power; balance of, 109, 117-18, 135, 225-6, 572, 598; and judicial review, 189, 193; private, and liberty, 131; in republics, 118-19, 225-6, 262; see also separation of powers
Pownall, Thomas, 3-4
Prague, 467
Presbyterians, 7, 78, 257, 494-5, 497
Prescott. William H., 478
Philip II, 588
President (presidency), 38, 70, 564; election of, 38, 61, 107-8, 229-30, 362, 372; strong, 346-7, 427, 598, 614-15, 619; veto power of, 38, 171, 262, 599-600; see also executive branch
presidential elections: campaigning in, 107, 147, 265-7, 419-22; cost of, 322; issues in, 320, 322, 333, 334-6; nomination by congressional caucus, 183, 204, 210, 212, 228, 238, 265, 369, 378; and political balance, 467; slander in, 151-2, 265, 323, 342, 421; see also nominating conventions
press, 44, 47, 50, 57, 90-1, 112-13, 243, 482, 499, 546-7, 576; freedom of, 19, 24-5, 42, 90-1, 125, 127, 130, 131, 372, 392, 511, 573; and politics, 80, 90-1, 108-9, 161, 171, 188-9, 190, 217, 223-4, 231, 246, 264, 322, 332, 358, 371, 374, 377, 421, 515; prosecutions of, under Sedition Act, 128-30, 139; see also newspapers
Price, Richard, 26
Priestley, Dr. Joseph 129, 164
Princeton University, 32, 257, 337., 567
prisons, 115, 351, 354, 356, 407, 467
property, right of, 39-40, 350, 360, 401, 402, 433, 556; and liberty, 25, 26-7, 45, 226, 228-9, 263, 268; vs. people, 347, 348, 354, 466; and suffrage, 363-4, 365
Prosser, Gabriel, 149-51
Protestants, 7-8, 81, 143, 244, 373, 407, 408, 493, 498, 500, 509; evangelical, 492, 494-7, 507; see also individual denominations
Providence, R.I., 220, 292, 302, 365
Provoost, Samuel, 78
Prussia, 172, 194, 213, 232
Pryor, Roger, 606
Public-Land Act (1800), 419
public lands, 344, 543; as campaign issue, 320, 333, 334; speculation in, 93-5: squatters on, 426, 451, 469, 550
public opinion, 123, 191, 253, 501; and abolitionists, 519-22
Punch, 537
Quakers (Friends), 24, 78, 111-17 passim, 50, 373, 412, 439, 482
Quids, see Republican party:
Quids
Quincy, Mass., 106, 228, 267, 430
Quincy, Josiah, 338
radical movements, 359-62, 365, 383-4, 412, 414, 502, 535, 589; see also reform movements
railroads, 304, 305, 309, 373, 408, 433, 437, 450, 484, 488, 492, 511, 517, 528, 543, 556, 589; in Civil War, 602, 608, 609-10; development of, 431-3, 436; expansion of, 531-2, 536, 553, 559, 583, 593; Thoreau on, 484-5
Raleigh Standard, 573
Randall, James, 615
Randolph, Edmund, 29, 30, 34-5, 38, 42, 53, 54-5, 71, 78, 88, 103-4
Randolph, John, 143, 186, 203, 205, 209, 236, 256, 258, 259-60, 267, 270, 324, 337, 364
Rantoul, Robert, 361
Rapine, Mary, 451
Rappites, 439-40
rebellion, 143, 248-50; assistance for, 253-4; Jefferson on 19, 162; potential, 384, 438; right to, 20-1, 252; see alsorepublic: opposition in
Red Jacket, Chief, 96-7
reform movements, 365, 372, 383-4, 394, 397-403, 436, 438-9, 467, 505-11; failure of leadership in, 412-16; lack of collaboration among, 414-16; and literature, 481-92; power in, 415-16; see also abolitionists; radical movements
Regulators, see Shays’s Rebellion
religion, 143-4, 409, 476, 492-501; and education, 497-8, 506, 507-9; freedom of, 7-8, 24, 55, 69, 89-90, 113, 130, 441, 479, 493, 500, 599; on frontier, 492-7; see also individual religions and denominations
Remington, Eliphalet, 534
Remini, Robert, 336
