Up and Down Stairs
Page 38
97. Sim, p. 82.
98. Sim, p. 82.
99. John Russell, ‘Book of Courtesy’, in Edith Rickert and D.J. Naylor, Babee’s Book: Medieval Manners for the Young (1908), pp. 79–121.
100. Woolgar, pp. 61–3.
101. Howard, p. 73.
102. Information on Westenhanger from the architect Charles Bain-Smith.
103. Howard, p. 72.
104. Woolgar, p. 73.
105. George Edelen (ed.), The Description of England by William Harrison (1968), p. 201.
106. Alice Friedman, House and Household in Elizabethan England: Wollaton Hall and the Willoughby Family (1988), pp. 41–5 (afterwards Friedman).
107. Friedman, p. 44–5.
108. Friedman, pp. 44–5.
109. Friedman, Appendix A, ‘The Willoughby Household Orders of 1572’, pp. 185–6.
110. Friedman, p. 185.
111. Friedman, p. 186.
112. Friedman, p. 186.
113. Friedman, p. 186.
114. I.M., A Health to the Gentlemanly Profession of Serving-Men (1598) (Shakespeare Association Facsimile 1931), afterwards cited as A Health.
115. A Health, fol. B2 verso.
116. A Health, fol. B3 recto.
117. A Health, fol. B3 recto.
118. A Health, fol. C3 recto.
119. A Health, fol. C3 recto.
120. A Health, fol. D1 verso.
121. Nicholas Cooper, Houses of the Gentry 1480–1680 (1999), p. 271.
Chapter 2: The Beginning of the Back Stairs and the Servants’ Hall
1. Cooper, pp. 268–72.
2. Philippa Glanville, and Hilary Young, Elegant Eating (2002), pp. 48–50.
3. J.T. Cliffe, The World of the Country House in Seventeenth-Century England (1999), p. 96 (afterwards cited as Cliffe).
4. Girouard, Life in the English Country House, p. 138.
5. Lucy Worsley, Cavalier: A Tale of Chivalry, Passion and Great Houses (2007), p. 241.
6. Cliffe, p. 198.
7. Cooper, pp. 270–1.
8. The Gentlewomans Companion (1675), pp. 5–9.
9. John Considine, ‘Hannah Wolley (1622?–1647?)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004–9), and Gilly Lehmann, The British Housewife (2003), pp. 48–9.
10. Diane Purkiss, The People’s Civil War (2007), pp. 347–50; Lehmann, pp. 48–9.
11. Vicary Gibbs (ed.), The Complete Peerage (1932), Vol. III p. 600.
12. Nikolaus Pevnser and James Bettley (eds), Buildings of England: Essex (2006), p. 552.
13. Gibbs, p. 600.
14. Robert May, The Accomplisht Cook (1684).
15. Cook’s Guide (1664), as quoted in Matthew Hamlyn, The Recipes of Hannah Wooley (1988), p. 12.
16. Cook’s Guide (1664), as quoted in Matthew Hamlyn, The Recipes of Hannah Wooley (1988), p. 12.
17. Gilly Lehmann, The British Housewife (2003), pp. 48–9; and see Women Writers Resource Project at the Lewis H. Beck Center, Emory University, 1998.
18. The Gentlewomans Companion (1675), pp. 11–13.
19. Queen-Like Closet (1670), pp. 378–9.
20. The Gentlewomans Companion (1675), p. 204.
21. The Gentlewomans Companion (1675), pp. 5–9.
22. At Knole, by kind permission of Lord Sackville; also in David Clifford (ed.), The Diaries of Lady Anne Clifford (2003), pp. 274–5.
