Mirko, prince of Montenegro (Nikola I’s son) 589–90, 612
Mises, Ludwig von 478
Mitchell, George 673
Mloda Polska (Young Poland) 466
Modena 422, 423
Mogilev 291
Moguntiacum (Mainz) 92
Mojkovac, Battle of 597
Moktadir 167
Moldova 710, 731
Molière 583
Mondovi 501
Mongol Horde 248, 251, 252, 260, 338
Montcada clan 173
Monte Aragon castle 165
Montearagon 207
Montenegrin Communist Party 615
Montenegrin Orthodox Church 581, 592, 605, 614, 616
Montenegro/Tsernagora 577–620, 578
19th century 583–90
20th century 589–616, 733, 736–7
and Austria 597–9
and the Balkan Wars 594–5
Central Montenegro Committee of National Reunification 599
code of ‘Humanity and Bravery’ 620
Democratic Socialist Party of Montenegro (DSPM) 581
and the Grand National Assembly 600, 602, 605–6, 609, 736
joined to the UN and Council of Europe 616
loss of statehood at end of the Great War 600–613, 617, 618
the modern state 577–82, 616
and neighbours, 1911 593
People’s Party (NS) 592
postage stamps 596
and Russia 587–8, 597–8
Serbian identity question 580–81, 586–7
taken into Yugoslavia 614–16
tribes and clans 584–5, 584
True People’s Party (PNS) 592
war with Japan 590
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de 315
Montevideo Convention 617
Montfort, Simon IV de 185
Montmajour, abbey of 117
Montpellier 177, 179–81, 202
university 184, 200
Montserrat, abbey of 184
Moonlight Maze 697
Moore, Thomas 642–3
Moors 155, 161–2, 169, 173, 177, 183, 189–90, 221
under Ferdinand and Isabella 218
and the Reconquista 115, 166–9, 173, 181, 183, 184
Morat, lake of (Murten) 138
Morgant of South Gododdin 56
Morozov, Evgeny 235
Moscow (Moskva) 247, 252, 253, 259–60, 267, 271, 293, 703, 710, 732–3
Batory’s war against 278–9
and ‘the gathering of the lands’ 699
Grand Duchy of see Muscovy/Muscovites
Mongol destruction (1238) 248, 338
see also Soviet Union (CCCP)
Mountbatten, Louis, 1st Earl 669
Mountbatten-Windsors 572
Mtislav 275, 286
Mukachevo 624, 625
Mungo, St (Kentigern) 54–56
cult of 78
Munich Conference (1938) 625, 633
Murat, Carolina Buonaparte- 509, 536
Murat, Joachim 413, 509, 512, 521, 523, 529
Muravyov, Mikhail 294
Murcia 189
Murten (Morat) 121
Muscovy/Muscovites 251, 253, 259–60, 268, 271, 273, 277, 278, 281, 282, 361, 368
Museum Island, Berlin 390
Museum of Occupations, Tallinn 695
Myrddin (Merlin) 59
Nadruvians 338
Nahmanides (Moses ben Nahman Gerondi) 183–4
Nakowska, Anna 468–9
Namatius of Saintes 19
Nancy 138
Naples 193, 212–13, 429, 516
and Aragon 184, 193, 197, 210–14, 211–13, 216–18
Bourbon Kingdom of 521
Castel d’Ovo 212
Castel Nuovo 212
castle of St Elmo 212
Kingdom of (Neapolitan Sicily) 193, 194, 211
monastery of San Domenico Maggiore 212
riots (1946) 400
university 184, 212
Napoleon I 290, 293, 334, 412, 452, 485, 500–506, 508–10, 517–18, 520, 521–3, 525, 528, 530–33, 536, 555
abdication 530
Battle of Waterloo 533
and the duc d’Enghien 517–18
and Etruria 509–10
excommunication 524
in exile on Elba 530–32
sent to St Helena 533
Napoleon II, duke of Reichstadt, Aiglon 533, 536
Napoleon III 419–22, 423, 425, 428, 429, 536, 587
Napolitano, Giorgio 397, 438
Narbo Martius (Narbonne) 20
Narbonne 25
Narodna Vol′ya (‘National Will’) 297
Narodovtsy 471
Narva 705, 718
Nassau, George, 3rd Earl Cowper 499
Natangians 338
