47. Recounted in Stewart, 20th Century Pamphleteering, 13.
48. Cited in Stetson Kennedy, Southern Exposure (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1946), 86.
49. “Hits ‘Races of Mankind,’” New York Times April 28, 1944, 7; “Racial Book Used by Army Hit in House,” Washington Post, April 28, 1944, 3. See also Lt. Col. Arthur Farlow, “Supplementary Notes on Hearing of Special Committee, House Military Affairs Committee,” March 8, 1944, File SPMS 352.11, Box 310, Entry (NM3) 285 Classified Decimal Correspondence File, 1942–1948, Records of the Troop Information and Education Division, Records of the Army Staff, Record Group 319, National Archives, College Park, MD. In the memo, marked “Confidential” and only declassified later, Farlow wrote of the special committee members grilling him with “‘wife-beater’ questions” about the pamphlet; working to persuade his questioners that its use was meant to counteract Nazi and Japanese racial propaganda, Farlow wrote that he was repeatedly asked “whether I did not think that the fact that the pamphlet might not have one or another specific reaction within the South, and repeatedly was asked questions concerning my knowledge of an interest in the problem of the American Negro” (1, 2).
50. Benedict and Weltfish, The Races of Mankind, reprinted in Benedict, Race, 179.
51. 90 Cong. Rec. 2396, 2397 (March 8, 1944) (statement of Representative Bryson). Pascoe, What Comes Naturally, 124.
52. George Lewis, The White South and the Red Menace: Segregationists, Anticommunism, and Massive Resistance, 1945-1965 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004), 16.
53. David H. Price, Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI’s Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004), 115.
54. 90 Cong. Rec. 4408, 4413 (May 12, 1944) (statements of Senators McClellan and Bilbo). For earlier anti–poll tax references to raping the Constitution, see, e.g., 88 Cong. Rec. 8836, 8844 (November 13 and 14, 1942). Bilbo himself publicly disclosed his Klan membership on the Mutual Broadcasting System’s radio program Meet the Press in 1946. See “Senator Bilbo States He Is a Klan Member,” New York Times, August 10, 1946, 15.
55. 90 Cong. Rec. 5028 (May 26, 1944) (statement of Representative Tarver).
56. 90 Cong. Rec. 6251 (June 20, 1944) (statement of Senator Bilbo); Franz Boas, “The Real Race Problem,” Crisis 1, no.2 (December 1910), 25; 90 Cong. Rec. A1798, A1801 (April 1944) (address of Hon. Theodore G. Bilbo, placed in the Record by himself). Allen Drury, then a Senate reporter for the United Press, wrote in his diary that the June 20 oration was “a vicious, dirty speech by Bilbo, who was hissed from the galleries and deserved it”; a month earlier, he called Bilbo “evil and ruthless” (Drury, A Senate Journal, 1943-1945 [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963], 200, 168). The role of race in this opposition to the FEPC is discussed (with additional sources) in Nancy Beck Young, Why We Fight: Congress and the Politics of World War II (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013), 123–126.
57. Harvey, Freedom’s Coming, 238; Archibald Coody IV, The Race Question (Vicksburg, MS: Mississippi Printing Company, 1944), 86, 87, 99, 97.
58. On Coody and his connection to Bilbo, see Randy J. Sparks, Religion in Mississippi (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001), 231–234; Harvey, Freedom’s Coming, 238; and Dennis J. Mitchell, A New History of Mississippi (University Press of Mississippi, 2014), 419–420.
59. White’s speech was entered into the congressional record for both the House of Representatives and the Senate; see 90 Cong. Rec. A2926-A2927 (June 9, 1944) (address of Walter White, placed in the Record by Hon. Martin J. Kennedy of New York); and 90 Cong. Rec. A3264-A3265 (June 22, 1944) (address of Walter White, placed in the Record by Hon. Arthur Capper of Kansas).
60. 91 Cong. Rec. 6807, 6806, 6816, 6807 (June 27, 1945) (statement of Senator Bilbo).
61. Ira Calvin, The Lost White Race (Brookline, MA: Countway-White, 1945), 115–116, 10, 78, 24, 108, 21. The same quotes appear in Ira Calvin White, Only Blondes Are Angels (Brookline, MA: Countway-White, 1945), 61, 57, 31, 18, 55, 16.
62. Theodore G. Bilbo, Take Your Choice: Separation or Mongrelization (Poplarville, MS: Dream House, 1947), 166, 79, 108, 164, 162, 183, 182, 183. This publisher seems not to have published any other books. Eric J. Sundquist writes that Dream House was Bilbo’s own mansion (Sundquist, Faulkner: The House Divided [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983], 146). See G. A. Borgese, “A Bedroom Approach to Racism,” Negro Digest, December 1944, 31, cited in S. W. Garlington, “Newsettes,” New York Amsterdam News, December 23, 1944, 15; and “Bedroom Seen Place to Solve Race Problem,” Chicago Defender, December 23, 1944, 18.
