Vanished Kingdoms

by Norman Davies

forum>lyrics. 55. By Mary Kenny, in The Crown and the Shamrock. See also N. Browne, Church and State in Modern Ireland (Belfast, 1991). 56. Foster, Modern Ireland, p. 518. 57. Enda Macdonagh, ‘Church–State Relations in Independent Ireland’, in James Mackey (ed.), Religion and Politics in Ireland (Dublin, 2003). 58. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/monarchy_of_ireland (2009). 59. www.iol.ie/~dluby/anthem.html (2009). 60. Brendan Sexton, Ireland and the Crown, 1922–36: The Governor-Generalship of the Irish Free State (Dublin, 1989). 61. ‘Bunreacht na hÉireann’, www.constitution.ie/constitution-of-ireland/default.asp (2009). 62. J. E. and G. W. Donleavy, Douglas Hyde: A Maker of Modern Ireland (Oxford, 1991). 63. Coogan, De Valera. 64. Ian Wood, Ireland during the Second World War (London, 2002); E. O’Halpin (ed.), MI5 and Ireland, 1939–45 (Dublin, 2003); Brian Girvin, The Emergency: Neutral Ireland (London, 2006); Clair Wills, That Neutral Island: A Cultural History of Ireland during the Second World War (London, 2007). 65. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/republic_of_ireland_act_1948 (2009), with text. 66. Foster, Modern Ireland. 67. ‘Ireland Act, 1949, c41, 12 and 13 Geo 6’, full text at http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ireland_act_1949 (2009). 68. ‘Crown of Ireland Act, 1542, c. 1 33 Hen. 8’, full text at www.opsi.gov.uk/revisedstatutes/acts/aip/1542/caip_15420001_en_1 (2009). This Act, including the clause on ‘High Treason’, still applies in Northern Ireland. 69. www.thebards.net/music/lyrics/patriot_game.shtml (2010). 70. Paul Bew et al., Northern Ireland, 1921–2001: Political Forces and Social Classes (London, 1995). 71. www.loyalistlyrics.co.uk/index-h.html (2009). 72. Mary E. Daly and Margeret O’Callaghan (eds.), 1916 in 1996: Commemorating the Easter Rising (Dublin, 2007). 73. Patrick Bishop and Eamonn Mallie, The Provisional IRA (London, 1987). 74. Eamonn McCann, Bloody Sunday in Derry (Dingle, 1998); idem, The Bloody Sunday Enquiry (London, 2006). 75. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN) Webservice, ‘The Sunningdale Agreement’: http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/sunningdale/agreement.htm (2009). 76. Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams, Nobel Prize Winners, 1976: www.peacepeople.com/pphistory.htm (2009). 77. Paul Routledge, The Elusive Life and Violent Death of Airey Neave (London, 2003). 78. Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten: The Official Biography (London, 2001). 79. J. M. Feehan, Bobby Sands and the Tragedy of Modern Ireland (Sag Harbor, NY, 1985). 80. ‘The Men behind the Wire’, composed by Paddy McGuigan of the Barleycorn group, who was himself interned as a reward for writing the song. See http://unitedireland.tripod.com/id110.htm (2009). 81. ‘Go home, British soldiers’ (1972), composed by Tommy Skelly of the South Dublin Union. See R. Daly and D. Warfield, Celtic and Ireland in Song and Story (Glasgow, 1990), pp. 38, 150–55. 82. From The Wolfe Tones Song Book, vol. 2 (1990). 83. Pašeta, Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction, p. 146. 84. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j61grao2x9g (2011). 85. Ed Moloney, The Secret History of the IRA (London, 2002). 86. Ian Paisley, MP, www.allgreatquotes.com/ian_paisley_quotes.shtml (2010). 87. Kevin Bean, The New Politics of Sinn Fein (Liverpool, 2007). 88. www.nio-gov.uk/theagreement/politicalbackground_8_august_2004 (2009). 89. BBC News, 16 August 1998, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/h/events/northern_ireland/latest_events/152156.stm (2009). 90. Dean Godson, Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism (London, 2005); Frank Millar, David Trimble: The Price of Peace (Dublin, 2008); George Drower, John Hume: Man of Peace (London, 1996); Paul Routledge, John Hume: A Biography (London, 1998). 91. Steve Bruce, God Save Ulster: The Religion and Politics of Paisleyism (Oxford, 1986); idem, Paisley: Religion and Politics in Northern Ireland (Oxford, 2007). 92. L. Clarke and M. Johnston, Martin McGuinness: From Guns to Government (Edinburgh, 2003); see also Gerry Adams, Hope and History: Making Peace in Ireland (Dingle, 2003). 93. Officially the British-Irish Council first convened in 1999; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/british%e2%80%93irish_council. 94. ‘A Day of Justice Dawning’ or ‘The Winds are Singing Freedom’, by Terry Makem, http://merryploughboys.com/cd-lyrics/3_01twasf.html (2009). 95. ‘A Nation Once Again’, composed by Thomas Osborne Davis (1814–45), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/a_nation_once_again (2009); see also http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten (2009), with audio recording by the Wolfe Tones. 96. Fintan O’Toole, Ship of Fools: How Stupidity and Corruption Killed the Celtic Tiger (London, 2009). 97. Damien Dempsey, ‘Celtic Tiger’, http://www.justsomelyrics.com/1511874 (2011). 98. Michael Cox et al., A Farewell to Arms: Beyond the Good Friday Agreement, 2nd edn. (Manchester, 2006). 99. Mary MacAleese, ‘Changing History’, Longford Lecture, 23 November 2007, quoted Margaret Macmillan, The Uses and Abuses of History (London, 2009), p. 72. 100. Ian Paisley, 8 May 2007, www.allgreatquotes.com. 101. Gerry Adams, 4 December 2009, http://www.leargas.blogspot.com/2009/12/lesson-of-history.html (2010). 102. ‘No MPs and no Empey’, Guardian (10 Aug. 2010). 103. http://noplaceinthesun.com/page15.htm (2011). 104. Quoted in ‘After the Race’, The Economist (19 Feb. 2011). 105. Peter Topping, ‘Ireland’s 2010 Deficit Largest in the EU’, Inside Ireland (27 June 2011). 106. http://fairocracy.com/general_election_results_2011/irish_general_election_full_results.html (28 Feb. 2011). 107. Diarmaid Ferriter, ‘The People’s Act of Revenge’, Guardian (24 Feb. 2011). 108. http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/whatwe…/state-visit-ireland-2011 (2011). 109. http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/stuart-3.htm (2011).

