A Trust Betrayed
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state regulation of contamination, 67, 83
TCE and PCE, 54
Respiratory illness, 42, 118
Rifle Range, 49–50, 55, 71, 88
Roach, Anita, 121–123
Rochelle, Jerry “Ike,” 58
Roig-Franzia, Manuel, 142
Roosevelt, Theodore, 24
Rose, Daniel, 153
Rose, Hilda, 153
Royal Netherlands Navy, 143
Rubio, Marco, 221
Ruckart, Perri Zeitz, 193
Rundgren, Chuck, 61(quote), 74, 84
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), 32, 45–46, 50, 52, 55, 236
USS St. Louis, 2–6
St. Petersburg Times, 93, 182, 205–206
Sandia Base (New Mexico), 9
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 23
Sapphire Group, 144
Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 221
Sass, Jennifer, 240
Savitz, David, 202–203
Schlichtmann, Jan, 120
Schools, TCE contamination in, 71
Science Advisory Board (SAB), 132–134, 144–145
Scientific advisory panel, 153–160, 204–206, 253
Scott, Cheryl Siegel, 131
Scott, H.P., 92–93
SCS Engineers (Virginia), 55–56
Sencer, David, 190–191
September 11, 2001, 125
Septic arthritis, 43
Sewage spills, 148
Sharpe, Danny, 33, 49, 51, 67, 81
Shinseki, Eric, 208, 245–246, 264
Shiver, Rick, 34–35, 67–69, 85, 87, 95
Shriberg, Joel, 237–238
Siegel, Lenny, 240, 256–257
Sinks, Thomas, 82, 128, 161, 166–167, 191–192, 199–200, 206, 241
Skin rashes, 42, 62, 121, 172–174
Skipp, Catharine, 142
Skipper, Kathy, 97(quote), 110–111
Smorto, Persio, Webb & McGill, 234
SNARL. See Suggested No Adverse Reaction Level
Snyder, Donal McLean, Jr., 233–234
Solvents, 67. See also Tetrachloroethylene; Trichloroethylene
Sonnenfeld, Nancy, 99–100
Spanish-American War (1898), 24, 26
Spina bifida, 41, 123, 127–128, 186
The Stand, 121, 124
Stasiak, Darrell, 38
Stasiak, Eileen Marie, 38
Stasiak, Paul, 38
Statute of limitations, 234–235
Steingraber, Sandra, 203–204
Stephenson, John B., 188
Stillbirths, 37–40
Strand, Karen Fristoe, 119, 225, 227–228
Stupak, Bart, 161–162, 164–165, 169, 209
Suggested No Adverse Reaction Level (SNARL), 52–53
Superfund
EPA progress, 169
financing ATSDR childhood leukemia study, 107–108
Honeywell sites, 203–204
jurisdictional controversy over cleanup, 85–87, 91, 93–95
Marine Corps’ lack of cooperation, 100–101
prevalence of military bases as Superfund sites, 147, 254–255
Wolfowitz’s attempt to obtain exemptions through, 138
Supreme Court, US, 232–233
Tampa Bay Times newspaper, 54
Tarawa Terrace
ATSDR investigation, 102–103, 111–112
cleanup efforts, 169
increasing water demand, 59–60
1980s water sampling, 51, 53
residents’ notification of water contamination, 73
sources of solvents, 69
unexplained illnesses in children, 62–63
USDHHS health survey, 123–124
Tardiff, Robert, 144–145
TCE. See Trichloroethylene
T-cell chronic leukemia, 115–117
Tencate, Michael, 179
Terrorist acts, 125, 137–138
Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), 199
ATSDR investigation, 99, 103–105, 152–153, 187
breast cancer in men, 174, 176–177
BUMED limits and testing regulations, 235–236
CCE test procedure, 55
congressional hearing, 166–167
disability benefits for exposed veterans, 222
DoD opposition to childhood leukemia investigation, 108
dry-cleaning contamination, 90–91, 142
lack of standards and regulations, 32–33, 54
linking to disease, 214, 223
military downplaying severity of contamination, 74, 164–165
1980s water sampling, 47, 51
Rifle Range tests, 55
SNARL limits, 53
state government’s notification of violations, 83
Tarawa Terrace contamination, 69
well closures resulting from contamination, 71–72
Tetrochloroethane (TeCA), 69–70
Thomas, Kris, 177
Thomas, W.P., 101
Thompson, David G., 30–31
Thorpe, Charles Warren, 41
Thorpe, Russell Alexander, 41
Tiebout, R.A., 80–81, 83, 86
Tillman, Pat, 260
Times Beach, Missouri, 80
Tokarz, A.P., 91–92
Toluene, 55
Townsend, Aimee, 9–10, 12–14
Townsend, Anne Taubitz, 1–2, 11–18, 124–125, 159, 164
Townsend, Arthur, 2, 4, 6–7
Townsend, Christopher Thomas, 1–2, 10–18, 124
Townsend, Jack, 2, 4–6
Townsend, Mark, 8, 10–14
Townsend, Nietta, 2–6
Townsend, Tom
CAP, 159
childhood, education, and family, 2–10
Christopher’s illness and death, 10–18
congressional hearing, 162–164
information gathering, 124–127, 140–141
opinion of the Marine Corps, 261
The Few, the Proud, the Forgotten, 226
Toxemia, 43
Toxic Substances Control Act (1976), 138