National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) 698
nationalism 632, 633
culturual 660
Estonian 723
German 413; see also Nazism
Italian 413–14; Risorgimento see Risorgimento
Polish 487
Russian 298
in Sabaudia 414–15
NATO 89, 615, 619, 695, 697
Navahrudak 244, 249
Navalikhan, Dmitri 327
Navarre 157, 163, 164, 165, 169, 170, 185, 210
Nazism 381–8, 568–9
and Carpatho-Ukraine 631
and Estonia 695, 710, 712–14
and former Galicia 478, 479
Holocaust 302, 479, 480, 631, 713
NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) 698
Neave, Airey 669
Nechtan, king of Fortriu (d. c 621) 61
Nechtan, king of the Picts (r. 706 – 24) 63
Nechtansmere, Battle of 57, 60–61, 62
Nelson, Horatio 508
Nemmersdorf 383
Neopatria 196
Nepos, Julius 23
Nestorianism 20
Nestorius 20n
Neuchâtel 132
Neustria 100, 103
Nevsky, Alexander 248
New Labour 680
Nibelungen 93–4
Nice 409, 410, 412, 421, 423–5, 426, 501
Nicholas II, tsar 562
NICRA (Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association) 668
Nieśwież 263, 264, 285, 287
Corpus Christi church 264
Niflungar 93–4
Nijmegen, Treaty of 141
Nikifor (Epifanyi Drovnyak) 472
Nikola I of Montenegro 431, 583, 584, 586, 587–8, 590, 592, 593–4, 596, 598, 600–601, 603, 614, 619–20
Balkanska Carica 595–6
death 611
in exile 597, 600, 602, 605, 606–8, 610–11
legacy of 614
Nikola II Petrović 616
Ninian, St 52, 60
Njeguši 585
NKVD 302, 712, 713, 714
Noble Anvil, Operation 615
Norse culture 68, 72, 81
North-South Ministerial Council 674
Northern Ireland 653, 660, 670, 678
Belfast/Good Friday Agreement 673–5
British government’s distancing itself from the Northern Ireland Question 673
Democratic Unionist Party 667–8, 677, 681
Ireland Act (1949) 665
Omagh bombing 673–4
OUP see Ulster Unionist Party
and the Republic in the 1990s 672–4
St Andrews Agreement 674
Saville Inquiry 677
SDLP 674, 681
‘Troubles’ 667–9, 679–80; Bloody Sunday 668–9, 677
Ulster see Ulster
UUP see Ulster Unionist Party
Widgery Report 677
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) 668
Northern War, First 282
Northern War, Great 283
Northumbria 53, 60, 63, 72, 75
Nostra Domina Daurata 20, 27, 29
<
br /> Novantae 46, 47
Novgorod (Holmgard) 243, 244, 246, 246, 249, 256, 259
Ivan IV’s massacre in 273
Novi Pazar 587
Novogrodok/Novogrudok/Nowogrodek 244, 296
Nowy Sącz ethnographic museum 487–8
Nuits St George 137
Nuremberg, Germanic National Museum 481
Nwython 61
Nystadt, Treaty of 369, 699
Obolensky, Sir Dimitri 318
O’Connell, Daniel 638
Odo II of Champagne 119
Odoacer 24
Oengus I 63–4, 65
Oengus II 65
Official Unionist Party see Ulster Unionist Party
oil 234, 235, 457, 718, 727
Olaf the White 69
Old Church Slavonic 245
Old French 100
‘Old Men’s Colloquy’ (Acallan na Senórach) 78–9
Old North 41, 42–3, 45–6, 50, 54, 57, 72, 81
Kingdom of the Rock see Alt Clud, Kingdom of the Rock
language 45–6
Old Ruthenians 471
Oldini, Virginia 420–21
Ole Worm Collection, Copenhagen 481
Oleg 244
Olegarius, St (Oleguer Bonestry) 181
Oleśnicki, cardinal 256
Olga, St (Helga) 245
Oliwa, Treaty of 282, 361
Ołyka 263, 264
Omagh bombing 673–4
O’Neill, Sir Terence 668
Onuist, king of the Picts 64–5
Operation Aster 714
Operation Bagration 302
Operation Barbarossa 301–2, 382, 479, 710
Operation Hannibal 385
Operation Noble Anvil 615