23. John Aubrey, Brief Lives (1982), p. 225.
24. Clifford, p. 101.
25. Robert Sackville-West, Knole (1994), p. 12.
26. Lita-Rose Betcherman, Court Lady and Country Wife (2005), p. 127.
27. The Knole Catalogue is quoted with permission of Lord Sackville.
28. Miles Hadfield, A History of British Gardening (1985).
29. Jennifer Potter, Strange Blooms: The Curious Lives and Adventures of the John Tradescants (2006), pp. 9 and 63–4.
30. Potter, Strange Blooms, p. 64
31. Christina Hole, English Home-Life 1500 to 1800 (1947), p. 37.
32. Clifford, p. 274.
33. Clifford, p. 32.
34. Clifford, p. 33.
35. Clifford, p. 80.
36. Clifford, pp. 98–9.
37. Sara-Jayne Steen (ed.), The Letters of Lady Arbella Stuart (1994), p. 234.
38. Dorothea Townshend, The Life and Letters of the Great Earl of Cork (1904), pp. 125–30; the household list is on p. 302; bequests to servants are listed on pp. 499–502 afterwards cited as Townshend.
39. Townshend, p. 126.
40. Toby Barnard, ‘Robert Boyle, First Earl of Cork (1566–1643); Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004–9).
41. Townshend, p. 300.
42. Townshend, pp. 499–502.
43. Townshend, pp. 1288–9.
44. Cliffe, pp. 105–6.
45. Cliffe, pp. 96–7.
46. Cliffe, pp. 105–106.
47. Adam Eyre, Diary, quoted in Christina Hole, English Home-Life (1974), p. 18.
48. William Gouge, An Exposition of the Domesticall Duties (1622), pp. 499–500.
49. Cliffe, p. 97.
50. Daniel Parsons (ed.), The Diary of Sir Henry Slingsby (1836) (afterwards cited as Slingsby), pp. 5–6 and pp. 26–7.
51. Slingsby, p. 23.
52. Cynthia Herrup, A House in Gross Disorder (1999), pp. 16–24 and pp. 40–3.
53. Herrup, p. 19.
54. Herrup, p. 19.
55. Herrup, p. 19.
56. John Morrill, Revolt in the Provinces: The People of England and the Tragedies of War (1999), pp. 57–68 and 164.
57. Audrey Sidebotham, Brampton Bryan: Church and Castle (1990), pp. 17–19.
58. Thomas Taylor-Lewis (ed.), Letters of the Lady Brilliana Harley (1854), pp. xix–xx.
59. Sir Harry Verney, The Verneys of Claydon (1968), pp. 33 and 40 (afterwards Verney).
60. Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars (1992), p. 51.
61. Verney, p. 33 and p. 40.
62. Daniel Defoe, Memoirs of a Cavalier (1908), p. 173.
63. John Aubrey, Brief Lives (1982), p. 154.
64. Verney, pp. 46–7.
65. Miriam Slater, Family Life in the Seventeenth Century (1984), pp. 112–13.
66. Slater, p. 113.
67. Verney, p. 47.
68. Slater, p. 72.
69. Verney, p. 51.
70. Verney, p. 82.
71. Verney, p. 85.
72. Susan Whyman, Sociability and Power in Late-Stuart England (1999), p. 26 (afterwards Whyman).
73. Whyman, p. 35.
74. Verney, p. 171.
75. Whyman, p. 117.
76. Whyman, p. 22.
77. Dorothy Stuart, The English Abigail (1946), pp. 61–81.
78. Whyman, p. 60.
79. Gladys Scott Thomson, Life in a noble household 1641–1700 (1965), pp. 85–91 (afterwards Scott Thomson).
80. Scott Thomson, pp. 118 and 328–30.
81. Scott Thomson, p. 119.
82. Scott Thomson, pp. 120–1.
83. Scott Thomson, pp. 142–3 and p. 151.
84. Scott Thomson, pp. 124–5.
85. Scott Thomson, p. 125.
86. Cliffe, p. 101.
87. Cliffe, p. 101.
88. D.R. Hainsworth, Stewards, Lords and People: The Estate Steward and his World in Later Stuart England (1992), p. 47.
89. Cliffe, p. 105.
90. Giles Waterfield et al. (eds), Below Stairs (2004), p. 143 (afterwards Waterfield).
91. Sim, pp. 36–8.
92. See M. Sherlock, The Story of the Jamaican People (1998) and Bonham C. Richardson, The Caribbean in the Wider World 1492–1992 (1992).
