Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Made Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier and Happier

by Edward Glaeser

  241 bulk of visas are granted to so-called independent immigrants: Becklumb, “Canada’s Immigration Program.”

  241 A fifth of its residents are ethnic Chinese: Canada: Statistics Canada, Population by Selected Ethnic Origins.

  242 grand mansions ... high crime rate: The Web page www.explorechicago.org/city/en/things_see_do/attractions/tourism/former_home_of_muhammad.html confirms Ali’s former address, 4944 S. Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, IL 60615, where he moved to be closer to his mentor at the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad.

  242 Chicago lost almost 18 percent of its population: Gibson, “Population of the 100 Largest Cities.”

  242 Chicago had five mayors, none of whom was able: Miranda, “Post-machine Regimes.”

  242 one of the few large Midwestern cities that has grown: Gibson, “Population of the 100 Largest Cities”; and U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008 Data Profile for the City of Chicago, generated using American FactFinder.

  242 despite the facts . . . weather can be brutal: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008 Data Profile for the City of Chicago, generated using American FactFinder.

  242 Financial entrepreneurs . . . compared with Manhattan: This sentence is based on the author’s conversation with Mr. Griffin.

  242 Chicago issued 68,000 housing permits: U.S. Census Bureau, Manufacturing, Mining and Construction Statistics, Residential Building Permits, www.census.gov/const/www/permitsindex.html.

  242 Boston issued 8,500 housing permits: Ibid.

  243 three times as many housing permits as San Jose: Ibid.

  243 Among Chicagoans, 10.8 percent live in housing built since 1990: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008 Data Profile for the Cities of Chicago, New York, and Boston, generated using American FactFinder.

  243 rents are 30 percent higher in Boston than in Chicago, and housing prices are about 39 percent higher: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008 Data Profile for the Cities of Chicago and Boston, generated using American FactFinder.

  243 median sales price of a condominium: National Association of Realtors, Median Sales Price of Existing Condo-Coops Homes for Metropolitan Areas for Second Quarter 2010, www.realtor.org/research/research/metroprice.

  243 In downtown Chicago, $650,000 . . . twice as much: Realtor.com, searched Sept. 1, 2010.

  243 almost 40 million new square feet of office space: Calculations performed by Joseph Gyourko using REIS office real estate market data.

  243 about 30 percent cheaper than rents in Boston or San Francisco: Calculations performed by Joseph Gyourko using REIS office real estate market data.

  243 Atlanta metropolitan area added 1.12 million people: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates, “Combined Statistical Area Population and Estimated Components of Change: April 1, 2000, to July 1, 2009,” www.census.gov/popest/metro/metro.html.

  244 typically 20 percent cheaper than even Chicago’s: Calculations performed by Joseph Gyourko using REIS office real estate market data.

  244 same share of adults with college degrees as Minneapolis: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008 Data Profile for the Cities of Atlanta, Boston, and Minneapolis, generated using American FactFinder.

  244 More than 47 percent... Middlesex County, Massachusetts: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008 Data Profile for Fulton County, Georgia; Westchester County, New York; Fairfield County, Connecticut; Santa Clara County, California; and Middlesex County, Massachusetts; generated using American FactFinder.

  244 Emory and Georgia Tech: A Thousand Wheels Are Set in Motion: The Building of Georgia Tech at the Turn of the Century: 1888-1908, “The Hopkins Administration, 1888-1895,” www.library.gatech.edu/gtbuildings/hopkins.htm.

  244 Hope Scholarship program: Kiss and Schuster, “Hope Scholarships.”

  244 Fulton County’s share of college graduates: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2008 Data Profile for Fulton County, Georgia, and the United States; and U.S. Census 2000, Data for Fulton County, Georgia, and the United States; both generated using American FactFinder.

  245 Dubai came under... the Middle East: “Dubayy,” Encyclopædia Britannica.

  245 Jebel Ali Free Zone: Ibid.

  245 Burj Al Arab: “Sailing into a New Luxury at Famous Dubai Hotel,” Toronto Star, Sept. 11, 2004, Travel.

  246 A 2,684-foot mixed-use building: Davis, “Dubai Hits the Heights.”

  246 Dubai Mall . . . one of the biggest in the world: Official site says one of the biggest in the world: www.thedubaimall.com/en/section/faq; dimensions: www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/the-dubai-mall-opens-largest.html.

  246 Sheikh Mohammed had envisioned . . . Business Bay: “Richard Spencer in Dubai: Developer to Resume Work on Dubai’s Troubled World,” London Daily Telegraph, Dec. 18, 2009, City.

  246 Dubailand: Dubailand is unfinished at the moment. Kolesnikov-Jessop, “Theme Park Developers.”

  246 market seems to have found his exuberance somewhat irrational: “Dredging the Debt: Dubai’s Debt Mountain,” Economist, Oct. 31, 2009.

  CONCLUSION: FLAT WORLD, TALL CITY

  247 “Cities are the abyss of the human species”: Rousseau, Émile, 52.

