Galician Diet 470–71
Jews 450, 454, 459, 461, 463, 464, 465, 467–8, 470, 472, 473, 477
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 449–81; c. 1900 454; c. 1914 in Austria-Hungary 474; afterlife (after 1918) 476–80; creation of 449; economy 457–8; education 465; end of 476; folk culture 464–5; government 469–71; humour 468–9; literature 466–8; and museums 481–9; national anthems 462; population 450, 458; religious culture 462–4; serfdom 455, 456–7, 469–70; society 455–7; suffrage 471; World War I 473–6
landscape 454–5
languages 460–61, 470
migration 458
New Galicia 452
‘Peasant Rising’/‘Galician Slaughter’ 456
railway from Vienna to Lemberg and beyond 453, 454
and Vienna 452–3, 455–6, 734
west Galicia 450, 474, 476, 477, 480
Gallia Aquitania 17, 18–20, 24
Gallinians 338
Galloway (Galwyddel) 49, 62
Gallura 201
Galwyddel (Galloway) 49, 62
Gandolfo, Ange 524
Garci Ximenez 185
Garibaldi, Giuseppe 420, 425, 428, 429
Gastaustas (Gasztold) 262
Gasztołd, Stanisław 269
Gaul
and the Burgundians see Burgundia/Burgundians
and the Kingdom of Tolosa 18–31
Roman 17
Gdańsk see Danzig/Gdańsk
Gebirtig, Mordechai 467–8
Gediminas 251–2, 253
Gellner, Ernest 632
Geneva (Genava) 95, 97, 104, 408, 505
Conference 604
Génévois 402, 407
Genghis Khan 248
Genoa/Genoese 199, 202, 205, 206, 210, 212, 420, 505, 518, 521
Conference 612–13
Geoffrey of Monmouth 54
Georg Wilhelm, Elector of Brandenburg 355–6, 358
George, St 169, 221
George IV 82
George V 562, 566–7, 568, 643, 654, 656, 659, 661, 662
GeorgeVI 659, 662–3
George Ballantine & Son Ltd 40
Georgia/Georgians 719, 731, 738
Gereint 52
German Historical Museum (DHM) 390
German Social Democratic Party (SPD) 561
Germany
Brandenburg see Brandenburg/Brandenburgers
and Britain: Anglo-German Friendship Society 568; ‘Dreadnought race’ 566; royal families 572–3; see also Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
and Carpatho-Ukraine 626, 627
Coburg see Coburg
and Czechoslovakia 626
East Germany 390, 721
fall of the Berlin Wall 721, 723
and Galicia 474–5; Distrikt Galizien 479
Gotha see Gotha
and the idea of nation 413
inter-war 567–9
and Ireland 664
Kingdom of 123
and the Mongol Horde 338
Nazis: and Estonia 695, 710, 712–14; Holocaust 302, 479, 480; and Lithuania 301–2; and Prussia 381–8; and Sudetenland 625; World War II 301–2, 382–6, 478–9, 710, 712–14; see also Nazism
and Prussia 340, 343–4, 345, 351–3, 364, 367–8, 373, 375–80, 381–8
Rosenau see Rosenau Castle
and Russia 377–80, 701–2, 703–4
and Ruthenia 625
Saxony see Saxony
and Slovakia 625
and the Soviet Union 301–2, 382–8, 478–9, 710, 712–14, 721; Operation Barbarossa 301–2, 382, 479, 710
Teutonic Knights see Teutonic Knights
Thuringia 542
World War I 377–80, 474–5, 701, 703
World War II 301–2, 382–6, 478–9, 710, 712–14; see also Nazism
Gévaudan 175