  III

  110. Norman Davies, The Isles: A History (London, 1996), pp. 697–1017. 111. Tam Dalyell, Devolution: The End of Britain? (London, 1977). 112. Vernon Bogdanor, Devolution in the United Kingdom (Oxford, 1999). 113. Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. 114. Timothy Garton Ash, ‘Wake up Europe’, Guardian (June 2010); David Marquand, The End of Europe (London, 2011). 115. See Vernon Bogdanor, The Monarchy and the Constitution (Oxford, 1995). 116. Jeremy Paxman, On Royalty (London, 2006). 117. See www.republic.org.uk. 118. An ICM poll for the BBC in 2009 found 76 per cent in favour of the monarchy continuing after the reign of Elizabeth II, with 18 per cent against and 6 per cent undecided; news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7967142.st (2011). See also http://www.officialroyalwedding2010.org (2011). 119. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news-scotland-13305522 (2011). 120. Martin Kettle, ‘Scotland will tell…’, Guardian (9 April 2011). 121. See http://www.cep.org.uk (2011). 122. See http://www.englishdefenceleague.org (2011). 123. ‘Danny Boy’, words (1910) by F. E. Weatherly, published 1913. Davies, The Isles, app. 62, pp. 1010–11. 124. Frederick Weatherly (1848–1929), composer of ‘The Holy City’, ‘Roses of Picardy’, ‘Yesteryear’, ‘Beauty’s Eyes’, etc. See ‘Danny Boy – the Mystery Solved’, http://www.standingstones.com/dannyboy.html (2009).

