American Experiment

by James Macgregor Burns

  269 [Choate on the danger to liberty]: quoted in Callow, The Tweed Ring, p. 265.

  [Doubts of some reformers about universal suffrage]: ibid., ch. 17; Melvin G. Holli, Reform in Detroit (Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 171–78.

  [Times on the “dangerous classes”]: New York Times, July 16, 1871, p. 4.

  [E. L. Godkin on ignorant and corrupt voters]: quoted in Callow, The Tweed Ring, p. 267.

  [“Expert’s” prediction of abandonment of universal suffrage ]: Frank Goodnow, quoted in Holli, p. 174.

  The Reformation of the Cities

  [Union for Concerted Moral Effort and National Union for Practical Progress]: Boyer, op. cit., p. 163.

  270 [Hull House]: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (Macmillan, 1910).

  [Jane Addams on transforming cities]: quoted in Boyer, pp. 222–23; see also, Jane Addams, The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (Macmillan, 1909); Addams, A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil (Macmillan, 1912).

  270 [Mary Richmond on settlement house workers]: quoted in Boyer, p. 156.

  271 [City Beautiful movement]: Jon A. Peterson, “The City Beautiful Movement: Forgotten Origins and Lost Meanings,” Journal of Urban History, vol. 2 (August 1976), pp. 415–34; Klein and Kantor, op. cit, pp. 423–30.

  [City planning]: John W. Reps, The Making of Urban America: A History of City Planning in the United States (Princeton University Press, 1965); Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., “The Town-Planning Movement in America,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 51 (January 1914), pp. 172–81; Boyer, ch. 18; Mumford, op. cit., passim.

  272 [Pingree and Detroit]: Holli, op. cit., passim.

  [“I’m too busy making shoes”]: quoted in ibid., p. 17.

  273 [Pingree’s achievements]: ibid.,pp. 157–58, quoted at p. 158.

  [“Golden Rule”Jones]: Jack Tager, The Intellectual as Urban Reformer (Case Western Reserve University Press, 1968), ch. 4; Samuel M.Jones, The New Right: A Plea for Fair Play Through a More Just Social Order (Eastern Book Concern, 1899); Brand Whitlock, Forty Years of It (D. Appleton, 1914); Samuel M.Jones, “The New Patriotism: A Golden Rule Government for Cities,” Municipal Affairs Magazine (September 1899), pp. 455–61, in Charles N. Glaab, ed., The American City: A Documentary History (Dorsey Press, 1963), pp. 406–13.

  [Jones on “the ideal society”]: Jones, The New Right, p. 66.

  [Johnson]: Tom Loftin Johnson, My Story (B. W. Huebsch, 1911).

  274 [Johnson on municipal ownership]: quoted in Glaab and Brown, op. cit., p. 215.

  Women: The Progressive Cadre

  275 [Lathrop]: Jane Addams, My Friend Julia Lathrop (Macmillan, 1935); Ray Ginger, “The Women at Hull-House,” in Linda K. Kerber and Jane De Hart Mathews, Women’s America (Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 265–66.

  [Kelley]: Josephine Goldmark, Impatient Crusader (University of Illinois Press, 1953); Ginger, pp. 263–64.

  [Goldman]: Richard Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise (University of Chicago Press, 1961).

  [Addams]: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, op. cit.; Allen F. Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (Oxford University Press, 1973); Anne Firor Scott, “Jane Addams,” in Edward T. James, ed., Notable American Women, 1607–1950 (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971), vol. 1, pp. 16–22.

  276 [German’s response to Christian Scientist]: quoted in Ginger, p. 269.

  [Addams’s only cigarette]: Ginger, p. 271.

  [Kelley’s arrival at Hull-House with children]: Davis, pp. 76–77.

  [Addams and Powers]: quoted in Ginger, p. 270; Davis, pp. 121–25.

  277 [Addams and Lathrop as midwives]: Davis, pp. 81–82.

  [Addams’s activities in organizations]: Lauren Ribardo, “Jane Addams: A Guiding Woman in a Man-Made World,” typescript, Williams College, November 1983, pp. 11, 14.