  247 Monet and Cézanne . . . Belushi and Aykroyd: “Cézanne, Paul,” Encyclopædia Britannica; and “Dan Aykroyd,” Blues Brothers Central, www.bluesbrotherscentral.com/profiles/dan-aykroyd.

  251 In every decade but one . . . urban growth slowed dramatically: U.S. Census Bureau, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, “1990 Population and Housing Unit Counts: United States,” (CPH-2), p. 5, www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/table-4.pdf.

  252 American, or Know-Nothing, Party: “Know-Nothing Party,” Encyclopædia Britannica.

  252 Ku Klux Klan: Jackson, Ku Klux Klan.

  253 college graduates . . . $31,000 per year: U.S. Census Bureau, Census in Schools, Educational Attainment, www.census.gov/schools/census_for_teens/educational_attainment.html.

  253 college is associated with an over 80 percent increase in earnings: Ibid. Much of the economic literature on the returns to schooling has focused on trying to correct for unobserved factors that push the earnings of the skilled up, by comparing only identical twins, for example; see Ashenfelter and Krueger, “Estimates of the Economic Return to Schooling.”

  253 As the number of college graduates . . . no matter how educated they are: Glaeser and Gottlieb, “Place-Making Policies.”

  253 Among nations . . . wages by less than 20 percent: Barro and Lee, “Educational Attainment”; and Maddison, “Statistics on World Population.”

  254 “If a nation expects to be ignorant and free”: Padover, Thomas Jefferson on Democracy.

  254 The link between education and democracy: Glaeser et al., “Why Does Democracy Need Education?”

  254 better-educated members of the Warsaw Pact: Ibid.

  254 A study of compulsory-schooling laws: Milligan et al., “Does Education Improve Citizenship?”

  254 research on charter schools in Boston and New York: Kane et al., Informing the Debate; and Hoxby and Murarka, “Charter Schools.”

  254 Research has uncovered huge gaps in effectiveness: Kane and Staiger, “Estimating teacher impacts on student achievement: An experimental evaluation.”

  255 In 1800, six of the twenty largest cities: Gibson, “Population of the 100 Largest Cities.”

  256 children displaced from New Orleans by Katrina: The gains from leaving the city were equal to about 37 percent of the test-score gap between whites and African Americans. Sacerdote, “When the Saints Come Marching In.”

  257 spending up to $200 billion rebuilding New Orleans: Heath, “Katrina Claims Stagger Corps.”

  257 $400,000 for every man, woman and child: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2006 Data Profile for the City of New Orleans and the New Orleans MSA, generated using American FactFinder.

  257 putting infrastructure in a place that lost its economic ratio
nale: A recent article estimates $142 billion in federal funds have been spent. Sasser, “Katrina Anniversary.”

  261 status quo bias: Kahneman et al., “Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem,” 1325-48.

  262 impact bias: Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness.

  263 circuitous route keeps speeds down: Dennis, “Gas Prices, Global Warming.”

  264 more than 60 percent of Americans are home owners: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Housing Vacancies and Homeownership Annual Statistics: 2009, table 1A, “Rental Vacancy Rates, Homeowner Vacancy Rates, Gross Vacancy Rates, and Homeownership Rates for Old and New Construction,” www.census.gov/hhes/www/housing/hvs/annual09/ann09ind.html.

  264 The average deduction . . . between $40,000 and $70,000: Poterba and Sinai, “Tax Expenditures for Owner-Occupied Housing.”

  265 and 85 percent of such dwellings are renter-occupied: U.S. Census Bureau, Data Profile for the United States, Census 2000 Summary File 3, generated using American FactFinder.

  265 the infrastructure component of the 2009 stimulus bill was as stacked against urban America: www.recovery.gov/?q=content/rebuilding-infrastructure.

  265 Per capita stimulus spending... in the rest of the country: The least dense states are Alaska, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. U.S. Government, State/Territory Totals by Award Type, www.recovery.gov/Transparency/RecipientReportedData/Pages/RecipientAwardSummarybyState.aspx. Population from U.S. Census Bureau, United States—States, Geographical Comparison Tables, GCT-T1-R, 2009 population estimates generated using American FactFinder.

  265 control 10 percent of the Senate with only 1.2 percent of the population: U.S. Census Bureau, United States—States, Geographical Comparison Tables, GCT-T1-R, Population Estimates, generated using American FactFinder.

  265 But that doesn’t make . . . as of December 2009: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Regional and State Employment and Unemployment—December 2009, www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/laus_01222010.htm.

  266 last twenty years . . . ten least dense states: Glaeser and Gottlieb, “Place-Making Policies.”

  266 “funding is not based on need or performance”: White House Office of Management and Budget, Program Assessment: Highway Infrastructure, www.whitehouse.gov/omb/expectmore/summary/10000412.2007.html.

  267 U.S. gas taxes are too low: Parry et al., “Automobile Externalities and Policies.”

  269 “set the stage for the evolution of humanlike intelligence”: Pinker, How the Mind Works, 192.

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