Vanished Kingdoms
Page 103
Yeltsin, Boris 721
York, Viking Kingdom of 68, 72
Young Poland (Mloda Polska) 466
Yrfai, son of Wulfsten 58, 59
Ystrad Clut 74
see also Alt Clud, Kingdom of the Rock
Yugoslav Committee 598–9, 604
Yugoslavia 578, 580, 581, 597, 598, 602–3, 605, 606, 610, 725
after 1945 615
Federal Republic of 577, 614, 615, 733
Montenegro as part of 614–16
wars of the 1990s 614–16, 619
Ywain map Dynfwal of Strathclyde (Owen of Cumbria) 72
Ywain of ‘The Rock’ 61
Zadowski, Stefan 356–8
Zagreb 604
Zähringen Castle 120
Zähringer 120–22
Zakarpattia see Carpatho-Ukraine
Zalesskaya Zemlya (‘The Land beyond the Forest’) 244
Zamora, San Pedro de la Nava 29
Zamoyski, Jan 279
Zamoyskis 275
Zaragoza 160, 162, 169, 170, 181, 182, 184, 215, 224
Zebrzydowski Confederation 280
Zeleniogorsk 336
Zeta 588, 611
see also Montenegro/Tsernagora
Zhdanov, Andrei 711
Zhirovice 266
Zhukov, Georgy 384
Zielence 288
Zionism 299
‘Hatikvah’ 462
Zorka (daughter of Nikola I) 590
Zukor, Adolph 624
Zvitomir II, king of Croatia 430
Zygmunt III Waza see Sigismund III Vasa
TOLOSA
1. The funeral of Alaric the Visigoth, ‘Ruler of All’, AD 410, in the bed of the Busento, Calabria.
2. ‘The history of France began at Vouillé.’ AD 507: Clovis the Frank slays Alaric III, King of the Visigoths.
ALT CLUD
3. Y Gododdin: a page from the medieval Book of Aneirin, the seventh-century Old Welsh epic preserved in a thirteenth-century manuscript.
4. Bird, Tree, Fish and Ring: symbols from the legend of St Mungo (sixth century), portrayed in Glasgow’s coat-of-arms.
5. William Wallace (1272–1305) – known to filmgoers as Braveheart and to his Gaelic contemporaries as Uilleam Breatnach, ‘William the Briton’.
BURGUNDIA
6. Rheingold: an episode from the legends of the Nibelungen, medieval tales based on echoes of the first Kingdom of the Burgundians (fifth century).
7. A rare coin showing the head of the Merovingian King Dagobert (c. 603–39), ‘who pulled on his trousers inside out’.
8. Guntram or Gontran of Burgundy (c. 525–92), the ‘Battle Crow’, king and saint.
BURGUNDIA
9. Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1162–90): German emperor, king of Italy and king of Burgundy, crowned at Arles in 1172.
BURGUNDIA
10. Philip the Good and Charles the Bold: Duke-counts of the fifteenth-century States of Burgtundy.
11. Charles le Téméraire, a.k.a. Karel de Stoute (r. 1467–77): duke of Burgundy, count of Flanders, margrave of Namur, etc., etc.
12. Duchess-Countess-Margravine Mary of Burgundy (1457–82), heiress.
ARAGON
13. The Aljaferia Fortress: constructed in the tenth century in Iberian-Islamic style for the Muslim emirs of Zaragoza, captured in 1118 by Alfonso El Battalador, king of Aragon.
14. The Catalan galley fleet anchored off Naples (fifteenth-century miniature).
ARAGON
15. Queen Petronilla of Aragon and Count Rámon Berenguer IV of Barcelona, whose marriage in 1137 joined Aragon to Barcelona for nearly 600 years.
16. and 17. Los Reyes Católicos: Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, c. 1491.
ARAGON
18. Mattia Preti, The Battle of El Puig; Langue d’Aragon Chapel, Valletta. The battle, fought in 1238 near Valencia between Catalans and Moors, was a milestone in the Reconquista.
BYZANTION
19. ‘The Ladder to Heaven’: seventh-century Byzantine icon by St John Climacus. Images of the ascetic life and of spiritual perfection underline the theocratic nature of Byzantine civilization.
20. The Siege of Constantinople, 1453 (fifteenth-century French miniature). The Ottoman Turks deliver the coup de grâce to the Roman Empire.
LITVA
21. Trakai Castle. Lithuania: a fourteenth-century fortress, built by the uncle of Grand Duke Jogaila, who united Lithuania with Poland in 1385.
22. Mirsky Zamak, the Castle of Mir, Belarus: completed in the late sixteenth century by Prince Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł.
