St. John’s, George recalled, was good for him. There was hazing, but he tolerated it: “All of us toughened up.” He found in the discipline a compensation for loneliness: “[t]here was no harm at all to be woken up at six o’clock in the morning and then have ten minutes to get dressed and get in ranks, and then to go back and make your bed and clean your room and then go to breakfast.” There was pride: when marching in parades, “[we felt] a certain superiority over the boys on the curbstones, who led what seemed to us the incredibly soft and indulgent life of the juvenile civilian.” There was a kind of freedom: each Monday the students were kicked off campus and told that they were on their own. “[W]e were the terrors of the countryside,” raiding apple orchards, building dugouts, “tobogganing on the hill back of our dormitory and [fighting] enormous snow battles.” There was also refuge, on weekends, at the Frosts’ nearby lake house, where George would arrive “in my grubby, god-damned uniform, and [be] given a bath and put in a beautiful bed with white sheets.”50
It was a life without many choices to make, but “we did have the pleasures of being promoted and getting command if we did things right.” One test of patience was drilling rookies, a trial Job never had. “I wonder what he would have done,” George wrote to Jeanette. He later added, for his stepmother:
My corporal’s lot is plenty hot,
And hasn’t many joys,
For now I’m chief, (much to my grief)
Of eight unruly boys.
George made cadet lieutenant but handled his platoon so badly on maneuvers that the Army colonel in charge chewed him out in front of two companies, announcing “that if I had done that in the regular army in wartime, I would have been shot at sunrise.” He was then transferred to the staff and discouraged from the further pursuit of a military career.51
Teachers imprinted themselves indelibly. There was a burly Alsatian, once a waiter, who hurled cadets out of the classroom if they acted up, but he was fine for French verbs. George’s Latin instructor, in contrast, never got upset: he had “an amused recognition of me, of what I could do.” The school’s founder and headmaster, Dr. Sidney T. Smythe, an Episcopal clergyman who had been a boxer in his youth, terrified the students but also inspired them in chapel: “I’ve never forgotten his reading of the Gospel of St. John: ‘And the Word was made flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.’ I’ve often thought that’s the most beautiful sentence in the English language.”52
And then there was a young, handsome English teacher who “was very nice to a group of us,” serving ice cream in his apartment and arranging school-sanctioned theater trips to Chicago. He introduced George to Oscar Wilde and Bernard Shaw, then “frightfully avant garde,” and also to Princeton by having him read F. Scott Fitzgerald’s recently published This Side of Paradise. But after George graduated, there came an invitation to stay overnight in Chicago, and “it turned out he was a homosexual. He made passes at me in the middle of the night, and I got up and fled and never saw him again. I felt sorry for him. I didn’t want to hurt him. But I felt I just couldn’t stay there. He later committed suicide.”53
George was well aware, by then, of homosexuality. “What could you expect? These were boys in ages from 13 to 18 and obviously during this period the sexual powers ripened.” He himself had been attracted to an older boy who played on the basketball team, and “I’m sure that had I remained in an all male environment any longer, I like all of us would have developed homosexual tendencies simply because of the lack of other objects.” But “it was never in any way natural to me, and the moment I had an interest in women I never had anything like that.”54
“I went there as innocent as an angel,” George recalled of St. John’s, “and emerged from it, four years later, not much more sophisticated than I was when I had entered it.” Perhaps. But he was sophisticated enough, by his senior year, to send Jeanette, who preserved it, this slightly salacious poem:
Now student A has started
On a pleasant little snooze
And soon he dreams of holidays
And country clubs and booze;
. . . .
Flappers that have passed him by,
Flappers that have made him sigh,
Flappers that drink bonded rye,
At any time they choose.
One flapper is particularly
Kind to him it seems,
. . .
So he leads her through the palm trees,
And he talks in happy streams,
Streams, -
Streams, -
While the maiden nods and beams;
His attentions are requited,
And the flapper so delighted
That the poor boy gets excited
And proposes in his dreams. 55
George’s dream now was acceptance at Princeton—Fitzgerald’s novel having eclipsed the Navy ’s attractions—and the St. John’s dean, Henry Holt, excused him from classes to allow preparation. Jeanette helped also, tutoring George in chemistry : she knew nothing about the subject, “but I had the book.” Even so, admission was no sure thing: George failed the entrance examination and resigned himself to a year of preparatory school. He tried again at the last moment, and this time he passed: as he remembered it, he was the last student admitted. No one else from St. John’s made it into an eastern college. 56
The 1921 St. John’s Military Academy Yearbook shows a smiling and self-confident young man in a track suit in the front row of the team, having taken athletic honors in that sport as well as in football, hiking, and tennis—he was also, by then, an accomplished swimmer and diver. He played in a jazz band. His record as a cadet—whatever he remembered about his blunders on maneuvers—showed steady promotions from private through corporal, sergeant, and lieutenant. There were scholastic honors for Latin, French, English, and “Caesar.” He was, unsurprisingly, class poet, although his commencement poem is much less interesting than the one he sent Jeanette. His favorite author is recorded as Bernard Shaw, his disposition as “vascillating,” and his “pet peeve” as “The Universe.”57 And because he had skipped his final year at Milwaukee Normal, he was still only seventeen.
