Jagiellonian lands (c. 1500) 261
Jagiellonian University 460, 465, 468, 469
Jagiellonka, Jadwiga 355
Jaime I El Conquistador 180, 185–6, 187–9, 197
Jaime II El Justo 193–4, 195
Jaime II of Mallorca 197, 198–9
Jaime III of Mallorca 199, 203
Jaime IV 203, 211
Jamestown, Vale of Leven 37
Jan I 264
Jan Kasimierz Vasa (John II Casimir) 278, 361
Jan zonder Vrees (Jean sans Peur) 132, 137
Japan 590
Järvi, Neeme 719
Jasiński, Jakub 289
Jean II de Valois 128
Jean le Bon 130
Jean sans Peur (Jan zonder Vrees) 132, 137
Jeanne III de France 127–8
Jefferson, Thomas 288
Jena 521
Jesuit Order 286
Jews
in Aragon 183–4, 205
in Belarus 237
in Carpatho-Ukraine 625, 631
Christian dialogue with 182
under Ferdinand and Isabella 218
of Galicia 450, 454, 459, 461, 463, 464, 465, 470, 472, 473, 477; literature 467–8
Hasidic movement 299
Holocaust 302, 479, 480, 631, 713
Iberian 190
Karaites 254, 264, 280, 447, 463
in Litva 254, 264, 266, 267, 291–2; Bund (Jewish Labour League) 297, 299; Jewish Enlightenment 299; Litvaks 295; the noble – Jewish alliance 280
in Mallorca 200
in Montpellier 179, 181
Pale of Jewish Settlement 291–2
pogroms 182, 477
of Ustrzyki Dolne 479–80
Zionism see Zionism
see also Judaism
Joachim I Nestor 355
Joachim II Hector 355
Joan de Casanova OP 182
Joan of Arc 215
Joanna I of Naples 203, 211
Joanna II of Naples 211
Jofre de Foixà 172–3
Jogaila 254–5, 256, 261, 266
Johann Leopold 570
John II Casimir Vasa (Jan Kasumierz Vasa) 278, 361
John VIII, pope 110
John, king of England 122
John the Fearless (Jean sans Peur) 132, 137
John Paul II, pope 672
Jones, T. J. 655
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 450, 451
Josquin des Prez (Joskin van de Velde) 135
Jovinus 91–2
Jovis Villa (Jupille) 100
Joyce, James 493
Ulysses 678
Juan II of Aragon 209–10, 216, 217
Juan II of Castile 209
Juana la Loca of Castile 219
Judaism 185, 245, 266, 450, 463
Hasidic movement 299, 463, 473
see also Jews
Julia Vienna (Vienne) 95, 97
Junkers 360, 381
Junot, Marshall Jean-Andoche 522
Justinian I 314, 319
Käbin, Johannes 717
Kachkovski Society 471
Kalevipoeg (Kreuzwald) 693–4
Kalinin, city (Tver) 335
Kalinin, Mikhail 327
Kaliningrad 327–33, 335–6
oblast 327, 328, 330
Kalinoŭski, Kastuś 296
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska 464
Kant, Immanuel 332, 377
Kara Kerman (later Ochakiv) 261
Karadjeordjević, House of 591, 597, 601
Petar I 590, 601, 603
Karadzić, Radovan 615
Karaites 254, 264, 280, 447, 463
Karel de Stoute (Charles le Téméraire) 132, 137–8
Karotamm, Nikolai 717
Kárpátalya see Carpatho-Ukraine
Kashubs 338
Kasprowicz, Jan 466
Kastiushka, Tadevish (Taduesz Kościuszko) 288, 289
Kaunus/Kovno 291, 293, 300
Kazakhstan 233, 721
Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk 256–8, 348
Kazimierz, Jan 281, 282
Kazimierz ‘Rybeńko’, Michał 264
Kenny, Enda 678
Kerensky, Alexander 701, 704
Kestutis 252
Kettler, Gotard 270
Khazars 242–3, 245
Khrushchev, Nikita 716
Khust (Huszt) 624, 625, 627, 631
Kie 252
Kiev/Kiyiv 244, 246, 248, 251, 252–3, 260–61, 267, 272, 282, 476
Lavra Pecherskaya monastery 266
Kievan Psalter 260
Kievan Rus′ 244, 245
liturgy 265
Kincaids 77
Kirghizstan 725
Kiryl of Turayˇ, St 247
Kiyiv see Kiev/Kiyiv
Knight, James 54–55
Knights of Columbanus 644
Knights of Dobrzyn 339
Knights of St John 220