  [Davis on Addams]: Allen F. Davis, “Jane Addams,” in John A. Garraty, Encyclopedia of American Biography (Harper & Row, 1974), p. 18.

  [Addams’s reputation]: see Davis, American Heroine, ch. 11.

  [Women and reform efforts]: see Allen F. Davis, Spearheads for Reform (Oxford University Press, 1967).

  278 [Zimmerman on professionally trained women]: Joan G. Zimmerman, “Women as Interpretersof Social Scientific Knowledge: A Professional Approach to Progressive Reform, 1880–1925,” paper presented at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, October1981, to the Chesapeake Area Group of Women Historians.

  [Hofstadter on Addams]: Hofstadter, op. cit., p. 208.

  [Political action for laws protecting women and children]: see Davis, Spearhead, ch. 7.

  [Wald]: Robert L. Duffus, Lillian Wald (Macmillan, 1938); Blanche Wiesen Cook, “Female Support Networks and Political Activism: Lillian Wald, Crystal Eastman, Emma Goldman,” in Nancy F. Cott and Elizabeth H. Pleck, eds., A Heritage of Her Own (Simon and Schuster, 1979), pp. 412–44; Lillian D. Wald, The House on Henry Street (Henry Holt, 1915).

  279 [WCTU]: Ruth B. Bordin, Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty 1873–1900 (Temple University Press, 1981); Barbara Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Wesleyan University Press, 1981), chs. 4–5.

  279 [“Do Everything”]: see Epstein, pp. 120–21.

  [Sanger]: David Kennedy, Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger (Yale University Press, 1970); James Reed, “Margaret Sanger,” in Notable American Women,vol. 4, pp. 623–27.

  [Sanger on “the basic freedom”]: Sanger, Woman and the New Race (Brentano’s, 1920), p. 94.

  280 [ Women in nonagricultural pursuits]: see Janet M. Hooks, “Women’s Occupations Through Seven Decades,” Women’s Bureau Bulletin, no. 218, U.S. Department of Labor (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947), esp. Appendix, Table IIa.

  [Women and unions]: Alice Kessler-Harris, “Where Are the Organized Women Workers?,” in Cott and Pleck, pp. 343–66; Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 151–64. See also Susan Levine, “Labor’s True Woman: Domesticity and Equal Rights in the Knights of Labor,”Journal of American History, vol. 70, no. 2 (September 1983), pp. 323–39.

  281 [WTUL]: Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, pp. 164–71, 203–10; Robin Miller Jacoby, “The Women’s Trade Union League and American Feminism,” Feminist Studies, vol. 3 (Fall 1975), pp. 126–38, quoted at p. 128; Nancy S. Dye, “Creating a Feminist Alliance: Sisterhood and Class Conflict in the New York Women’s Trade Union League,” Feminist Studies, vol. 2, no. 2/3 (1975), pp. 24–38.

  [“I am a good democrat in theory”]: quoted in Jacoby, p. 132.

  [Justice on Kelley]: Felix Frankfurter, “Foreword,” in Goldmark, p. v.

  282 [AFL under Gompers]: Harold C. Livesay, Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America (Little, Brown, 1978); Bernard Mandel, Samuel Gompers: A Biography (Antioch Press, 1963); Lewis Reed, The Labor Philosophy of Samuel Gompers (Columbia University Press, 1930).

  [Haywood]: Joseph R. Conlin, Big Bill Haywood and the Radical Union Movement (Syracuse University Press, 1969); Peter Carlson, Roughneck (W. W. Norton, 1983); Eric Sears Stein, “Reform and Revolutionary Leadership: A Study of Samuel Gompers and William Haywood,” typescript, Williams College, December 1983.

  283 [IWW]: Paul Frederick Brissenden, The IWW: A Study of American Syndicalism (Columbia University, Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, 1920); Melvyn Dubofsky, We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World (Quadrangle, 1969).

  [IWW on labor unity among races]: Brissenden, pp. 84, 208; see also, Milton Meltzer, Bread—and Roses (Alfred A. Knopf, 1967).