TRICARE health-care program, 245
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
at Berkeley Manor Elementary School, 71
benzene and solvents at Hadnot Point, 69–70
BUMED limits and testing regulations, 235–236
CCE test procedure, 55
congressional action over standards for, 184–185
countrywide contamination problems, 59
disability benefits for exposed veterans, 222
DoD opposition to childhood leukemia investigation, 108
EPA report on toxicity limits, 130–134
EPA risk assessment, 239–241
EPA’s SNARL warning, 52–53
esophageal cancer, 250
extent of contamination, 88, 249–250
government awareness of cancer connection, 129–131
inhaling fumes from, 114–115
Kelly Air Force Base contamination, 255–256
lack of standards and regulations, 32–33, 54
linking to birth defects, 102–103, 105, 129–131, 152–153, 187, 189, 214, 223
military downplaying severity of contamination, 74, 142, 164–165
1980s water sampling, 47, 51
Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee hearing, 162
Rifle Range tests, 55
role in cancer, 129–131
state government’s notification of violations, 83
widespread use of, 36
Woburn contamination, 120
Trihalomethanes (THMs), 45, 48, 51–52, 67, 81
Tucker, Brooks, 252–253
United States Geological Survey (USGS), 82–83
US Naval Academy, Annapolis, 7, 25, 121, 172
USS Vandalia, 25
Veterans Affairs, Department of
congressional negotiations for compensation legislation, 244–248
cost of compensation, 208
denial of benefits, 223–224
disability claims backlog, 2
60
Feres Doctrine, 231–232, 238
Kahaly’s compensation, 217
NRC report as obstacle to veterans’ benefits, 215
shifting stance on disability benefits, 218–222
Vieques, Puerto Rico, 11–13, 17, 207–208
Vietnam War, 10, 13, 17–18, 20–21, 63–64, 173
Vinyl chloride, 83
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
ATSDR Public Health Assessment, 101–103, 117, 196
connection to childhood illnesses, 75–76
“independent” panel findings, 151–152
military downplaying severity of contamination, 74
1980s water sampling, 70–71
Superfund site, 95
Wakild, Chuck, 85
Walden, Greg, 167
Walker, Yvonne P., 101
Wallmeyer, J.G., 58–59
Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 260, 264
War of 1812, 23
Warminster Naval Air Development Center (Pennsylvania), 59
Wartenberg, Daniel, 203–204
Washington Post, 141–143, 152, 252
Water and Air Research, Inc., Gainesville, FL, 58
Water supply and systems
base officials’ review of confirmation test results, 72–73
benzene contamination, 69–70, 210
Camp Lejeune reducing frequency of, 59–60
Carbon Chloroform Extract procedure, 54–55
EPA notification of Camp Lejeune base commander on contamination limits, 45–46
failure to locate contamination source, 67–68
fuel contamination, 70–71
incorrect data regarding the use of, 140–141
judge holding Marine Corps responsible for testing, 235–236
military downplaying extent of contamination, 74, 76, 81–82, 94–95, 163
1980s sampling, 47–49
off-base contamination, 80–81
USMC lack of cooperation on test data, 99–100
VOC contamination, 71
well closures resulting from contamination, 71–72
See also Benzene; Tetrachloroethylene; Trichloroethylene
Water Survivors, 121–123, 126, 159, 181, 225, 228–230
Water treatment processes, 30–32, 45–46
Watters, James, 212
Wattras, Ray, 88
White House Office of Management and Budget, 106–107, 110, 188
Whitfield, Ed, 168
Williams, Robert C., 198–199
Williams, Scott, 179
Willow Grove Naval Air Station (Pennsylvania), 59
Wilmington Morning Star, 74
Woburn, Massachusetts, 105–106, 108, 110, 120, 129–130, 156–157, 162
Wolfowitz, Paul, 137–139
Wooten, Julian, 33–35, 49, 67, 72, 86
World War I, 26–27
World War II, 3–7, 63
W.R. Grace Corporation, 120, 130
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (Ohio), 17
Wurtsmith Air Force Base (Michigan), 59
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
MIKE MAGNER, author of Poisoned Legacy: The Human Cost of BP’s Rise to Power, has been a journalist for nearly four decades. He is currently a managing editor at National Journal in Washington, DC. Magner first heard about Camp Lejeune’s water contamination in 2004 and has been working on the story ever since. A native of South Bend, Indiana, and a graduate of Georgetown University, he and his wife, son, and daughter live in Arlington, Virginia.