Knights of the Teutonic Order see Teutonic Knights
Knights Templar 28, 89, 183, 253
Kniprode, Winrich von 341
Knyazhi Horod (‘Princely City’) 448–9
Koburg see Coburg
Koch, Erich 385
Kohn, Hans 632
Kohtla-Järve 718
Kolberg, fortress 370
Königsberg 342, 343, 345, 348, 350, 352, 354, 356, 365, 370, 375–6, 381–2, 383, 385–7
Storming of 385–7
Korošec, Anton 604
Kościuszko, Taduesz 288, 289
Kosovo 577, 579, 615, 616, 619
Battle of 583
Kotor 579
Kovno 291, 293, 300
Kraków 248, 261, 269, 274, 289, 478
and Galicia 451, 452, 456, 460, 476
Jagiellonian University 460, 465, 468, 469
museums 482–3, 484–5, 486
Treaty of 351
Wawel Castle 306
Kreutzwald, Friedrich Reinhold 693–4
Kreva, Union of 254–5, 256, 258, 346
Kroos, Jaan 719
Kropotkin, Piotr 700
Kruszwica, Treaty of 340
Kruus, Jaan 713
Krychev 284–5
Krylos 448
Krynica 472
Kryvichi 243
Kulm 342, 349
Kulmerland 339, 340, 342
Kuntsevich, Jozephat, St 277
Kuropaty Forest 233, 301
Kursk 382, 710
la Feuillade, Count Hector d’Aubusson de 523
Labour Party (Ireland) 640, 678
Ladislas IV Vasa (Władysław IV Waza) 278, 280
court of 359
Laidoner, Johan 705, 715
Laity, Senator 427
Lake District 68, 72–3
Lallans 38, 62
Lanark 80
Languedoc 104, 125
Languedoc-Roussillon 153, 226
Languoreth, queen 56
Latini, Brunetto 499
Latinus Stone 52
Latvia/Latvians 240, 242, 291, 337, 690, 705, 714, 723, 725, 735
Lauder, Harry 38
Lauria, Ruggiero di 193
Lauristin, Johannes 712
Lavra Pecherskaya monastery 266
‘Lay of Atli’ 94
lazzaroni 508
League of German Expellees (BdV) 392
‘League of Montenegrin Emigrants’ 612
League of Nations 611, 613, 617–18, 656, 663, 708, 737
League of Yugoslav Communists 581
Leclerc, Charles 505, 519
Lee, Vernon (Violet Paget) 499
Leghorn see Livorno
Lehár, Franz: The Merry Widow 596
Lehzen, Louise 551
Leipzig, Battle of the Nations 529
Lemberg, Ukraine see L′viv/Lemberg
Lemkivshchyna 455
Lengnich, Gottfried 350
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 475, 652, 702, 703, 705, 724–5, 731
Leningrad see St Petersburg/Leningrad/Petrograd
Lennox Clan 77
Leo
III 319
Leo VI 317
Leo XII 536
Leon 162, 163
Leonora of Portugal 202
Leopold, duke of Albany 562–3
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 365
Leopold I of Belgium 549
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 450, 503
Leopold II, grand duke of Tuscany 422
Lerinum (Lérins), abbey of 110
Leszczyński, Stanisław 283
Letgalia 280
Leven, Vale of 37–8, 40, 41–2
Lex Gundobadana 97
Lex Romana Burgundionum 97
Liberal Democrats 683
Ligue Savoisienne 436
Linda Monument, Tallinn 696
Lindisfarne (Medcaut) 56–57, 66
Lindon 46–7
Lippi, Filippino 496
Lisbon Treaty 681
Lisola, Franz von 362
Litva/Lithuania 238–308, 241, 250, 261, 276, 723
from 1914 299–302
Aftanazy’s volumes on 306–7
annexation into the Russian Empire 290, 291–302
birth of the Grand Duchy of Litva (VKL/MDL) 248–9
and Christianity 250–51, 253–5, 265–6, 277
civil war 256
coinage 255
era of the Saxon kings 283–90
and the ‘Familia’ 284
industry and trade in the eighteenth century 285
Jagiellonian dynasty 256–8, 261, 264–6, 269–74, 346; Jagiellonian lands (c. 1500) 261
Jews in see Jews: in Litva
and Kievan Rus′ 244, 245
and the Kingdom of Poland 253, 254–5, 256, 258–9, 268, 360–61, 734; Act of Union 272; Partitions of Poland 286–9, 287, 732, 734; Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth c. 1635 273; Rzeczpospolita 272–84, 286–90; Union of Kreva 254–5, 256, 258, 346