republic: checks and balances in, 17-18, 34, 118, 120, 134, 260-1, 262-3, 272, 372, 625; education in, 19, 109, 144, 501-2; experiments in government of, 21, 25-7, 28, 33-4, 63, 67, 133-4, 140, 164, 254, 260-1, 311, 597-8; judgment of American, 140-4, 197, 237, 261; leadership in, 21, 62-3, 84-5, 109, 131, 143, 144, 191, 262-3, 269, 600; military in, 215-16; opposition in, 20-1, 30, 98-9, 125-33, 134-5, 138-9, 145, 191-3; power in, 118-19, 225-6, 262; voting in, 20-1, 60; see also democracy; majority rule
Republican party, 557, 580-1, 599, 620; in Congress, 580, 605, 606; convention and election of 1860, 593-7, 600; election of 1856, 559-62; formation of, 549, 553; issues in, 593, 595, 605; slavery issue in, 558, 559, 560-1, 566, 591, 593-7, 602, 605, 626
Republican party (Jeffersonian), 99, 137, 173, 229-30, 322, 369, 377, 379; Alien and Sedition Acts opposed by, 127-33; in Congress, 122, 123, 136, 145, 161, 164-5, 169-72,, 183, 185-6, 202, 209, 210, 228, 235-7, 258, 322, 377, 378; in election of 1796, 107-9, 378; in election of 1800, 145-8, 151-5, 227, 230, 378; in election of 1804, 183, 227, 378; in election of 1808, 203-4, 227, 378; in election of 1812, 210, 227, 378; in election of 1816, 227, 238-9, 378; in election of 1824, 264-8, 378; in election of 1828, 322-3; in election of 1832, 331-6; factions in, 145, 154, 166, 185-6, 190-1, 202, 205, 236, 254, 258, 266, 322, 334, 377; and foreign affairs, 101-4, 121, 123, 125-6, 177, 200-1, 205-6; as majority, 164-5, 169, 183, 184, 188-9, 190-2, 229, 230, 243, 262-3; National, 323, 331, 333-6, 340-1, 347, 380, 420; Quids, 205, 208, 258, 259; state, 183, 190, 210, 265, 371, 377; view of liberty in, 109, 258; see also Jefferson, Thomas: and Republican party; Whig party
Revere, Paul, 110
revivalists, 492, 494-7, 500
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 565, 601, 613-14
Rhode Island, 27, 31, 52, 92, 134, 216, 231, 466, 506; industry in, 288, 291-2, 293; suffrage reform in, 364-5, 392
rice, 274, 328-9, 450, 567, 568
Richmond, Va., 53, 197, 260; and Civil War, 608, 609, 621-2; slave uprising in, 148-51
Richmond Enquirer, 260, 515, 605
Ripley, Ezra, 481
Ripley, Sophia Willard Dana, 438, 443
Ritchie, Thomas, 260
Rittenhouse, David, 117
Rives, William Cabell, 345
roads, 8, 141, 220, 236, 240-1, 276-7, 286, 299, 305, 309, 315, 331, 450
Roane, Spencer, 260
Robinson, Donald, 40
Robinson, Frederick, 361
Rogin, Michael, 338
Roland, Charles, 613
Roosevelt, Isaac, 56
Roosevelt, Lydia (Mrs. Nicholas), 300
Roosevelt, Nicholas, 299-300
Ross, John, 453
Rossiter, Clinton, 32, 40
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 100
Royal Navy, see Great Britain
Rubin, Julius, 309
Ruffin, Edmund, 572, 606-7, 609
Rumsey, James, 277
rural areas, 409-10, 526-7; politics in, 47, 597, 614
Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 34, 43, 116, 119, 79
Rush, Richard, 246, 249, 269
Russell, Jonathan, 232-3
Russell, William, 618
Russia, 4, 194, 213, 216, 232, 249-50, 438, 557, 620
Rutledge, Edward, 43
Rutledge, John, 26, 35, 37-8, 39
Sacagawea, 181-2
St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, 96
Saint Domingue, 176; black uprising in, 49, 173-4
St. Louis, Mo., 178, 180, 182, 352, 499, 514, 518, 617; as port city, 302, 532-3, 535
St. Paul, Minn., 302
Saint-Simon, Comte de, 443
Salem, Mass., 75, 219, 221, 222, 338, 488-9
Salem, N.C., 289-90