  [Debs]: Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (University of Illinois Press, 1982); Bruce Rogers, comp., Debs: His Life, Writings and Speeches (The Appeal to Reason, 1908).

  [Goldman]: Drinnon; Emma Goldman, Living My Life, 2 vols. (Alfred A. Knopf, 1931); Terry M. Perlin, ed., Contempo
rary Anarchism (Rutgers University Press, 1979); Alan Ritter, Anarchism: A Theoretical Analysis (Cambridge University Press, 1980); William Reed Sawyers, “Emma Goldman: Anarchist as Leader,” typescript, Williams College, November 1983.

  284 [Washington]: Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader (Oxford University Press, 1972); Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee (Oxford University Press, 1983); Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery (1901) in Louis R. Harlan, ed., The Booker T. Washington Papers (University of Illinois Press, 1972–82), vol. 1, pp. 209–385; Rayford W. Logan, The Betrayal of the Negro (Collier Books, 1969); E. Davidson Washington, ed., Selected Speeches of Booker T. Washington (Doubleday, Doran, 1932.

  [Washington on “questions of social equality”]: “The Standard Printed Version of the Atlanta Exposition Address,” September 18, 1895, in Washington Papers, vol. 3, p. 586.

  285 [Du Bois]: Francis L. Broderick, W. E. B. Du Bois (Stanford University Press, 1959); Rayford W. Logan, ed., W. E. B. Du Bois: A Profile (Hill and Wang, 1971); W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, Black Folk Then and Now (Octagon Books, 1973); see also William Toll, The Resurgence of Race (Temple University Press, 1979).

  [Du Bois on his son]: quoted in Eric Goldman, Rendezvous with Destiny (Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), p. 178.

  [Du Bois’s interchangeable use of terms “Negro,” “black,” “colored”]: Logan, Du Bois, p. xiii.

  285 [Mary Harris Jones]: Autobiography of Mother Jones (Charles H. Kerr, 1925).

  286 [Women’s networks]: Cook, in Cod and Pleck, passim.

  8. THE MODERNIZING MIND

  287 [Mr. Dooley on history]: quoted in Mark Sullivan, Our Times (Scribner’s, 1926–35), vol. 1, p. 243 footnote.

  [Gould on “intriguing interplay”]: Lewis L. Gould, ed., The Progressive Era (Syracuse University Press, 1974), p. 9.

  [1893 Chicago Fair]: Sullivan, vol. 1, pp. 188–93, Ernest I. Lewis quoted at p. 192 footnote.

  [Even Henry Adams]: Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Houghton Mifflin, 1927), pp. 339–43; and see also Adams to Elizabeth Cameron, October 8, 1893, in Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., Letters of Henry Adams (Houghton Mifflin, 1930–38), vol. 2, p. 33, footnote 1.

  [Gibson girls, shirtwaists, and bicycles]: Sullivan, vol. 1, pp. 193–96, 13–14, 240–43, respectively.

  288 [American production, 1900]: ibid., p. 33.

  [Negro spiritual]: quoted in ibid., p. 38 footnote.

  [Black petition for passage to Liberia]: ibid., pp. 591–92.

  [Comstock report on improper pleasures]: 37th Annual Report of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, January 1911, in Theodore Roosevelt Papers, Reel 98, Library of Congress.

  289 [Kathleen Morris on women’s dress]: quoted in Sullivan, vol. 1, p. 390.

  [Dominance of the “invisible” machine]: Oscar Handlin, “Science and Technology in Popular Culture,” in Gerald Holton, ed., Science and Culture (Houghton Mifflin, 1965), esp. p. 194.

  [Marx on technology and the productive processes]: Nathan Rosenberg, “Karl Marx on the Economic Role of Science,” in Rosenberg, Perspectives on Technology (Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 126–38.

  [Michelson]: BernardJaffe, Men of Science in America (Simon and Schuster, 1949), ch. 15.

