
Owen, Richard 193, 199, 220–1, 225
Oyster, Mangrove 100–1, 115–16
Native 124, 126, 127–8, 129, 143–4
Pacific Rock 104, 119
Windowpane 11, 249–50, 288
oysters 27, 39, 43, 44
adventures of an oyster 128–34
European oyster beds 123–5
Mumbles oysters 122–3, 125–8, 143–4
overfishing 111–12
palm oil 96, 97
Parapuzosia 187
Parkinson’s disease 241, 243
Partula 228–9
patterns 67–8
computer models 69–72
patterns as memory 72–6
stripes 70–1
triangles 71
pearl shells 93
pearls 213, 247–8
pen shells 147–50, 163–6, 169
periostracum 25, 68
Periwinkle, Flat 16
periwinkles 16, 41
Pes, Assuntina and Giuseppina 158–60, 161, 171
Peters, Winfried 40
pigments 67–8
Pinna nobilis 146–7
plankton 19
Plectronoceras 180
Pliny the Elder 101, 169
Poli, Giuseppe Saverio 194, 198
pond snails 286
Pontonia pinnophylax 169
Portuguese Man-of-war 261
pottery 78
Power, Jeanne 194–9, 205, 264–5
Prialt 242
Prideaux, Charles 206
proboscis 42–3, 49, 234, 235
quahogs 93
radiolarians 19, 257
Radix, Big Ear 62
radula 31, 32, 33, 36, 37–8, 43, 234
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel 178
Raup, David 54–9, 62, 63, 69, 187
rays, electric 42–3
razor clams 246–7, 286
Reeve, Lovell Augustus 229–30, 232
Rembrandt van Rijn 64
Renfrew, Colin 86
Richter, Claudio 110
Riebesell, Ulf 275–6, 278
right-coiling shells 63–7
RoboClam 246–7
Rockshell, Belligerent 136
Rumphius, Georg Eberhard 235
saccoglossans 37–8, 168–9
Sacks, Oliver 243
sacrificial objects 90–1
Safavi-Hemami, Helena 242
satsuma snails 66–7
Scallop, Cuming’s 227–8
scallops 11, 17, 27, 41, 62, 286
scaphopods 27, 28, 34, 35
Science 57
sclerites 28, 31, 33, 36, 250
Scripps Institution of Oceanography 43
scuba diving 17–18
sea anemones 17, 143
sea angels 41, 258–9, 272
sea butterflies 41, 255–60
ocean acidification 268–73, 274–5
reproduction 260
sea cucumbers 26
sea firs 135
sea slugs 18, 37–8
sea snails 24–5, 62, 286
sea squirts 26, 142, 257
sea urchins 19, 26, 58, 188, 264, 283
sea-silk 145–6, 166–7, 170–1
byssus 147–50
objects made from sea-silk 150–4
production 154–6
Project Sea-silk 152–3
weaving 156–64
seashells 9–15, 285–6
Sedgwick, Adam 184
Seeley, Harry 184–5
Séfériades, Michel Louis 87, 88
Selkirk, Alexander 210–11
Seronay, Romell 251
sexual symbolism 79–80
Shackleton, Nick 86
shamanism 88, 89–90
shell middens 99–100
shell trade 220, 287–8
nautiluses 221–3
shell trumpets 9–10, 63–4, 80–1
shell-collecting 13, 204–5, 208, 287–9
Coral Triangle expedition 216, 218–21
Discoverer expeditions 209, 210–15
modern shell trade 220, 287–9
Museum Cuming collection 226–32
shell-makers 14, 18
Shell, Flame 134–6
Noble Pen 146–7, 148, 149, 153, 156, 160, 168, 170, 171, 204
shellfish 18–19
shamanistic consumption 89–90
shipworms 44, 245
shrimps 19, 169
Singer, Peter 105
sinistral shells 63–7
siphons 42
slave trade 93–6
Sloane, Hans 152, 231
slugs 18, 21, 25, 27, 28, 40
predatory slugs 38, 49
Smith, Martin 32–3
Smith, Stephen 35, 36
Smith, William 185–6, 231
Snail, Clusterwink 45
Cooper’s Nutmeg 42–3
Geography Cone 235, 241, 242
Magician’s Cone 242
Marbled Cone 64
Purple Cone 239–40
Roman 65
Scaly-foot 250–1