Sanders, George, 536
San Felipe Telegraph and Texas Register,
San Francisco, Calif., 244, 471
San Martin, Jose de, 248
Santa Anna, Gen. Antonio Lopez de, 454-5, 462, 464
Santa Fe Republican, 515
Sault Ste. Marie Canal, 532
Savannah, Ga., 277, 388, 390-1
Say, Thomas, 441
Schlesinger, Arthur, 343
Schmidt, Louis, 309-10
schools, see education
Schouler, William, 399
Schurz, Carl, 549, 564, 595-6
Schuyler, Gen. Philip, 81, 433
Schuyler, Robert, 432-3
Scotch immigrants, 81, 126
Scott, Dred, 575-8
Scott, Sir Walter, 452, 477-8
Scott, Gen. Winfield, 213, 426, 446, 461-4, 469, 475, 525, 608
secession, 140, 201, 217, 261, 328, 598-602, 605; and election of 1860, 592-3, 596-7; and Essex Junto, 230; and Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, 131-2, 134, 139, 145; and ratification of Constitution, 56, 57; and slavery issue, 261, 329, 473, 591
sectionalism, 8; economic, 86, 270, 589, 598; and foreign affairs, 103-5, 209; leaders in, 331, 565, 570; political, 86, 104, 108, 127, 135, 320, 426, 427, 466, 468-71, 598-600; and slavery issue, 242-3, 329, 333, 346, 348-9, 459, 464-75, 540, 544-54, 570, 574-8, 591-7, 599, 602; Webster-Hayne debate on, 327-30
Sedgwick, Theodore, 20, 49, 231, 360
Sedition Act (1798), 126-33, 138, 139, 141; see also Alien and Sedition Acts
Seixas, Rabbi Gershom Mendes, 78, 81
Seminole Indians, 6, 245-6, 247, 332, 452
Senate: election to, 36-7, 61, 68, 362, 381; filibuster in, 466; Jackson censured by, 340, 346, 423; treaty ratifications in, 104, 177, 235, 248, 459; Webster-Hayne debate in, 327-30, 337; see also Congress, U.S.
Seneca Chief (canal boat), 303-4
Seneca Falls Convention, 401-2, 413-14
separation of powers, 120, 216; in Constitution, 36, 45, 61, 63, 120, 134-5, 168, 261-2, 368-9, 381, 598
Sequoyah, 453
Sewall, Samuel, 127, 218, 229
Seward, William H., 334, 342, 433, 509, 537, 550, 554, 565, 591, 593-6; as Secretary of State, 604, 618, 625-7
Shakers, 352-3, 439-40
Shattuck, Job, 14
Shaw, Lemuel, 436
Shawnee Indians, 6, 96-7, 207
Shays, Daniel, 14, 19-20, 51, 61, 185, 360, 365
Shays’s Rebellion, 13-15, 19-20, 25, 27, 33, 50-1, 61, 185, 360, 365; reactions to, 15-19, 97-8
Shepard, Gen. William, 19
Sherman, John, 607
Sherman, Roger, 36, 38, 42
Sherman, William T., 464, 610
Shiloh Church, Battle of, 621, 623
shipbuilding, 75
Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., 111, 113
Shreve, Henry M, 300
Sidney, Sir Philip, 100
Silliman, Benjamin, 431
Simms, William Gilmore, 572
Skidmore, Thomas, 360
Slater, Samuel, 80, 291-2, 293, 310
Slave, or The Memoirs of Archy Moore (Hildreth), 522
slavery, 7, 80, 114, 301, 362, 383, 385-92, 409, 410-2, 438, 563, 564, abolition of, 25, 114, 142, 350, 620, 625-8; and agriculture, 274, 275, 282-5, 286, 301, 302; brutalization in, 142-3, 149, 353, 384-5, 392, 574; and Compromise of 1850, 472-5, 522, 543; and Constitution, 39-40, 366, 465, 520; Dickens’s criticism of, 352, 353; extension of, 242-3, 459, 464-70, 557, 559, 578, 586; family life under, 388-91; fugitives from, 112, 245, 353, 388, 393, 394, 469-75, passim, 519, 522, 545, 549-50, 558, 605; and liberty, 25, 40, 148-51, 263, 366, 387, 510, 520, 572-3, 587; plantation life under, 10, 142-3, 149, 150, 385-92, 567-9; population growth under, 390; and religion, 149, 150, 386-7, 391-2, 494; southern defense of, 573-4; trade in, 40, 72, 141, 221, 253, 254, 352, 384-5, 388, 390-1, 448, 468, 472-3, 568, 574, 589, 601; uprisings against, 27, 148-51, 73-4, 329, 392, 394, 568, 570, 591, 626; see also abolitionists; Missouri Compromise; sectionalism: and slavery issue; South, the