63. Strom Thurmond quoted in Joseph Crespino, Strom Thurmond’s America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2012), 68, 71. This clip from the audio recording of Thurmond’s speech can be heard on The Daily Show: Jon Stewart, “Racists Have Birthdays Too!” The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, 4:45, December 11, 2002, www.cc.com/video-clips/ot856d/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-racists-have-birthdays-too-. Essie Mae Washington-Williams, Dear Senator: A Memoir by the Daughter of Strom Thurmond (New York: HarperCollins, 2005). See also Clinton, “Breaking the Silence.”
64. This event is detailed in Price, Threatening Anthropology, 126–131.
65. Rev. G. T. Gillespie, A Christian View on Segregation (Greenwood, MS: Citizens’ Councils, 1954), 2, 3, 2, 8, 11; also cited in Marsh, God’s Long Summer, 232n124.
66. Jerry Falwell, “Segregation or Integration—Which?,” sermon preached at Thomas Road Baptist Church and reprinted in Word of Life, October 1958; quoted in Daniel K. Williams, God’s Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 46.
67. Paul S. Boyer, Purity in Print: Book Censorship in America from the Gilded Age to the Computer Age, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002), 286, 282; Williams quoted in Douglas Martin, “Emily W. Reed, 89, Librarian in ’59 Alabama Racial Dispute,” New York Times, May 29, 2000.
68. John R. Rice, Negro and White (Wheaton, IL: Sword of the Lord, 1956), 3, quoted in Bill J. Leonard, “A Theology for Racism: Southern Fundamentalists and the Civil Rights Movement,” in Southern Landscapes, ed. Tony Badger, Walter Edgar, and Jon Nordby Gretlund (Tübingen: Stauffenburg, 1996), 169–170.
69. “An Address by Dr. W. A. Criswell, Pastor, First Baptist Church, Dallas, Texas, to the Joint Assembly, State of South Carolina, Wednesday, February 22, 1956, 12:30 PM” (n.p., n.d.); T. C. Hardman to the Christian Index, July 22, 1954; both quoted in Newman, Getting Right with God, 60.
70. Montague Cook, “Racial Intergration [sic] Opposes the Purpose of God,” in Racial Segregation Is Christian: Two Sermons on Racial Segregation (n.p., n.d.), quoted in Newman, Getting Right with God, 61.
71. James F. Burke, “Integration or Segregation,” Religious Herald, May 3, 1956, quoted in Newman, Getting Right with God, 56.
72. Noel Smith, “The ‘Insight’ King Brought McCall,” Baptist Bible Times, May 26, 1961, 4, quoted in Williams, God’s Own Party, 48.
73. Loving v. Virginia, 388 US. 1, 3 (1967).
CHAPTER 4
1. An earlier version of this chapter appeared as R. Marie Griffith, “The Religious Encounters of Alfred C. Kinsey,” Journal of American History 95, no. 2 (September 2008): 349–377.
2. Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1948); Alfred C. Kinsey, Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde E. Martin, and Paul H. Gebhard, Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1953); Donald Porter Geddes and Enid Curie, ed., About the Kinsey Report: Observations by 11 Experts on “Sexual Behavior in the Human Male” (New York: New American Library, 1948), 17; Washington Post, November 14, 1948, M19.
3. Alfred C. Kinsey to Leonard Anderson, September 26, 1944, November 3, 1945; Kinsey to Fay Campbell, January 1, 1945; Campbell to Kinsey, January 5, 1945, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files, Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana.
4. “Pandering to Prurience,” A
merica, January 3, 1948, 371–72.
5. Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 465–468 [pages interrupted by chart], 487.
6. “News Release on the Kinsey Report,” issued by Loyola University, Chicago, January 15, 1948.
7. George Gallup, “Kinsey Survey of Sex Habits Is Widely Approved by Public,” Washington Post, February 21, 1948, 11.
8. Charles G. Wilber, “Religious Aspects—A Catholic Viewpoint,” in Sex Habits of American Men: A Symposium on the Kinsey Report, ed. Albert Deutsch (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1948), 187, 191.
9. Louis I. Newman, “Religious Aspects—A Jewish Viewpoint,” in Deutsch, ed., Sex Habits of American Men, 199, 200.
10. Seward Hiltner, “Religious Aspects—A Protestant Viewpoint,” in Deutsch, ed., Sex Habits of American Men, 181.
11. Bruce Bliven, “Appraising ‘The Kinsey Report,’” New York Times, May 16, 1948, BR4. See also Sterling North, “Two ‘Footnotes’ Illuminate Kinsey Report,” Washington Post, May 16, 1949, B7.