TWO
Princeton: 1921–1925
BY THE TIME HE ARRIVED AT PRINCETON IN 1921, GEORGE KENNAN had made his way through a difficult childhood. He was healthy, handsome, clever, and even if he had scraped by on his entrance examinations, at least as well educated as most of the other freshmen who enrolled that fall: the university was still decades away from admitting students chiefly for academic excellence. Fitzgerald was not far off when he described Princeton, in This Side of Paradise, as “the pleasantest country club in America.”1
But even he acknowledged that the place was more than this. Fitzgerald has his hero, Amory Blaine, lying on the grass one night, surrounded by halls and cloisters “infinitely more mysterious as they loomed suddenly out of the darkness, outlined each by myriad faint squares of yellow light.... Evening after evening the senior singing had drifted over the campus in melancholy beauty, and through the shell of [Amory’s] undergraduate consciousness had broken a deep and reverent devotion to the gray walls and Gothic peaks and all they symbolized as warehouses of dead ages.” Kennan read these words at St. John’s, and they shaped his expectations. “The taxi carried me up University Place and down Nassau Street . . . and as I discerned, through its windows, the shapes of the Gothic structures around Holder Hall, my penchant for the creation of imaginative wonders reached some sort of a crescendo. Mystery and promise, glamour and romance seemed to glow, like plasma, from these dim architectural shapes.”2
And yet Kennan went on to portray Princeton in his memoirs in such bleak terms that readers have recoiled ever since. “I knew not a soul in college or town. I was given the last furnished room in the most remote of those gloomy rooming houses far off campus to which, at the time, late-coming freshmen were relegated.... I remained,
therefore, an oddball on campus, not eccentric, not ridiculed or disliked, just imperfectly visible to the naked eye.” He was careful to blame himself, not the university: “I was fairly treated at its hands; I respected it intellectually; I took pride in it as an institution.” But “Princeton was for me not exactly the sort of experience reflected in This Side of Paradise.” 3
It is worth noting, though, that Kennan wrote this depressing account of his years at Princeton in the town of Princeton, having chosen to return a quarter-century after he graduated: he would live and work there for another half-century. Young George’s experience, however he may have remembered it, began a trajectory that would bring him back to the place where he began a life away from home—and it would in time become home.
I.
“I suppose you’ve heard that I got into Princeton safely,” George wrote Jeanette on September 28, 1921. He meant that he had arrived not knowing whether he would be admitted to the university itself, or would have to take remedial courses at one of the tutoring schools just off campus. He was a year younger than his classmates. His course of study would be daunting: English, French, Physics, History and Economics, Hygiene, Physical Training, and remedial Latin. But, he assured Jeanette, “I like Princeton quite well.” The honor system especially surprised him, extending not only to unsupervised examinations but to credit in local stores. “[I]f a student buys something and then finds he hasn’t the money to pay for it, the storekeepers insist on his taking the goods, paying when he wants to, and they won’t even take his name.”4
By October, when his father came to visit, George was more measured in his enthusiasm and a bit shaken in self-confidence: “I believe he was more impressed with Princeton than I myself have been.” “Make good. I know you will,” Kent senior said, adding only “that I should not cease entirely, now that I was away from home, to go to church.” George knew how his father would feel if he failed, “and besides there’s another reason—you know her name,” he wrote Jeanette. “She got me into Princeton and it wouldn’t be quite playing the game to flunk out, without a hard struggle.”5
Thanksgiving found George succumbing to introspection, which was “like looking through a window into a dark and dirty old shack when you have a myriad of nice views to look at in the other direction.” He asked Jeanette to try to stop the family from worrying about his lack of friends: “It honestly doesn’t bother me in the least, except that I wish the lack were greater.” The letter contained an apology for not writing earlier, because he had not been able to afford a stamp.6
George probably embroidered the truth a bit, but he was very cautious—as he had been at St. John’s—about spending money: “I felt I mustn’t make it too hard for my father.” Florence Kennan had left her children a fund for college, but he had never asked his father how much it was. “I rather assumed that it was barely enough.” This led George to conclude that if he was going to make it back to Milwaukee for Christmas, he would have to earn the train fare. He did so by taking a temporary job as a postman in Trenton, slogging through slushy streets for days until he had earned the necessary $28. In doing so, he contracted scarlet fever.7
George arrived home sick and was promptly quarantined on the third floor at the Cambridge Avenue house, with a trained nurse brought in to care for him. Because there was no penicillin, “I came within an inch of dying.” His sisters were sent back to their colleges wondering whether they would ever see him again. But he slowly recovered and toward the end of his isolation even began “falling a little in love” with his nurse. He would not return to Princeton until the beginning of March, having lost much of his second semester. The physical effects, Jeanette thought, were permanent: “When he was at St. John’s, he was a very healthy young boy,” but “he was never as well after that.” And it had all been unnecessary, because there was enough money. He just hadn’t known it. “I was a junior in college when I found out,” Jeanette recalled, so she “went out and bought new clothes!”8