Slidell, John, 460, 618
Smelser, Marshall, 162-3, 166-7
Smith, Adam, 86, 89
Smith, Caleb B., 605
Smith, James Morton, 132
Smith, Jedediah, 455
Smith, Jeremiah, 229
Smith, Joseph, 499
Smith, Gen. Kirby, 611
Smith, Melancton, 56
Smith, Robert, 205-6, 208
Smith, Samuel, 205
Smith, William, 111-12
societies: democratic, 98-9; political, 137; scientific, 111; secret, 334
society, 347, 357, 383, 438, 439; absence of conflict in (as theory), 434-5; agrarian, 7, 258, 347, 348, 415, 420, 438, 574; class distinctions in, 79, 113-16, 143, 221-2, 228-9, 348, 349, 354-7, 362, 434-5, 451, 498, 506, 510, 511; and individualism, 482, 489, 491-2; and technology, 484-5, 489-90, 491-2; urban, 78-83, 110-15, 415, see, also American national character; lower class; man; middle class; upper class; working class
Society of the Cincinnati, 82, 98
Sons of Liberty, 23, 49, 137, 185, 222
Soulé, Pierre, 538-9
South, the, 506-7, 514, 573; agriculture in, 141, 274-5, 276, 277, 282-7, 302, 309, 450-1, 529-30, 608; black Americans in, 392, 393, 409, 567-8; congressional influence of, 544-5; economic problems in, 150, 241-2, 274, 529-30, 533, 608; limitation of civil liberties in, 392, 573; politics in, 322, 325, 380, 381, 559, 560-2, 564, 576-8, 579-80, 592-3, 599; slavery issue in, 39, 242-3, 348-9, 465; solidity in, 591-2; tariff issue in, 261, 269-70, 328-9, 333, 337, 570; see also Confederate States of America; secession; sectionalism; slavery
South America, 244, 251-2; rebellions in, 245, 248-9, 252
South Carolina, 6, 7, 52, 92, 152, 227, 241, 261, 274, 307-9, 392, 395, 409, 529, 566-75; in Confederacy, 597, 601, 605-7, 614; ideology of liberty in, 571-3, 599; nullification proposed in, 329-30, 333, 336-7, 346, 569-70, 571; power elite of, 570-5
South Carolina College, 567, 569
Southwest, the, 275, 282, 287, 302, 454; see also Mexican War; Spain: Southwest possessions of
Southworth, Mrs. E. D. E. N., 517
Spain, 99-100, 172-5, 179, 195, 196-7, 248, 249, 250, 254; and Cuba, 537-9; and Latin America, 244, 248-9; negotiations with Adams, 245, 247-8; possession of Floridas, 7, 173-4, 176, 207, 244-8; Southwest possessions of, 4, 5, 7, 53, 95, 107, 124, 176, 216, 244-8, 445
Sparks, Jared, 448
speech, freedom of, 24-5, 55, 90, 91, 372, 511, 519; threats to, 125, 131, 226, 392· 573
Speed, Joshua, 557
Springfield, Ill., 555, 557, 583, 587, 595-6, 603
Springfield, Mass., 19-20, 73, 216, 220, 361, 432, 512, 515
Springfield Republican, 512, 515
Squatter, 313
sovereignty, see popular sovereignty
Stagg, John, 82
Stanton, Edwin. 620
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 400-2, 412
Staples, Sam, 486-7
Stark, Gen. John, 13
States, 68, 94; and Alien and SeditionActs, 131-3; banks, 236, 344-5; and (U.S.) Constitution, 90, 260, 262; constitutions of, 28, 60, 89, 134, 226, 261, 511; debts of, assumption of, 85; and education, 503-11; governments of, 28, 34, 45, 62-3, 74, 91, 120, 148, 439; internal improvements subsidized by, 307-9, 435, 505; and judicial review, 193, 577; militias of, 74, 201, 210, 214, 215, 236, 258, 358, 392, 446, 452, 453; ratify Constitution, 42-3, 46-59, 89-90, 104, 134, 428; and suffrage, 364; see also federalism