  CHAPTER 15. CCCP

  Bibliographical Note. No subject has been more blighted than Soviet history by political passions and by special pleading. The best overview is that of Geoffrey Hosking, History of the Soviet Union (London, 1985); Bertrand Russell’s Theory and Practice of Bolshevism (London, 1919), written by a former sympathizer whose eyes were opened, remains a valuable antidote to the thousands of Westerners who took Soviet propaganda at face value. The authors to avoid include Sidney Webb, E. H. Carr and Jerry Hough. Even among sceptical commentators, however, a strong tendency remains to equate the Soviet Union with Russia, and readers need to make a conscious effort to supplement their general reading with an outline knowledge of the fifteen Soviet republics. The most convenient introduction to the history of Estonia is by Mati Laur, A History of Estonia (Tallinn, 2004).

  I

  1. Statistics from Whitaker’s Almanack 2007 (London, 2006); see also, Country Report: Estonia, Economist Intelligence Unit (London, 1998). 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/estonian_language (2008); ibid., /estonian_vocabulary; Mare Kitsnik and Leelo Kingisepp, Teach Yourself Estonian (London, 2008). 3. ‘Tallinn: An Introduction’, www.balticsww.com/tourist/estonia/sights.htm (2008). 4. Neil Taylor, Estonia: The Bradt Travel Guide (Chalfont, 2005); Robin Gauldie, Estonia (Peterborough, 2006); http:/visitestonia.com/index.php (2008). 5. Bertelsmann Transformation Index, www.nationmaster.com/country/en-estonia/dem-democracy (2010). 6. Sergei Balsamov, ‘Profane Estonian Democracy and Blank Newspaper Pages’, Pravda, www.english.pravda.ru/world/ussr/19-03-2010/1126
45-democracy-0 (2010). 7. Reporters Without Borders, www.rsf.org/only_peace_protects_freedoms-in.htm (2010). 8. Easyjet, in-flight magazine (April 2008), p. 98. 9. www.intelligentcommunity.org/client-uploads./icf-il-2009 (2009). 10. Fr. R. Kreutzwald, Kalevipoeg, canto I, ll. 1–8, after the critical edition of 1961, www.kalevipoeg.info/texteestoniencadres.html (2008). 11. ‘Death of Kaleb’, www.sacred-texts.com/neu/hoe/hoe1-07/htm (2008). 12. Museum of Occupations of Estonia, www.okupatsioon.ee/english (2008). A similarly imaginative museum can be visited in Riga: www.occupationmuseum.lv. 13. Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity, Estonia, 1940–1945 (Tallinn, 2006). 14. Eduard Kolga; http://nationalalliance.org/gulag/5gulag.htm (2007). 15. K. Brueggemann and A. Kasekamp, ‘The Politics of History and the “War of Monuments” ’, Estonia: Nationalities Papers, 36/3 (3 July 2008), pp. 425–48. 16. Monument controversy, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bronze_soldier_of_tallinn (2008). 17. Gary Peach, ‘Estonia Removes Disputed Soviet War Memorial’, International Herald Tribune (27 April 2007). 18. Adrian Blomfield, ‘Putin Criticises Estonia over War Memorial’, Daily Telegraph (12 May 2007). 19. Ian Traynor, ‘Russia Accused of Unleashing Cyberwar to Disable Estonia’, Guardian (17 May 2007); ‘A Cyber-riot’, The Economist (10 May 2007). 20. www.security-gurus.de/papers/cyberwarfare.pdf (2010). 21. www.ncsa.illinois.edu (2010). 22. ‘Estonia Joins Euro as Currency Expands into former Soviet Bloc’, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-31.html (2011).