Orange 118
Aurausion 125
Orange Order 667, 676
Order of the Collar (now Order of the Most Holy Annuciation) 406
Ornano, Philippe Antoine d’ 533
Orosius, Paulus 17–18
Orsha 268, 271
Orsini, Felice 420
Orville, Jean Cabaret d’ 404
Osca see Huesca
Ościk, Krystyn 263
Osiander, Andreas 354
Ostrogoths 23, 24, 30
Ostrogski, Konstanty 268, 272
Ostrozki (Ostrogski) 262
Oswy of Northumbria 60
Ots, Georg 719
Ottaker II of Bohemia 342
Otte-Guillaume/Otto-Wilhelm of Burgundy 118
Otto/Oddon I, count of Sabuadia 404
Ottomans 259–60, 261, 282, 287–8, 317, 321, 364
Balkan Wars 594–5
and Montenegro 580, 583, 585, 586–7, 587–8, 594–5
and Russians 288, 587–8
Owain the Blind (Eogan II) 76
Owen of Cumbria (Ywain map Dynfwal of Strathclyde) 72
Owen/Owain (Ywain of ‘The Rock’) 61
Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 481
Padarn Pesrut 48
paganism 30, 81, 242, 245, 250–51, 253–4, 255
Paget, Violet (Vernon Lee) 499
Paisley, Ian 667–8, 673, 674
Paldiski 718
Palermo 192, 508
university 184
Palladia Tolosa (modern Toulouse) 18–20
Pallas Athena, goddess 19
Palma 173, 199
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount 558
Palteskja see Polatsk
Pamplona 162
Pamuk, Orhan 311–13, 322
Panam, Madam Pauline 547
Panorama Racławicka, Lemberg 459
papacy 30, 110, 122
Investiture Contest 122–3
loss of temporal power 429
papal schism 128
and the Teutonic Knights 340
Papal States 192, 339, 413, 422, 428, 501, 505, 512, 516, 523–4
abolishment of 429
Papen, Franz von 381
Paris 100, 102, 104
English occupation of 131
Peace Conference 603, 607–8, 617, 618, 651–2, 736–7
Parker-Bowles, Camilla 572
Parma 422, 423, 426
Bourbons of 506, 509, 510
Parnell, Charles Stewart 643–4, 659
Pärt, Arvo 719
Parthenopean Republic 508
Pašić, Nikola 598–9, 604, 607
Paternus of the Red Cloak 48
Patrick, St 51–52, 78
‘Patriotic Party’, Etruria 516
Päts, Konstantin 709, 711, 715
Patten, Chris 329
Patterson, Betsy 523
Paul the Christian 184
Pavia 104, 122
Pays de Vaud see Vaud, Pays de
Peace Conference, Paris 603, 607–8, 617, 618, 651–2, 736–7
Peace People 669
Peasant Party of Konstantin Päts 709
Pedauco, queen 21
Pedro I of Aragon 165, 167
Pedro II of Aragon 180, 186
Pedro III El Grande 191, 193, 195, 197, 198–9
Pedro IV El Ceremonioso 174, 202–5, 206, 207
Pedro V, constable of Portugal 216
Pedro the Cruel of Castile 202
Peipus, Lake 248
Penthelm, ‘Leader of the Picts’ 63
Pentwine, ‘Friend of the Picts’ 63
People’s Party (Montenegro) 592
Pepe, Guglielmo 413
Pere de Moncada 205
Peremyshl 453
perestroika 721
Peretallada, fortress 184
Perez, Antonio 221–2
Perpignan/Perpinya 153–6, 160, 178, 203, 226
Palace of the Kings 199
Treaty of 199
university 184
Petar I Karadjeorjević 590, 601, 603, 606, 607
Petar II Petrović-Njegoš 586–7
Peter the Great of Russia 90, 283, 368, 699
Peter III of Russia 370
Petrograd see St Petersburg/Leningrad/Petrograd
Petronilla of Aragon 170, 171, 181
Petrovać 579
Petrović-Njegoš, House of 583, 584, 586–7, 591, 592–3, 601, 612
Nikola Mirkov see Nikola I of Montenegro
Philibert, St 107
Philip II the Prudent 220, 221
Philip III the Pious 220
Philip IV the Great 220
Philip IV, duke of Burgundy (Philip I of Castile) 139
Philip the Bold (Philippe le Hardi/Filips de Stoute) 128, 130, 132, 135–6
Philip the Fair of Burgundy 219