states’ rights, 231, 258, 259, 345-6, 348, 372; in Confederacy, 612-14; vs. federal government, 34-5, 36, 40, 74, 135, 136, 259-60, 261, 262, 447, 563-4, 569-73, 599, 605; Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 132-3, 139, 162, 261; and Nullification, 329-31, 333, 335, 336-7, 346, 544; and popular sovereignty, 544, 550, 577, 579-80, 584-5; and Supreme Court, 466, 469, 575-8
steamboats, 41, 277, 296-302, 311, 433, 450; lake, 532; on Mississippi, 277, 296-7, 299-301, 532-3; monopolies in, 259, 297, 298, 299, 301, 431
steam locomotives, 429, 431-2, 484-5, 488
steam power, 275, 277, 287, 347, 489, 512
Stephens, Alexander H., 549, 565, 601, 603
Stephenson. George, 431
Stevens, John, 277, 297, 431
Stevens, Thaddeus, 334, 503-4, 615
Stevenson, Andrew, 268
Stiles, Ezra, 72
Stockbridge, Mass., 20, 360, 413
Stone, Barton W., 495
Stone, Gen. Charles, 620
Stone, Huldah, 399
Story, Joseph. 260, 328, 339, 436
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 522, 569, 588; Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 522
Strong, Caleb, 35
S
tuart, Gilbert, 112, 214
Suffolk Bank of Boston, 296
suffrage: broadened, 265, 364-6, 367, 374, 378, 392-3, 409, 498, 503; and equality, 362-3; limited, 21, 59, 226, 349, 350, 362-5, 377, 392, 399, 415; and women, 148, 400, 401-2
Sumner, Charles, 545, 551-2, 554, 558,
Supreme Court, 38-9, 70, 187-8, 193, 259, 261, 453, 466, 469, 564, 575-8; Dred Scott decision, 575-8, 582, 585, 619; and judicial review, 187-9, 193, 262, 577; under Marshall, 184-9, 193, 202, 258-60, 301, 335, 381, 436, 575; and supremacy of federal government, 259, 335
Sutter, John Augustus, 456-7, 471, 475
Swedenborg, Emanuel, 481
Swell, Leonard, 595
Swift, Jonathan, 112
Talleyrand, 121-2, 123, 124, 128, 174, 76, 195
Tallmadge, James, 242
Talmadge, Nathaniel P., 345
Tammany Hall, 81-2, 108, 136, 147, 246, 303, 309, 408
Taney, Roger B., 332, 339, 466, 575-7, 582-3, 605, 619
Tappan, Lewis, 520
Tariff, 84, 426; of Abominations (1828), 269-70, 320, 329; as political issue, 320, 333, 334, 336, 375, 435, 457, 599; see also industry: tariffs for; South: tariff issue in taxation: for education, 504, 505, 508, 509; property, 146, 358; and Shays’s Rebellion, 13-14, 18; on whiskey, 93, 97-9
Taylor, John, 51, 132, 258
Taylor, John W., 242, 268
Taylor, Nathaniel, 497
Taylor, Zachary, 460-2, 564; election and presidency of, 426, 469-70, 472, 473-4, 540
technology, 484-5, 489-90, 491-2, 512, 513; see also machines
Tecumseh, 207, 211-13, 216, 342
telegraph, 430-1, 511, 513-14
temperance movement, 360, 361, 400, 414, 467, 558, 599
Tennessee, 216, 315, 360, 366-7, 496, 529-30, 602, 608, 616, 621; politics in, 173, 266, 319, 321, 341
Terry, Eli, 290
Texas, 472, 530, 597, 608; annexation of, 459-60, 464, 468; under Mexico, 454-5, 459-64; under Spain, 176, 246, 248, 249-50
textile industry, 73, 75, 80, 276, 291-6, 311, 373, 396, 408-9, 437, 489; English, 200, 275, 282, 285-6, 291-2, 293, 439; labor in, 75, 89, 281, 288, 292-5, 351, 358, 395-400, 434, 589; machinery for, 282, 291-3, 295, 396, 534; paternalism in, 294-5, 396-8
Thayer, John, 9
theater, 79, 112, 356, 516
Thomas, Jesse B., 242
Thomas, Seth, 290
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