  II

  23. Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union (Cambridge, Mass., 1964). 24. Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917 (London, 1997). 25. ‘Estonia’, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edn. (1911). 26. ‘Reval’, ibid. 27. Evan Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War (Edinburgh, 2000). 28. Robert Service, ‘The Polish Corridor’, in Stalin: A Biography (London, 2004), pp. 175–85. 29. See Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920 (London, 1972); and Adam Zamoyski, Warsaw 1920 (London, 2008). 30. N. Bukharin, Building up Socialism (London, 1925); Service, Stalin. 31. Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States: The Years of Independence (London, 1974), pp. 24–39. 32. Ibid., p. 31. 33. Estonia’s Declaration of Independence, 1918, www.president.ee (2010). 34. ‘The German Occupation, 1917–18’, in Rauch, Baltic States, pp. 39–49. 35. ‘War of Independence’, ibid., pp. 49–70. See also www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=estonian_liberation_war (2008). 36. Mart Laar, Estonia’s Way (Tallinn, 2006), p. 126. 37. See M. W. Graham, The Diplomatic Recognition of the Border States (Berkeley, 1939). 38. Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps (London, 2003). 39. Stefan Oleskiw, Agony of a Nation (London, 1983); Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine (London, 2002); L. Luciuk (ed.), Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine in Soviet Ukraine, 1932–33 (Kingston, Ont., 2008). 40. Scott Shane, Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union (Chicago, 1994), p. 90. 41. Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (Oxford, 2008); idem, Stalin: Breaker of Nations (London, 1998); idem, The Dragons of Expectation: Reality and Delusion in the Course of History (London, 2005). 42. Laar, Estonia’s Way, p. 130. 43. Ibid., pp. 135–6. 44. See Norman Davies, Europe at War, 1939–1945: No Simple Victory (London, 2006). 45. Steve Zaloga, Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg (Oxford, 2002). 46. William Trotter, The Winter War: The Russo-Finnish War of 1939–40 (London, 2002). 47. Rodric Braithwaite, Moscow 1941: A City and its People at War (London, 2006). 48. Harrison Salisbury, The Siege of Leningrad (London, 1969). 49. Antony Beevor, Stalingrad (London, 1999). 50. Janusz Piekalkiewicz, Operation Citadel: Kursk and Orel. The Greatest Tank Battle of the Second World War (Novato, Calif., 1987). 51. Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall, 1945 (London, 2002). 52. See Richard Overy, Russia’s War (London, 1999). 53. Jan Lewandowski, Estonia (Warsaw, 2001), pp. 137–45. 54. J. W. Russell, quoted by David Kirby, ‘Incorporation’, in G. Smith (ed.), The Baltic States (London, 1996), p. 80. 55. ‘Soviet Occupation, 1940–41’, in Estonia, 1940–1945, pp. 1–410; Meelis Maripuu, ‘The Deportations of 1940–41’, ibid.; see also Imbi Paju, Memories Denied (Helsinki, 2006). 56. ‘German Occupation, 1941–44’, in Estonia, 1940–1945, pp. 521–766; Riho Vastrik, ‘The Tartu Concentration Camp’, Meelis Maripuu, ‘The Execution of Estonian Jews’, ‘The Annihilation of Czech and German Jews’, ‘Soviet Prisoners of War in Estonia’, ibid. 57. Indrik Paavle, ‘Fate of the Estonian Elite’, in Estonia, 1940–1945, pp. 391–410. 58. T. Hiio and P. Kaasik, ‘Estonian Units in the Waffen SS’, in Estonia, 1940–1945, pp. 927–68; P. Kaasik, ‘The 8th Estonian Rifle Corps in North-Western Russia’, ibid., pp. 909–26. 59. Lauri Malksoo, ‘The Government of Otto Tief’, in Estonia, 1940–1945, pp. 1107–12. 60. ‘Phase III, The Soviet Occupation of Estonia from 1944’, www.historycommission.ee/temp/pdf/conclusions_en_1944.pdf (2008); see also M. Laar, War in the Woods: Estonia’s Struggle for Survival, 1944–56 (Ann Arbor, 1992). 61. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Invisible Allies (New York, 1997), pp. 46–64. 62. Estonia, 1940–1945, p. 1031. 63. Robert Litwak, Détente: American Foreign Policy, 1969–76 (Cambridge, 1986). 64. Margaret MacMillan, Nixon and Mao: The Week that Changed the World (New York, 2006). 65. Leonard Shapiro, The Government and Politics of the Soviet Union (London, 1970); Martin Malia, The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–91 (New York, 1994); Alec Nove, Stalinism and After (Boston, 1989). 66. T. Parming and E. Jaervesoo, Case Study of a Soviet Republic: The Estonian SSR (Boulder, Colo., 1978). 67. S. Utechin, Concise Encyclopaedia of Russia (London, 1961), pp. 172–3. 68. Maxim Waldstein, ‘Russifying Estonia? Iurii Lotman and the Politics of Language and Culture in Soviet Estonia’, Kritika, 8/3 (2007), pp. 561–96. 69. Paul Hillier, Arvo Pärt (Oxford, 1997); Eesti Musika, Estonian Music Guide (Tallinn, 2004). 70. Marina Frolova-Walker, ‘Nationalist in Form, Socialist in Content: Musical Nation-building in the Soviet Republics’, Journal of the American Musical Society, 51/2 (1998), pp. 331–71. 71. Quoted in Stalin, Marxism and the National and Colonial Question (n.p., 1934). 72. http://www.nlib.ee/html/inglise/rr/hist.html (2011). 73. The Appeal was signed by prominent names in all three Baltic States. See ‘Estonia Today: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and its Consequences’, http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/493/mrp.pdf. 74. Stephen White, Gorbachev and After (Cambridge, 1993). 75. ‘Glasnost’, in Oxford Russian–English Dictionary (Oxford, 1972). 76. Estonian national awakening: Clare Thomson, The Singing Revolution (London, 1992); Henri Voigt, ‘Estonia – the Singing Revolution’: Between Utopia and Disillusionment (Oxford, 2005), pp. 20–35. 77. Meldra Usenko, Akcija Baltijas Cels, 1989 – The Baltic Way (Riga, n.d.), illustrated. 78. ‘Estonia – Independence Reclaimed’, http://countrystudies.us/estonia/5.htm (2008).