12. Reinhold Niebuhr, “Sex Standards in America,” Christianity and Crisis, May 24, 1948, 65, 66. A month later, Union Theological Seminary president Henry Van Dusen would concur in the same magazine: “The Moratorium on Moral Revulsion,” Christianity and Crisis, June 21, 1948, 81 and surrounding.
13. “Sex and the Church,” Time, June 7, 1948, 76.
14. Wesley J. Buck’s letter to Kinsey is not in the files of the Kinsey Institute, but Kinsey’s response makes clear Buck’s request. Kinsey to Wesley J. Buck, August 7, 1948, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
15. Rev. Ward Avery to Kinsey, July 11, 1948, Kinsey to Avery, August 12, 1948, Avery to Kinsey, August 20, 1955, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
16. Samuel M. Carter to Kinsey, September 10, 1948, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
17. “Kinsey Report Hit in Catholic Group,” New York Times, September 15, 1948, 20.
18. Roy A. Burkhart, “The Church Can Answer the Kinsey Report,” Christian Century, September 15, 1948, 942, 943. Burkhart’s work, including his controversial marriage clinics and “seminars on sex adjustment problems” had been profiled by Time magazine a year earlier (“Beloved Fellowship,” Time, August 11, 1947).
19. Leslie Woodcock Tentler, Catholics and Contraception: An American History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004); John T. McGreevy, Catholicism and American Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), esp. 221–249.
20. Otis R. Rice, “Educational Considerations from the Church Point of View,” in Problems of Sexual Behavior; Research, Education, Community Action (New York: ASHA, 1948), 130–136, esp. 136. This volume compiled the proceedings of a symposium held by the American Social Hygiene Association in New York, March 30–April 1, 1948, to consider the first Kinsey report and “its relation to the social hygiene program” (title page). “Effects Weighed of Kinsey Report,” New York Times, April 1, 1948, 50.
21. Kinsey to Otis R. Rice, October 18, 1948, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
22. Kinsey to Rice, November 7, 1948, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
23. Joseph Barth, “Religion and the Kinsey Report,” typescript sermon, November 21, 1948, 1, 2, 4, Binder 72, p. 62, Media Responses to Kinsey collection, Kinsey Institute.
24. Washington Post, November 14, 1948, M19.
25. See, for instance, Kinsey to J. Carlton Babbs, January 8, 1949, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
26. Kinsey to Bishop Karl Morgan Block, June 13, 1951, July 10, 1951; Block to Kinsey, April 10, 1952, Kinsey to Block, April 15, 1952, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
27. John Chapple to Kinsey, telegram, August 21, 1953, Binder 72, p. 102, Media Responses to Kinsey collection.
28. National Council of Catholic Women to Herman Wells, August 24, 1953, Wells to Mrs. Harold D. Brady of the National Council of Catholic Women, September 2, 1953, Binder 72, p. 80, Media Responses to Kinsey collection. Wells also reprinted these letters in his memoir; see Herman B. Wells, Being Lucky: Reminiscences and Reflections (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980), 182–185.
29. Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, 324, 345. On rates of premarital sex, see 282–345.
30. Ibid., 320, 368.
31. Ibid., 233, 231, 264, 154.
32. Ibid., 316, 285, 14, 269, 282.
33. Ibid., viii.
34. William D. Wyatt, “The Kinsey Report,” typescript sermon, August 30, 1953, Binder 72, p. 93, Media Responses to Kinsey collection.
35. John S. Wimbish, “The Kinsey Report in the Light of the Bible,” sermon, 1, 9, Binder 72, p. 91, Media Responses to Kinsey collection. Reprinted as “Kinsey in the Light of the Bible,” in I Accuse Kinsey! Startling Exposé of Kinsey’s Sex Reports, ed. E. J. Daniels (Orlando: Christ for the World Publishers, 1954), 113–126.
36. Torrey M. Johnson, “The Kinsey Report and the Bible,” typescript sermon, October 11, 1953, 5, 6, Binder 72, p. 86, Media Responses to Kinsey collection. Jean S. Milner, minister of the Second Presbyterian Church in Indianapolis, also equated the Kinsey report with Communism; see Milner, “The Celestial Fire,” sermon, October 18, 1953, esp. 10–12, Binder 72, p. 89, Media Responses to Kinsey collection.
37. For Billy Graham’s sermon, “The Bible and Dr. Kinsey,” delivered on The Hour of Decision radio program on September 13, 1953, see Daniels, I Accuse Kinsey!, 103–112, esp. 103, 104; and Billy Graham, “The Bible and Dr. Kinsey,” Moody Monthly (November 1953): 13, 44.