LITVA
23. Barbara Radziwiłł (1520–51), the tragic wife of Sigismund-August: queen of Poland and grand duchess of Lithuania for six months.
24. Title page of the Third Lithuanian Statute, 1588.
25. ‘The Polish Plum Cake’, 1773: cartoon satirizing the First Partition of Poland-Lithuania.
26. Stanisław-August Poniatowski (r. 1764–95): born at Volchin in White Ruthenia, died in St Petersburg, ‘repatriated’ 1938.
GALICIA
27. Stetl Juden, orthodox Jews, from one of Galicia’s many Jewish towns.
28. Hutsul man and horse from eastern Galicia.
29. Polish Górale, or ‘Highlanders’, from the Tatra mountains.
GALICIA
30. Lwów-L’viv-Lemberg, capital city of Habsburg Galicia.
31. Joseph II (r. 1780–90), emperor and first king of Galicia and Lodomeria.
32. Franz-Josef (r. 1848–1916), emperor and last king of Galicia and Lodomeria.
BORUSSIA
33. The Vistula Lagoon (the Kalingradskiy Zaliv, formerly the Frisches Haff): the Baltic coast in the watery homeland of the Prusai.
34. Malbork, Poland: formerly the Marienburg, headquarters of the Teutonic Knights and the world’s largest brick castle.
BORUSSIA
35. The Battle of Grunwald (in the German tradition, Tannenberg), 15 July 1410, as depicted by Jan Matejko (1878): the Death of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen.
36. The Tannenberg Memorial, 1927–45, marking the German victory of September 1914 and the ‘Teutons’ Revenge’ for Grunwald.
BORUSSIA
37. (top) The Prussian Homage, Krakow, 1525, as depicted by Matejko. Albrecht von Hohenzollern kneels before Sigismund I, king of Poland
38. (middle left) Albrecht von Hohenzollern (1490–1568), last grand master of the Teutonic Order and first duke of Prussia.
39. (middle right) Frederick I (r. 1688–1713), first king in Prussia, Königsberg, 1701.
40. (left) Frederick William I (1620–88), the ‘Great Elector’ of Brandenburg and last duke of Prussia.
SABAUDIA
41. The Abbey of Hautecombe, Lac du Bourget, Savoy: site of the mausoleum of the Casa Savoia.
42. Mont Blanc, painted by J. M. W. Turner in 1837, when Western Europe’s highest peak formed part of the Sardinian ‘Sub-alpine Kingdom’.
SABAUDIA
43. (above) April 1860: voters line up in Chambéry for the Plebiscite on the future of Savoy.
44. (left) Vittorio Emanuele II (r. 1849–78), king of Sardinia and, from 1861, of Italy.
SABAUDIA
45. (left) 1910: the fiftieth anniversary of Savoy’s ‘reunion’ with France.
46. (below) Referendum of 1946: Italian monarchists support ‘Umberto II, the Monarchy and the Soldier King’.
ETRURIA
47. Maria-Luisa di Borbone (1782–1824) as Queen Regent of Etruria, c. 1804, with her son, King Carlo Lodovico II, and her daughter, Maria Luisa Carlota.
48. A 10-lira silver florin of the Kingdom of Etruria (1803), showing the infant king with his mother and, on the reverse, the kingdom’s coat-of-arms.
ETRURIA
49. Elisa Bonaparte entourée d’artistes à Florence (1809) by Pietro Benvenuti. Antonio Canova presents a marble bust to Napoleon’s eldest sister who was the duchess of Lucca, grand duchess of Tuscany and princess of Piombino.
50
. San Miniato in Val d’Arno: sometime home of the Buonaparti and of superb white truffles.
51. Napoleon’s First Exile, Elba, 1814: behind him Generals Bertrand, Drouot and Cambronne, who may or may not have said ‘La Garde meurt’.
ROSENAU
52. Royal Wedding, 1840, at the Chapel Royal, St James’s Palace: Victoria, who had proposed to Albert, nonetheless promised ‘to serve and obey’ him.
53. Queen Victoria and family, Coburg, 21 April 1894: Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Queen, Dowager Empress ‘Vickie’ of Germany (front row seated L to R); also, the Queen’s surviving sons, in uniform - Edward (middle, L), Alfred, (back, R) and Arthur (second row, R); the future Tsar, Nicholas II with fiancée, Alix of Hesse (second row); 3 Russian grand dukes, 3 Battenbergs, 10 Saxe-Coburg and Gothas, and 13 princesses; Prince ‘Alfie’ of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, d. 1899 (standing extreme L).