  III

  79. Yuri Meltsev reviewing Shane, Dismantling Utopia, in Independent Review, 1 (1996). 80. See Emilio Gentile, Politics as Religion (Oxford, 2006). 81. Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford, 1997); idem, Seven Years that Changed the World: Perestroika in Perspective (Oxford, 2007). 82. Leonid Batkin, as quoted by Shane, Dismantling Utopia, p. 5. 83. Edward Lucas, The New Cold War: How the Kremlin Threatens Both Russia and the West (London, 2007). 84. Francis Fukuyama, ‘The End of History?’ National Interest, 16 (1989). 85. Paul Kennedy, in The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (London, 1988). 86. Michael Cox, US Foreign Policy after the Cold War: Superpower without a Mission (London, 1995); Bill Emmott, Rivals: The Power Struggle between China, India and Japan (London, 2008); Martin Jacques, When China Rules the World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World (London, 2009); Lauren Phillips, International Politics in 2030: The Transformative Power of Large Developing Countries (Bonn, 2008). 87. Lutz Kleveman, The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia (London, 2004). 88. Mart Laar, ‘The Estonian Economic Miracle’, Backgrounder 2060, The Heritage Foundation (7 August 2007); www.heritage.org/isses/worldwidefreedom/bg2060.cfm. 89. Andrew Osborn, ‘Putin: Collapse of the Century’, Independent (26 April 2005). 90. Lilia Shevtsova, Putin’s Russia (Washington, 2005). 9
1. Anna Politovskaya, Putin’s Russia: Life in a Failing Democracy (London, 2004); Anders Aslund, Putin’s Decline and America’s Response (Washington, 2005); Bertil Nygren, The Rebuilding of Greater Russia (London, 2008).