‘Land of the Headwaters’ 241, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247
language 238, 240, 261, 282, 298–9, 302
Lithuanian-Byelorussian National Republic 301
Metryka Litevska (Lithuanian Register) 303–5
military register 262
modern Lithuania contrasted with Belarus 238–9
name ‘Litva’ 243
and Prussia 349
river networks 240–41, 241
royal elections 277–8
and Rus′ see Rus′
Sejm 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 281, 283, 284, 287, 288
serfs 284–5, 286, 294–5, 296, 298
under Soviet occupation 301–3
Statutes 265, 270–71, 275–7
and the Teutonic Knights 252, 253, 259, 345
World War I 300–301
World War II 301–2
Litvinenko, Alexander 697
Livonia 259, 270, 275, 278, 280, 282
Courland-Livonia 345, 351
Livonian Knights of the Sword 270, 338, 340
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (Livlandische Reimchronik) 341
Livorno 501–3, 512, 522, 525
Llançol de Borja, Roderic, Pope Alexander VI 215, 218
Llanwlwy (St Asaph) 55
Lleddiniawn (Lothian) 49
Lleida (Lerida) 153, 177, 181
Llibre dels Fets (‘Book of Deeds’), Catalan 185, 187–8
Llívia 158–9
Lloyd George (of Dwyfor), David, Ist Earl 607, 609, 651, 654–5, 679
Llull, Ramón 200–201
Llywarch Hen 59
Loarre, fortress 184
Locke, John 731, 732, 734
Lodi 501
Lodomeria 450
and Galicia see Galicia: Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Lodovico I di Borbone (Louis de Bourbon) 509, 510–12, 515, 516, 517
Logudoro 201
Lombards 314–15
Lombard War 104
Lombardic Republic 501
London 68
Treaty of 597, 598, 601
Londonderry see Derry/Londonderry
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 10
Lönnrot, Elias 693
Lorraine, Duchy of 141
Lothar I 106, 108
Lothar II 108
Lotharingia 105, 105, 106, 110
Lough Swilly 663
Louis, duke of Savoy 406
Louis, St, king of France 125
Louis XI 210
Louis XIV 365, 582
Louis XVI 506
Louis XVIII 532
Louis de Bourbon see Lodovico I di Borbone
Louis of Anjou, king of Poland and Hungary 254
Louis the Blind 110, 112
Louis-le-Grand, Lycée 582–3
Louise, princess of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 543, 545, 547, 556
Louisiana 507, 517
Lower Burgundy 108, 109, 109–12, 113, 118–19, 147
Lublin 255, 271–2, 289, 452
Union of 272–3, 353
Lubomirski Palace 471
Lubomirskis 455
Lucrezia Borgia 215
Lugdunum (Lyon) 95, 96, 97, 125–6
Luguvalians 59
Lukashenko, Alexander Grigoryevich 233–5
Lukšić, Igor 581
Luna, Juan de 222
Lunéville, Treaty of 508–9, 517
Luther, Martin 351, 730
Lutheranism 270, 353–4, 355, 359, 463
Luts, Oskar 719
L′viv/Lemberg 441, 442, 449, 450, 451, 453–4, 459, 475, 476, 478–9
museums 484; Ossolineum 482, 483
pogrom 477
Stefanyk Library 487
Lyon 106, 108, 118, 126–7
Lugdunum 95, 96, 97, 125–6
Lyon, Second Council of 126
Maarjamäe Memorial 696
Maastricht Treaty 727
Mac-Lochlain, Muirchertach 640
McAleese, Mary 637, 672, 673, 674
macAlpin, Kenneth (Cinaed mac Alpin) 66
macAlpin, House of 75–6
MacArthur Clan 54, 77
MacArthurs of Strachur 80
MacBethad mac Findlaich 76
McCormack, John 646, 650
Macdonald, Francis 536
McFarlane, K. B. 7
McGuinness, Martin 674
Machiavelli, Niccolò 497, 538
Maciejowice, Battle of 289
Mackievičius, Antanas 296
MacNeill, Eion (John) 651