Philip the Good (Philippe le Bon) 132, 137
Philippe III of France 195
Philippe le Bon (Filips de Goede) 132, 137
Philippe de Bourbon, Felipe V 223
Philippe de Bresse 407
Philippe le Hardi see Philip the Bold
Philippe de Rouvres 106, 130
Phipps, Sir Eric 568
Phoenix Park, Dublin 647–8, 672
Pictland 58, 60, 61, 63, 65–6
Picts 17, 42, 44, 46, 51, 52, 54, 62, 63–6
Picto-Gaelic fusion 37n, 63, 65–6
Piedmont 403, 404, 406, 409, 410, 412, 414, 415, 416, 516
Napoleon and the Piedmontese 501
Turin see Turin (Torino)
Pieracki, Bronisław 477
Pierre II, ‘the little Charlemagne’ 404–6
pilgrimage 55, 184, 435, 453, 464, 473
Pillars of Hercules (Gibraltar) 20
Pillau 358, 385
Piłsudski, Józef 297, 301, 473–4, 476
Pinerolo, fortress 407
Piombino 214
pirates 37, 110, 260
Pirenne, Henri 136
Pirita 696
Pisa, University of 516
Pisentius Justus, Quintus 48
Pitti Palace, Florence 503, 504, 512, 516, 524, 525, 527, 534, 537
Pius VI 505, 507–8
Pius VII 508, 521, 523–4, 527, 528, 530, 535
Placidia, Galla 18<
br />
Plaid Cymru 679–80
Plamenatz, J. S. 611
Plamenatz, John 632
Plantation of Ulster 641
plebiscites 423–8, 435
Płock 342
Plunkett, George 651
Le Plus Grand Crime de la Guerre Mondiale 612
Poblet, abbey of 184
Podgorica 579, 580, 605, 616
Podhale 455
Podkarpatsko 623, 625
see also Carpatho-Ukraine
Podlasie 272
Podolia 364
‘Podolians’ 470
Pogari 714
Poincaré, Raymond 607
Poitiers, Battle of 130
Pol, Wincenty 466
Poland/Poles 281, 284, 335, 413, 618–19, 732
and Austria 286
and Carpatho-Ukraine 631
and France 521
and Galicia 450–51, 452, 458, 459, 461, 462, 470–71, 472, 476–7
Holocaust 479, 480
Lachy 487–8
Litva and the Kingdom of 253, 254–5, 256, 258–9, 268, 360–61, 734; Act of Union 272; Partitions of Poland 286–9, 287, 732, 734; Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth c. 1635 273; Rzeczpospolita 272–84, 286–90; Union of Kreva 254–5, 256, 258, 346
Małopolska (Lesser Poland) 450, 477
Napoleon’s ‘Second Polish War’ 293–4
Poles of Ustrzyki Dolne 479–80
Polish Legions 452, 473, 515
Polish People’s Republic 480, 483, 487
and Prussia 349, 350–52, 353–4, 355, 362–6
Russo-Polish war (1791–2) 288
Solidarity movement 716, 722, 723
and the Soviet Union 388, 618–19, 716
and the Teutonic Knights 253, 259, 344–5, 346–8
World War II 478, 710
Polatsk (Palteskja) 243, 244, 246–7, 248, 249, 268, 286
Polesie 251
Polish Peasant Movement (PSL) 472
Polish Socialist Party (PPS) 297, 472
Pomegasanians 338
Pomerania 338, 345, 349, 370
see also Danzig/Gdańsk
Pomesania 342
Pommard 137
Pompidou, Georges Jean 583
Ponç de la Guardia 172
Poniatowski, Stanisław-August 285–6, 287, 289–90, 306
Poniatowski, Stanisław (General) 284
Poniatowskis 284
Pontigny, abbey of 108
Poole, R. Lane 113–14n
Portugal 171, 215, 507, 521, 522
Poska, Jaan 706
Possevini 279
Potocki, Andreas 471
Potockis 275, 284, 455
Potsdam 710
Conference 387–8
Poznań 289
Praga, Battle of 289
Prague 625, 626
Rudolf II collection 481
Slav Congress 469
Premyslid dynasty 345
Preti, Mattia 221
Pritsak, Omelian 478
Pronkssödur (Bronze Soldier) 696
Prosper of Aquitania, St 20
Prosvita Society 471
Protestant Ascendancy 650, 660, 667, 679
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 730
Provence 105, 117, 123, 125, 174, 408
Vanished Kingdoms Page 100