93. Claire Tomalin, Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self (2002), p. 410, n. 27.
94. Whyman, p. 7.
95. Andrew Browning (ed.), Memoirs of Sir John Reresby (2nd edn, 1991), p. 108 (afterwards Browning).
96. Browning, p. 108.
97. Browning, p. 109.
98. For more on the current debate on
authorship, see Women Writers Resource Project at the Lewis H. Beck Center at Emory University, Atlanta; see http://chaucer.library.emory.edu/wwrp.
99. The Gentlewomans Companion (2nd edn, 1675), pp. 204–17; also see The Compleat Servant Maid (1685).
100. The Gentlewomans Companion, p. 205.
101. The Gentlewomans Companion, p. 121.
102. The Gentlewomans Companion, p. 206.
103. The Gentlewomans Companion, pp. 207–8.
104. The Gentlewomans Companion, pp. 212–3.
105. The Gentlewomans Companion, p. 213.
106. The Gentlewomans Companion, p. 214.
107. The Gentlewomans Companion, pp. 214–5.
108. The Gentlewomans Companion, pp. 215–6.
109. The Gentlewomans Companion, p. 216.
110. The Gentlewomans Companion, pp. 215–16.
111. The Gentlewomans Companion, pp. 108–10.
112. The Gentlewomans Companion, p. 110
113. Worsley, p. 240.
114. Worsley, p. 236.
115. Cliffe, p. 97.
116. Tom Jaine, ‘Mary Evelyn’s Oeconomis to a Married Friend’ (1677), Petits Propos Calinaries, Vol. 73, July 2003, pp. 59–73 (afterwards Jaine), which includes a full version of the text from a manuscript at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, Texas; the review is published on dialspace.dial.pipex.com.
117. Jaine, p. 65.
118. Jaine, p. 66.
119. Jaine, p. 71.
120. Jaine, p. 71.
121. Jaine, p. 72.
122. Jaine, p. 72.
123. Girouard, Life in the English Country House p. 138, and Colin Plate, The Great Rebuildings of Tudor and Stuart England (1994), pp. 157–8, p. 103.
124. Christopher Morris (ed.), The Illustrated Journeys of Celia Fiennes (1982), p. 47.
125. Cliffe, pp. 103–4.
126. Cliffe, p. 104.
127. Cliffe, p. 104.
128. John Evelyn, Diary (1956), pp. 639–40.
129. Cooper, p. 272.
130. Cooper, p. 272.
131. Cooper, pp. 287–9.
132. Cooper, p. 289.
133. Mary Yakushi, and others (ed.), The Treasure Houses of Britain (1985), p. 147.
134. Cliffe, p. 104.
Chapter 3: The Household in the Age of Conspicuous Consumption
1. See especially Mark Girouard, Life in the English Country House(1978), pp. 181–244; Christopher Christie, The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century (2000), pp. 98–128; and Pamela Horn, Flunkeys and Scullions: Life Below Stairs in Georgian England (2004); Jean Hecht, The Domestic Servant Class in Eighteenth Century England (1956).
2. Phyllis Cunnington, The Costume of Household Servants, p. 49.
3. Hartcup, p. 17.
4. John Macdonald, Memoirs of an Eighteenth-Century Footman (1985), edited by Peter Quennell (original published 1790), afterwards cited as Macdonald.