McNeill, James 662
Macpherson, James 83
Macsen Wledig 48
Madauc/Madawg 58
Madina (Ciutat de Mallorca/Palma) 188
Mafia 582
Maforian, emperor 23
Magdeburg Law 260, 267
Magenta 421
Magyars 115, 117
Mahon 199
Maide, Jaan 714
Maimonides, Moses 181
Main, River 92
Major, John 673
Malachi Mor 641
Malcolm I 76
Malcolm III Canmore 76, 77
Mallorca 187–8, 197–200, 198, 202–3, 226
Małopolska 450, 477
see also Galicia: east Galicia/West Ukraine
Malta 220
and Aragon 191, 195–6
Manau (Clackmannan) 49
Manfred, son of Frederick II 192, 195
Mantaille, Synod of 110, 112
Manzoni, Alessandro 413
Marca Hispanica 162
Marches of Charlemagne’s Empire 162, 163
Marchidun (Roxburgh) 48, 54
Marcilla, Diego 190–91
Marcinkiewicz, Jan 237
Marengo 508
Margaret, St 77
Margaret, countess-palantine of Burgundy 128
Marguerite de Dampierre (Marghareta van Male) 130–31, 132
Mari of Montpellier, Abba 181
Maria, princess of Castile, Queen Mary of Aragon 209
Maria of Aragon, Maria of Castile 209
Maria of Vitebsk 252
Maria Antonia, infanta of Spain 415
Maria Carolina of Aus
tria, archduchess 508
Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria 286, 450, 503–4
Maria-Luisa di Borbone 510–12, 516, 517, 518–19, 521, 522, 524, 528–30, 534
Maria-Luisa of Parma 522
Marie-Antoinette 504, 508
Marie-Christine de France 409
Marie de Montpellier, Dame 180
Marie-José, queen of Italy 401, 431
Marie-Louise-Charlotte, princess of Etruria 519, 534
Marie-Louise of Austria, duchess of Parma 533
Marienburg 342, 345, 349
Marienwerder 342
Marius d’Avenches (later St Marius Aventicensis) 102
Markiewicz, Constance 638, 680
Marseille 116, 211–12
Massilia 20
Martin I El Humano 207
Marx, Karl 730–31
Critique of the Gotha Programme 561
Marxism 730
Mary Magdalene 28
Mary of Burgundy 139, 735
Mary, Virgin 281
cult of 347, 464, 644
Massalski, Jakub 287
Massilia (Marseille) 20
see also Marseille
Mataro 222
Matejko, Jan 351
Maurice, emperor 103
Maximilian von Habsburg 139
Maximus, Magnus (Macsen Wledig) 48
Maxwell, Robert 624
Maynooth seminary 643, 671
Maze Prison 669
Mazovia 338, 339–40, 342
Mazurs 342
Mazzini, Giuseppe 415, 420
Mdina 195–6, 221
Medcaut (Lindisfarne) 56–57, 66
Mediterranean naval and mercantile network 213
Medvedyev, Dmitri 235, 335
Mehmed II the Conqueror 319
Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount 554
Memling, Hans 135
Mendog/Mindaugus/Mindoug 248–9
Menorca 188–9, 199
Menou, Jacques-François de 525–6, 529, 535
Menzel, Adolf 376
Mercia 44, 72
Merewig/Merovée 99
Merovingians 99–100, 102–4
Merriman, Brian 642
The Merry Widow, Lehár 596
Messines 674
Methodius, St 245
Metryka Litevska (Lithuanian Register) 303–5
Metternich, Prince Klemens Wenzel von 452, 536
Mezzogiorno 218
MI5 669
Mickiewicz, Adam 296–7, 459
Middleton, Kate 572, 682
Miegel, Agnes 391–2
Mihailo, prince of Montenegro 612
Mikhailo of Cetinje 614
Milan 501
Decree (1807) 522
Edict of 46
Milena of Montenegro 593, 609, 611, 614
Mill of Haldane estate 40
Millau 175
Millesimo 501
Milošević, Slobodan 581, 614, 615, 619, 733
Milton, John 408, 493, 499
Mindaugus/Mindoug/Mendog 248–9
Minsk/Miensk 231, 232, 249, 275, 291, 297, 299, 300–301, 302
University of 234
Mir 237, 264
Castle 236–7
Miramar monastery 200
Mirdite clan 601
Mirko Petrović-Njegoš (Nikola I’s father) 587
Vanished Kingdoms Page 99