Gévaudan, Gilbert de 175
Gex 407
Ghent 136, 139
Ghibellines 192, 496
Gibbon, Edward 2, 21, 23, 26, 94, 315–17, 419
Gibica 91
Gibraltar, Straits of 205
Gierowski, Józef 7
Gieysztor, Jakub 296
Gilchrist Breatnach 77
Gildas the chronicler 57
Giovanni, duke of Gandia 215
Giric MacRath 71
Girona 153, 173, 181
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry Marie 583
Gladstone, William 587–9, 644
Glas-gau 55
Glasgow 79, 83
Glasgow Celtic 83
glasnost 721, 722
Glycerius, emperor 97
Gobharaidh (Gowrie) 65
Godesigel 97
Gododdin, Land of 49, 53, 59
Godomar/Gundimor 96, 99
Godoy, duke of Alcudia 522
Goerdeler, Carl 381
Golden Bull (1356) 128
Golden Fleece, Order of 134–5
Gołuchowski, Agenor 470
Gonzalo de Cordoba 218
Good Friday Agreement 673–5
Gorbachev, Mikhail 720–21, 722–3, 725, 733
Gorchakov, Admiral 505–6
Göring, Hermann 381
Gotha 541, 542, 560, 561
Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 545, 557, 559–70; see also Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Workers’ and Soldiers’ Council of 567
Gotha Ursinus G-1 biplane 561
Gothär Waggonfabrik 561
Gothic language 29
Gothic myth 350
Govan 69, 70, 78
Government of Ireland Act (1914) 645
Government of Ireland Act (1920) 653
Goya, Francisco José de 510
Gozo 191, 195, 220
Grandson in the Vaud 138
Grattan, Henry 641, 642
Gray, Thomas 6
Greece, and Aragon 191, 196, 199
Greek Catholic Church 277
Greek Catholic (Uniate) Church 237, 277, 295, 301, 463, 625
Greek Orthodoxy 245
Green Party (Ireland) 640, 678
Gregory IX, pope 340
Gregory of Tours 23, 24, 26, 100–102
Grenoble 417
Griffith, Arthur 652, 654, 655, 656, 680
Grimani Collection, Venice 481
Grodno 291, 293
Gruadenz 342
Grunau, Simon 349
Grunwald, Battle of 346–7
Guallauc 56
Guelphs 192, 496
Guifré El Pilós (Wilfred the Hairy) 175, 184, 224
Guigues d’Albon 118
Guillaume de Poitiers 172
Guillaume VIII 167
Guillem Ramón, Great Seneschal 173
Gül, Abdullah 313
Gulag 706, 714
Gulag 113 695
Gundahar 91, 93–4
Gundahar’s kingdom 91–5, 92
Gundimor/Godomar 96, 99
Gundioc/Gunderic 94–5, 96
Gundobad 96, 97
Guntram 100–102
Guotadin 49
Gusev 335–6
Gustav Adolf of Sweden, prince 569
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 356, 358, 569
Gvozdenović, Anto 590, 608, 611, 612
Gwynedd 49, 55, 70
gypsies 237
Haakon Sigurdsson 246
Habichtsburg/Habsburg (Hawk’s Castle) 121
Habsburgs 139, 220, 258, 270, 478, 570, 733
Franco-imperial Habsburg wars 407
and Galicia 450, 451–2, 460, 468–9
House of Habsburg-Lorraine 503, 510, 534; Ferdinando III of Habsburg-Lorraine 503, 504, 507, 508, 516, 534
and Nikola I 605
and Tuscany 503, 504, 507, 508, 510, 515, 516, 534
Hacibey (later Odessa) 261
Hadrian’s Wall 48
Hadziacz 282
Hague, Treaty of the 409
Halich 444–9
Halitsky, Danylo Romanovych 449
Hall, Radclyffe 499
Halley’s comet 215
Hamann, J. G.