ROSENAU
54. (left) Prince Charles Edward (1884-1953): Victoria and Albert’s youngest grandson, the last duke of Albany and the last duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
55. (below) Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip: but for the name-changing, their wedding in 1947 would have seen a Saxe-Coburg and Gotha marrying a Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
56. (below) The funeral of King George V, January 1936. The late king’s cousin, Charles Edward, brings up the rear of the procession wearing a steel German helmet.
RUSYN
57. (above) Adolf Hitler enters Prague, 15 March 1939.
58. (left) Khust: capital for one day of the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine.
ÉIRE
59. The ‘Black and Tans’: Royal Irish Constabulary Reserve Force, 1920, during the Anglo-Irish War.
60. The Anglo-Irish Treaty signed by Michael Collins, December 1921.
61. Irish women singing hymns and political songs under guard in Dublin, 1921.
62. Eamon de Valera takes the salute at an IRA parade, 1922, during the Irish Civil War.
ÉIRE
63. King George V and Queen Mary, monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland, ride through Kingstown (now Dun Laoghaire), July 1911.
64. The Imperial Conference, London, 1926. George V and his prime ministers; W. T. Cosgrave of the Irish Free State (back row, right).
65. Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, speaking three words of Gaelic in Dublin Castle, watched closely by the Irish Republic’s taoiseach, Enda Kenny, and President Mary McAleese: May 2011, one century after her grandfather’s visit.
IRISH POSTAL HISTORY
66. British stamps of 1912 bearing the head of King George V, overprinted in Gaelic. (a) ‘Provisional Government of Ireland 1922’ during the currency of the Republic, and (b) ‘Irish Free State 1922’ after the Anglo-Irish Treaty came into force.
67. Irish Free State, First Series, 1922, Id Red. Although George V remained king, the design omits both the king’s head and the new state’s name, showing instead a map of all Ireland and the unofficial name of Éire.
68. Latin was admissible, but not English, (a) The International Eucharistic Congress, 1932, and (b) The Holy Year of 1933–4: ‘In the Cross is Salvation’.
69. Postage stamps in the service of republican history – (a) 2p, mauve, 1937. ‘The constitution of Ireland’, which officially introduced the name of Éire – Hibernia turns the pages of history; (b) 2 1/2p black, 1941. twenty-fifth anniversary of the Easter Rising: a volunteer before Dublin’s General Post Office.
70. The centenary of the late President’s birth, 1982: 26p commemorative issue, ‘Eamon de Valera, 1882–1975’.
TSERNAGORA
71. The Montenegrin Royal Family, Proclamation Day, 1910: in the foreground, reclining, is King Nikola’s grandson, Crown Prince Aleksandar of Serbia, subsequently the first king of Yugoslavia.
72. Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš (1841–1921): the first and only king of Montenegro – soldier, author, law-giver and exile.
TSERNAGORA
73. King Nikola in exile: Antibes, France, c. 1921. Montenegro, after annexation by Serbia, was the only Allied country to lose its independence after the First World War.
74. 3 nović red, from the country’s first issue in 1874; (below left) I nović blue and brown from the 200th anniversary series, 1896.
75. Stamps celebrating the fiftieth year of Nikola’s reign and the Proclamation of the Kingdom, 1910. (left) I para black, Nikola magnoludovicien; (centre) 2 para purple, King Nikola and Queen Milena; (right) 5 para green, the King on horseback.
CCCP
76. Kalevipoeg, ‘The Son of Kalevi’: Estonia’s foundation myth.
77. The Pronkssödur or ‘Bronze Soldier’: a Soviet war memorial, whose removal to a war cemetery in Tallinn caused the cyber war of 2007.
78. The pre-war Linda Monument: used in Soviet times as an unofficial memorial site for Estonians killed or deported by Stalin.
79. Red Army cavalry enters Tallinn. The forces of the Soviet Union occupied Estonia twice, in 1940–41 and for a second time between 1945 and 1991.
80. A Latvian battalion of the Waffen SS marches through Tallinn. The forces of the Third Reich occupied Estonia from July 1941 to September 1944.
CCCP
81. The Baltic Chain, 23 August 1989, marking the fiftieth anniversary of the Nazi-Soviet Pact: two million protesters link hands over the 350 miles from Estonia to Latvia and Lithuania.
82. Moscow, August 1991: Mikhail Gorbachev, secretary general of the Soviet Communist Party and president of the USSR, is publicly berated by Boris Yeltsin, president of the RSFSR (Soviet Russia). Fifteen Soviet republics, including Russia, were starting out on their road to sovereign independence, and the Soviet Union was about to vanish.