  HOW STATES DIE

  1. Aristotle, Politics, book I, parts 1–2. 2. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651), part II, ch. xxix ‘Of those things that weaken or tend to the Dissolution of a Commonwealth’. 3. J.-J. Rousseau, Social Contract (1762), book III, ch. 11, ‘The Death of the Body Politic’, trans. Maurice Cranston (London, 1968). 4. Daniel 5: 25–7. 5. Revelation 18: 2. 6. Augustine, City of God, trans. J. Healey (London, 1931). 7. T. Gilby, The Political Thought of Thomas Aquinas (Chicago, 1958); E. L. Fortin, ‘Thomas Aquinas as a Political Thinker’, Perspectives of Political Science, 26/2 (1997), p. 92. 8. Edwin Jones, The English Nation: The Great Myth (Stroud, 2003). 9. W. Cargill Thompson, The Political Thought of Martin Luther (Totowa, NJ, 1984). 10. See James Joll, The Anarchists (London, 1965). 11. Karl Marx, in his Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875); Friedrich Engels, in the Anti-Dühring (1878), as expounded by Lenin, ‘On the Withering of the State and Violent Revolution’, in his State and Revolution (1917), ch. 2. 12. Lenin, ‘On the Eve of Revolution’, in his State and Revolution, ch. 2: www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch02.htm (2009). 13. John Westlake, ‘On the Extinction of States’, in his International Law, Part 1 (Cambridge, 1904), pp. 63–8. 14. James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 2006). 15. Tanisha Fazal, State Death: The Politics and Geography of Conquest, Occupation and Annexation (Princeton, 2007). 16. ‘COW, Project History’, www.correlatesofwar.org/cowhistory.htm (2009). 17. Fazal, State Death, pp. 243–58. 18. ‘Index of Failed States, 2009’, from the journal Foreign Policy www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/22/2009_failed_states_index_interactive_map_and_rankings (2010). 19. Monty Python’s Flying Circus, ‘Dead Parrot Sketch’, www.mtholyoke.edu/~ebarnes/python/dead-parrot.htm (2009). 20. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_extinct_states (2011). 21. John Locke, ‘Of the Dissolution of Government’, Two Treatises on Civil Government (1690; London, 1960), ch. XIX, pp. 252–3. 22. Westlake, ‘On the Extinction of States’, p. 64. 23. Ibid., p. 66. 24. See Saul Bernard Cohen, ‘Implosion of the Soviet State’, in his Geopolitics of the World System (Langham, Md., 2003), pp. 198 ff.; Robert Miller, ‘The Implosion of a Superpower’ (1992), http://history.eserver.org/gloss/ussr-in-1991.txt (2010). 25. ‘The Collapse of Communism: A Re-examination’, British Academy Symposium, 15–16 October 2009. 26. Laura Silber and Allan Little, The Death of Yugoslavia (London, 1995). 27. Mark Cornwall (ed.), The Last Years of Austria-Hungary (Exeter, 2002); Oszkar Jaszi, The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy (Chicago, 1966). 28. Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland (Oxford, 1981), vol. 1, p. 551. 29. J.-J. Rousseau, Considérations sur le Gouvernement de la Pologne et sa réforme projetée (London, 1782). 30. Fazal, State Death. 31. Jirˇi Prehe, ‘The Split of Czechoslovakia: A Defeat or a Victory?’, www.prehe.cz/prednasky/2004 (2009). 32. Lord Robert Cecil, quoted by Harry Hanak, ‘The Government, the Foreign Office and Austro-Hungary, 1914–18’, Slavonic and East European Review, 47/108 (1969). 33. David Marshall Lang, A Modern History of Georgia (London, 1962); A. K. Niedermaier (ed.), Countdown to War in Georgia (Minneapolis, 2008). 34. Beowulf, prologue, ll. 26–52, trans. Seamus Heaney as ‘The Ship of Death’, from The Haw Lantern (London, 1987). 35. William Wordsworth, ‘On the Extinction of the Venetian Republic’ (1802).