332
Hammershus Castle 89
Hannibal, Operation 385
Hanoverians 549, 550
see also Victoria, queen
Hanseatic League 345
Hanulfus 93
Harald Sigurdsson, ‘Hardrada’ 75
Hardiman, James 642
Harleian Genealogies 50, 64
Harzburg Front 568
Haschka, Lorenz Leopold 461
Hašek, Jaroslav 475
Hasidic movement 299, 463, 473
Hautecombe, abbey of 404, 412, 432, 435
Haydn, Joseph 461
Hayward, Max 8
head-binding 93
Health (Family Planning) Act (Ireland, 1979) 671
Healy, Tim 656
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 315
Heinrich Fleming 343
Heinrich (Henry) II, king of the Germans 119
Helena, daughter of Ivan III 267
Helena of Waldeck-Pyrmont 563, 567
Helsinki Agreement 720
Helvetii 95
Henderson, Sir Neville 568
Hengerdd 45
Henry (Heinrich) II, king of the Germans 119
Henry III El Doliente 207
Henry III of England 406
Henry IV 345
Henry VIII 643
Crown of Ireland Act 641, 665–6
Henry de Valois 278
Heraclitus 2
Heraclius 319
Hermann von Salza 339–40
Herrin, Judith 318–19, 320
Herzegovina/Hercegovina 587, 588, 604, 605, 731
Hibernia 17
Ancient Order of Hibernians 644
Scotti (Hibernian pirates) 37
Hilarius of Poitiers, St 20
Hindenburg, Paul von 379n, 381
Hingley, Ronald 8
Historia Brittonum 49, 53, 54
Hitler, Adolf 370, 382, 383, 385, 479, 568, 569, 618, 626, 631, 633, 664, 712
Hobbes, Thomas 729, 731
Hoch, Jan Ludvik (Robert Maxwell) 624
Hoffmann, Max 378–9
Hohenzollern, Albrecht Friedrich von 355
Hohenzollern, Albrecht von 341, 351
Hohenzollerns 348, 351–2, 354–6, 357, 358–9, 361–2, 363–7, 368, 371, 379, 391, 570
Holmgard see Novgorod
Holocaust 302, 479, 480, 631, 713
Holovna Ruska Rada (HRR, Supreme Ruthenian Council) 470
Holy Loch 39–40
Holy Roman Empire 115, 128, 174, 346
destruction of 368, 521
of the German Nation 119
imperial Circles 139–41, 140
and Prussia 338
Sabaudia see Savoy/Sabaudia
Homedes, Juan de 220–21
Homel 268, 300
Honoraus, St 110
Honorius, emperor 18
Hope, Anthony 623
Hospitallers 220
Hroerekh (Rurik) 243, 244
Hrushevsky, Mikhail 465
Hryniewiecki, Ignacy 297
Hubertus, Hereditary prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 571
Huesca 164–5, 174, 181, 184, 207
Hugh of Arles 110, 114, 118
Hugonids 117
Hugues Capet 115
Huguet de Mataplana 172
Huizinga, Johan 135–6
Hull, Eleanor 645
Humberside 68
Humbertus I 401–2, 435
Hume, John 674
Hundred Years War 128, 131
Hungary 339, 364, 450, 627
Hungarian Army 627, 630–31
and the Red Army 631
Ruthenians of 623, 631; see also Rusyns
see also Austria-Hungary
Huns 17, 21, 31, 93, 94
Hurrem/Roxalana 442–3
Hutsulchyzna 455
Hyde, Douglas 648
Iberia 17, 115, 163, 522–3
Aragon see Aragon
Charlemagne and Muslim Iberia 162
Iberian Jews 190
Iberian Peninsular in 1137 172
and the Reconquista 115, 164, 166–9, 173, 181, 183, 184
Roman Church in 181
and the Visigoths 20, 23, 26, 28, 29
see also Portugal; Spain
Ibn Adret, Rabbi 181
Ibn Bassam al-Shantarini 167
Ida the Flamebearer 53
Ilergertes 165
Ilves, Toomas Hendrik 692
indulgences 215
Ingvar/Ihor/Igor (Kievan prince) 245
Innocent I 20
Innocent IV 449
Inquisition 218, 221
International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against Humanity 695
Intervallum 46, 49, 53
Investiture Contest 122–3
Iona 53, 66
IRA (Irish Republican Army) 651, 652–3, 656–7, 660, 663–4, 665, 666, 668, 672, 676
Provisional IRA 668, 669, 672, 677
Real IRA 673
IRB (Irish Republican Brotherhood, Fenians) 644, 646, 647, 650, 651, 654
Ireland/Éire 43, 637–85, 639
1937 change of name to Éire 662
20th century 640, 649–74
21st century 674–8
abortion 671–2
Anglo-Irish trade war 663
Anglo-Irish Treaty 655–7, 661–2, 737
Anglo-Irish War/War of Irish Independence 653
Belfast/Good Friday Agreement 673–5
Border Wars 656, 666
and the British Commonwealth 661, 663, 664, 665, 679
British Ireland 641
Church–State tensions 661, 668–9
civil disobedience 652
civil war 656–7
Constitution of (Bunreacht na hÉireann) 662, 663, 665
‘Council of the Isles’ 674