38. Johnson, “The Kinsey Report and the Bible,” 2.
39. Lawrence K. Whitfield, “Dr. Kinsey Goes to Church,” sermon, December 27, 1953, p.2, 5, Binder 72, p. 90, Media Responses to Kinsey collection.
40. Wells, Being Lucky, 181–182.
41. Reinhold Niebuhr, “Sex and Religion in the Kinsey Report,” Christianity and Crisis, November 2, 1953, 140, 141; Seward Hiltner, “Niebuhr on Kinsey,” Christianity and Crisis, January 11, 1954, 181–82; Niebuhr, “More on Kinsey,” Christianity and Crisis, January 11, 1954, 182; see also Ursula M. Niebuhr, review of Sex Ethics and the Kinsey Reports by Seward Hiltner, Religion in Life 23 (Summer 1954): 472–474. The historian Paul Robinson, arguing that Kinsey’s works ultimately demonstrated loyalty to heterosexual marriage, took Niebuhr to task for his repeated critique, citing him explicitly in noting that “Kinsey was unquestionably wronged when he was made the prophet of ‘anarchism in the field of sex’” (Paul Robinson, The Modernization of Sex: Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, William Masters, and Virginia Johnson [New York: Harper & Row, 1976], 80).
42. Kinsey to Block, November 25, 1953; Block to Kinsey, November 30, 1953; Kinsey to Block, December 4, 1953, January 9, 1954; Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
43. Daniels, I Accuse Kinsey!; Kinsey to E. J. Daniels, January 8, 1954, E. J. Daniels File, Kinsey Correspondence Collection.
44. Daniels, I Accuse Kinsey!; Kinsey to E. J. Daniels, January 8, 1954. Seward Hiltner to Kinsey, January 8, 1954; Kinsey to Hiltner, January 18, 1954, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
45. Sexson Humphreys, “Kinsey Says Churches Are His Backers Now,” Indianapolis, IND News, February 5, 1954; Rice to Kinsey, February 5, 1954; Kinsey to Rice, February 8, 1954, Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
46. Derrick Sherwin Bailey to Kinsey, October 18, 1954; Kinsey to Bailey, November 10, 1954; Kinsey to Bailey, June 25, 1956; Bailey to Kinsey, August 8, 1956; Bailey to Eleanor Roehr, September 10, 1956 [final letter in the Bailey correspondence file], Kinsey Personal Correspondence files.
47. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy, Sex the Measure of All Things: A Life of Alfred C. Kinsey (Bloomington; Indiana University Press, 2000), 412.
48. Derrick Sherwin Bailey, The Mystery of Love and Marriage: A Study on the Theology of Sexual Relation (New York: Harper & Bros., 1952); Derrick Sherwin Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition (London: Longmans, 1955); Derrick Sherwin Bailey, Sexual Relation in Christian Thought (New York: Harper & Bros., 1959). Robert M. Grant, review
of Sexual Relation in Christian Thought, Journal of Religion 40 (July 1960): 212–213. Examples of how Bailey is still cited in scholarly sources include William A. Percy’s review of The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology by Mark D. Jordan, American Historical Review 103 (April 1998): 496; “Bailey, Derrick Sherwin,” in Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, ed. Wayne R. Dynes (New York: Garland, 1990), 103–104. A more intriguing source is a 2004 article by Dr. Gordon Hugenberger, senior minister of the landmark evangelical Park Street Church in Boston, titled “Questions and Answers on Issues Related to Homosexuality and Same-Sex Marriage.” Hugenberger criticizes Bailey’s “speculative views” that aimed to show that the Bible did not oppose homosexuality as strenuously as conservatives insist. Gordon Hugenberger, “Questions and Answers on Issues Related to Homosexuality and Same-Sex Marriage,” June 15, 2004, http://www.gracecovenantpca.org/devotionals/2007/120907.html.
49. Seward Hiltner, “A Descriptive Appraisal, 1935-1980,” Theology Today 37 (July 1980): 211. An unpublished paper on “Homosexuality and the Churches,” written in 1975, also referred to Sex Ethics and the Kinsey Reports and lamented that church leaders had apparently “ignored it completely.” Hiltner, “Homosexuality and the Churches,” unpublished paper, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton, NJ, January 1975, Kinsey Institute.
50. Elizabeth Steel Genné and William Henry Genné, eds., “Call to the Conference,” in Foundations for Christian Family Policy: The Proceedings of the North American Conference on Church and Family, April 3-May 5, 1961 (New York: Department of Family Life, National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., 1961), 23.
51. Elizabeth Genné and William Genné, Christians and the Crisis in Sex Morality (New York: Association Press, 1962), 16–17, 77.
Moral Combat Page 42