5. Macdonald, p. xv.
6. Macdonald, p. ix.
7. Macdonald, p. 145.
8. Gillian Pugh, London’s Forgotten Children (2007).
9. Macdonald, p. 11.
10. Macdonald, p. 20.
11. Macdonald, p. 24.
12. Macdonald, pp. 26–7.
13. Information from James Knox and Mrs Dalrymple-Hamilton.
14. Macdonald, p. 27.
15. Macdonald, p. 31.
16. Macdonald, p. 33.
17. Macdonald, p. 38.
18. Macdonald, pp. 38–9.
19. Macdonald, p. 50.
20. Macdonald, p. 52.
21. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 155–8.
22. Jonathan Swift, Directions to Servants (2003), first printed 1745, pp. 3–5.
23. Swift, p. viii.
24. Spectator, vol. II, Monday, 11 June 1711, p. 40.
25. Ralph Dutton, The English Country House (1935), p. 63.
26. Hecht, p. 57.
27. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 16–19.
28. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 19; and E.S. Turner, What the Butler Saw (1962), pp. 289–90.
29. Horn, Rise and Fall, p. 6.
30. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 38; and Girouard, Life in the English Country House, pp. 139–140.
31. D. Mortlock, Aristocratic Splendour (2007), p. 193.
32. Christie, p. 117.
33. Hecht, pp. 40–1.
34. Christie, p. 117.
35. Hecht, pp. 40–1.
36. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 17–19.
37. Hecht, pp. 42–3.
38. Christie, p. 117; and Duke of Norfolk estates, Arundel Castle, MS A93, wages lists for 1779 and 1781.
39. Hecht, pp. 42–3.
40. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 147–8.
41. Mortlock, p. 197.
42. Turner, pp. 154–5.
43. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 147–8.
44. Samuel and Sarah Adams, The Complete Servant (1825), p. 7.
45. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 153.
46. Hecht, p. 45.
47. Hecht, p. 46.
48. Hecht, p. 47.
49. Christie, p. 118.
50. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 153.
51. Pamela Sambrook, Keeping Their Place (2007), pp. 55–7 (afterwards Sambrook).
52. Hecht, p. 50.
53. Hecht, p. 50.
54. Christie, p. 136.
55. Hecht, p. 50.
56. T.F.T. Baker (ed.), Victoria County History of the County of Middlesex, vol. V (1976), p. 120.
57. ‘General Instructions’ of the 1730s, copy on display at Boughton House, outside the armoury; and information from the Duke of Buccleuch.
58. Waterfield, pp. 45–6.
59. Horn, Flunkeys, pp. 214–15.
60. Gilly Lehmann, The British Housewife (2003), p. 139 (afterwards Lehmann).
61. Mary-Anne Garry, ‘Upstairs and Downstairs’, in the Holkham Newsletter (2007), p. 5.
62. Hannah Glasse, The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy (1747).
63. Lehmann, p. 75.
64. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 136.
65. Lehmann, p. 76.
66. Lehmann, p. 75.
67. Hannah Glasse, The Servants Directory, Improved, or, House-keepers Companion (1762), pp. 1–8.
68. Glasse, pp. 1–8.
69. Glasse, Servants, pp. 11–14.
70. Duke of Northumberland Estates, DNP MSS, 121 (93), p. 118.
71. Glasse, Servant’s, p. 45.
72. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 150.
73. Tessa Murdoch (ed.), Noble Households (2006), p. 282.
74. Christina Hardyment, Behind the Scenes: Domestic Arrangements in Historic Houses (1997), p. 200.
75. Sambrook, pp. 129–30, 144, and 162–3.
76. Hardyment, p. 90.
77. Christie, p. 114.
78. Glasse, Servants, p. 42.
79. Letter from Michael Blount III to his father Michael Blount II, 20 October, 1787, from the Blount family papers, at Mapledurhan House, Berkshire, with thanks to Dr R.G. Williams, archivist.
80. Horn, Flunkeys, p. 147.
81. Christie, p. 114.
82. Christie, pp. 114–15.
83. Lehmann, p. 302.
84. Gordon Lyndall, Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft (2005), p. 93.