Crown of Ireland Act (1542) 641, 665–6
cultural nationalism 660
Dáil 637, 638, 651, 652, 655, 656, 659, 660, 662, 664, 678
division into Southern and Northern Ireland 653
Easter Rising 638, 649
economy 640, 673, 675–6, 677; IMF/EU bailout 677
Emergency Powers Act 657
emigration 678
Era of Celtic Freedom 640–41
Era of Foreign Domination 640, 641
Era of National Liberation 640
External Relations Act (1936) 662, 664
Fianna Fáil 639, 660, 661, 677, 678
Fine Gael 639, 678
Gaelic education 660
Gaelic Revival 642–3
Government of Ireland Act (1914) 645
Government of Ireland Act (1920) 653
Green Party 640, 678
Health (Family Planning) Act (1979) 671
Home Rule 642, 643–4, 645, 650, 651, 679; Act/bills 644, 645, 655, 659, 679
IRA see IRA (Irish Republican Army)
IRB see Irish Republican Brotherhood
Ireland Act (1949) 665
Irish Free State 655–8, 659–62
Irish presence in British army 649–50
Kingdom of Ireland 641–2, 643, 657
Labour Party 640, 678
Lordship of Ireland 641
loyalists 651, 653–4, 666–7, 668–9
military conscription 651
national anthems 638, 655, 659
North-South Ministerial Council 674
Northern Ireland see Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland relations: in the 1990s 672–4; Bloody Sunday 668–9, 677; the ‘Troubles’ 667–9, 677, 679–80
oath of allegiance 659, 662
Peace People 669
Penal Laws 641
political system 637, 639–40
population 638–9
property boom 675–6
Protestants in 641, 650, 654, 660, 674, 684; and the Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’ 667–9; Protestant Ascendancy 650, 660, 667, 679
Republic of 637–40, 649–57, 664–84; Republic of Ireland Act 664
Restoration o
f Order in Ireland Act (1920) 653
Roman Catholic Church in 644–5, 659–61, 671–2
Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act (1927) 661
St Andrews Agreement 674
songs 646, 650–51, 658–9; from the Irish Civil War 657; ‘The Patriot Game’ ballad 666; of reconciliation 674–5; republican ballads and protest songs 669–71
Sunningdale Agreement 669
Ulster see Ulster
unemployment 678
Unionists 641, 645, 650–51, 665, 666–8, 673, 677, 678, 679–80, 681, 684
women’s rights 671
World War II, Emergency and neutrality 663–4
Irene, Empress 316
Irish Church 644–5, 660
‘Irish National Invincibles’ 648
Irish Parliamentary Party 643–4
Irish Patriot Party 641–2
Irish Republican Army see IRA
Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB, Fenians) 644, 646, 647, 650, 651, 654
Irish Volunteers 645
Isabella I of Castile 210, 215, 216, 218
Isabella of Taranto 214
Islam and the Muslim people
Christian dialogue with 182
in Montpellier 179
Moors see Moors
Muslim Tartars in Litva 254
Muslims of Mallorca 200
Muslims of Menorca 199
and the Reconquista 115, 164, 166–9, 173, 181, 183, 184
in Valencia 189–90
Island of Ireland Peace Tower 674
Isle of Man 66
Istanbul 311–13, 443
see also Byzantion/Byzantium; Constantinople
Italy
1810 517
1859–61 422
1946 constitutional referendum 430–31
and Austria 425, 500–501
Cispadane Republic 398–9
Fascism 430
Festa della Repubblica 397–400
and France 500–501, 508, 521
House of Savoy see Savoy/Sabaudia
institutional referendum (1946) 400
Italian campaign of 1796 500–501
Italian peninsular, 1860 425
Italian Republic 517
Kingdom of 119, 400–401, 428, 429, 431, 437, 735
and the Lombards 314–15
nationalism 413–14; Risorgimento see Risorgimento
Northern, Spring 1860 424
Piedmont see Piedmont
plebiscite 423–8, 435
Rome see Rome
tarnishing by Berlusconi 437
Unification see Risorgimento
United Provinces of Central Italy 422
World War I 430
Ivan III the Great 260, 267–8
Ivan IV the Terrible 273
Ivar Beinlaus 69
Izyaslav, prince 246
Jaca 164
Jacobins 288
sympathizers 515
Jadwiga (Hedwig) of Poland 254, 735
Jagiełło, Władysław 347
Jagiellończyk, Alexander 261, 267
Jagiellończyk, Kazimierz 256–8, 348
Jagiellonian dynasty 256–8, 257, 261, 264–6, 269–74, 346–7, 357
Vanished Kingdoms Page 98