Back on campus, George found his teachers sympathetic and the amount of work to be made up less than he had expected. He found a place in the freshman commons orchestra and tried out for—but did not stay with—the Daily Princetonian. He even began to have fun, breaking into the Junior Prom with other freshmen to steal sandwiches, helping a friend get out of a lease by harassing a landlady with as much noise as possible at four A.M., and pursuing a new hobby of shooting at magazines, in the fireplace, with a revolver. Money, however, continued to worry him. His friends treated him well, “considering my lack of personality.... But I just can’t go much with their set unless I spend a little more money.” It was worth doing this, “because if there’s any one thing that isn’t good for me it is to be alone, and it’s a choice of going with them or with no one.”9
With April came “soft days, and still softer nights.” Victrolas played through open windows each evening. The campus was overrun with girls on weekends, making it impossible to play tennis “because we can’t swear.” But he did get himself to a prom without doing anything “absolutely wrong, outside of wearing the same soft shirt with a borrowed tuxedo, two nights in succession. I got along on about $31, having that amount when I started and three cents when I ended.”10
And then there was—alluringly—New York. George’s oldest sister, Frances, who had long since left Milwaukee to become an actress, lived there and generously offered the use of her sofa on occasional weekends. “I was absolutely neurotic with [the] excitement of this city,” George recalled many years later, “to me it seemed just like fairyland.” But Frances and her friends weren’t interested in college students. She remembered it differently: “I’ll tell you what my friends thought: ‘Oh, how darling! Pink cheeks!’ ”
George did seem shy, though, so on one visit Frances and her roommates brought home a girl they thought he would like. “I think they expected more to happen than did because I wasn’t prepared to go to these lengths yet.” Sensing that he had disappointed, “I wrote her afterwards a passionate love letter and she wrote me very sensibly back and said that that wasn’t the way it was.” He did, however, fall in love with New York. “I thought it was absolutely marvelous.”11
II.
George did not recall being depressed at Princeton, but he was indeed shy, and if anybody did talk to him, he tended to talk too much: “I think many Middle Western boys had this experience when they went East to college.” There weren’t many at Princeton in the 1920s: the university drew its students chiefly from wealthy families and elite prep schools on the East Coast. There were no women, no blacks, few Jews, and—somewhat surprisingly for an institution strongly shaped by its former president Woodrow Wilson—few foreigners. The emphasis in admissions was on “homogeneity,” but that did not mean democracy: Princeton was as class-ridden as the society from which most of its students came.12
“[I]f you were from some place that you didn’t think was ‘the’ place to be from,” a friend recalled many years later, “you felt like a hick. You didn’t think your clothes were right, and you didn’t think what you said was right, and you didn’t know the right people, and you held back in a corner and tried to hide all that part of yourself.” George himself, half a century later, remembered asking a fellow freshman at the first student assembly what time it was. The young dandy took a puff on his cigarette, blew some smoke, and then walked away, searing himself into George’s consciousness: “I was just proud enough not to suck up to those boys. And wouldn’t have known how to do it anyway.”13
For this reason, getting into Princeton was not nearly as difficult as fitting into Princeton once he was there. During his first year, of course, all freshmen were inferiors. They wore beanies (“dinks”) and were banned from walking on certain sidewalks or patches of grass. The class stood disgraced if one or more of its members did not, at some point during the year, steal the bell-clapper from atop Nassau Hall. They expected to be photographed in front of Whig Hall while sophomores pelted them from above with unp
leasant substances. This form of class consciousness was good-natured enough, though, and when George got to be a sophomore, he himself harassed freshmen. “We certainly did those boys up right,” he wrote Jeanette, “with water, flour, eggs, tomatoes, fish, green paint, cement, alabaster, and every other conceivable concoction.”14
There was, however, a more complex consciousness of class at Princeton, to which George alluded early in his sophomore year. “Last Sunday I was [at a] dinner in Trenton. . . . The other Princeton boy down there was a man who plays varsity football, is on the senior council, and belongs to Ivy, so you can see the eliteness.”15 “Ivy” was the Ivy Club, and George’s boast reflected multiple meanings of the word class. It referred not only to individual courses, or to the collective experience of a common graduating year; it also signified membership—or lack of it—in Princeton’s distinctive eating clubs, and that for many of its undergraduates was the most important thing of all.
Princeton had abolished fraternities in 1875 but neglected to replace them with adequate dining facilities for upperclassmen. This encouraged the construction and generous endowment of privately owned clubs, mostly along Prospect Avenue, which offered elegant dining, ample drink, and opulent facilities for parties, dances, and alumni reunions. Admission was by the vote of the members, and with few other places to socialize on campus, getting into a club became the prevailing preoccupation from the moment freshmen arrived. Since not all clubs were equal in prestige, joining the “right” one was at least as vital. Everything depended on “bicker,” the critical spring week when sophomores waited anxiously for the all-important knock on the door that would tell them they had made it in—which is to say, that they had been deemed to have fit in. It all amounted, one professor later complained, to “a religious frenzy over the choice of a restaurant.”16
George F. Kennan : an American life Page 4