  [Willson]: Robert Multhauf, “Industrial Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century,” in Melvin Kranzberg and Carroll W. Purcell, Jr., eds., Technology in Western Civilization (Oxford University Press, 1967), vol. 1, pp. 468–89, esp. p. 478.

  [Gooch]: Ralph G. Van Name, “Frank Austin Gooch,” in National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, vol. 15, 3rd memoir (1934), pp. 105–35.

  290 [Acheson]: Edward G. Acheson, A Pathfinder (Press Scrap Book, 1910).

  [Morley]: Howard R. Williams, Edward Williams Morley (Chemical Education Publications, 1957).

  [Sabine]: Daniel J. Kevles, “Wallace Clement Ware Sabine,” in Charles C. Gillespie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Scribner’s, 1970–80), vol. 12, p. 54.

  [Submersible]: Allen Hoar, The Submarine Torpedo Boat (Van Nostrand, 1916).

  [Flying machines]: Tom D. Crouch, A Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, 1875–1905 (W. W. Norton, 1981).

  [Langley]: Jaffe, ch. 14.

  [Charles and Frank Duryea]: G. N. Georgano, ed., Encyclopedia of American Automobiles (E. P. Dutton, 1971), pp. 67–68 (“Duryea”).

  [Gibbs and Steinmetz]: Jaffe, ch. 13; J. W. Hammond, Charles Proteus Steinmetz (Century, 1924).

  [Osborn]: Edwin H. Colbert, Men and Dinosaurs: The Search in Field and Laboratory (E. P. Dutton, 1968), pp. 147 ff.

  [Boas and Wissler]: Melville J. Herskovits, Franz Boas: The Science of Man in the Making (reissue; Augustus M. Kelley, 1973).

  [Morgan]: Garland E. Allen, Thomas Hunt Morgan: The Man and His Science (Princeton University Press, 1978).

  291 [Pattern of development in science]: Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (University of Chicago Press, 1970).

  [James on pragmatism’s “precipitation”]: William James, Pragmatism, and Four Essays from The Meaning of Truth (Meridian Books, 1950), p. 13.

  The Pulse of the Machine

  291–92 [William James in New York and at Columbia]: James to Henry James and William James, Jr., February 14, 1907, in Elizabeth Hardwick, ed., The Selected Letters of William James (Farrar, Straus and Cudahy. 1960), pp. 227–29; Gay Wilson Allen, William James (Viking Press, 1967), pp. 457–58.

  291 [James on Twain]: letter, February 14, 1907, in Hardwick, pp. 228–29.

  292 [James on New York]: ibid., pp. 228, 229.

  [James’s earlier life, and relationship with Peirce]: Ralph Barton Perry, The Thought and Character of William James, vols. 1 and 2 (Little, Brown, 1935), esp. chs. 32, 75, 76.

  [Peirce]: Charles Hartshorne, Paul Weiss, and Arthur Burks, eds., The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 8 vols. (Harvard University Press, 1931–58); Philip P. Weiner and Frederic H. Young, eds., Studies in the Philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce (Harvard University Press, 1952).

  293–93 [James’s lectures on pragmatism]: reprinted “as delivered,” according to the author, in James, Pragmatism, op cit.

  293 [James on the “tender-minded” and the “tough-minded”]: ibid., p. 22. Other quotations from the lectures: ibid, pp. 19, 21, 23, 24, 27, 49, 45, 47, respectively.

  [Reception of pragmatism]: see Perry, vol. 2, ch. 78; James on the evening discussions quoted in Hardwick, p. 229.

  294 [James’s sudden “fear of my own existence”]: quoted in Edward C. Moore, American Pragmatism: Peirce, James, and Dewey (Columbia University Press, 1961), p. 115.

  [Reaction of philosophers and others to James’s Pragmatism]: H. Münsterberg to James, July 1, 1906, in Perry, vol. 2, pp. 471–72; C. S. Peirce to James, March 7, 1904, in ibid., p. 430; see also p. 465.

  [Pragmatism as humanism]: F. C. S. Schiller, Studies in Humanism (Macmillan, 1907); see corr. between James and Schiller, in Perry, passim

  [Derivation of “pragmatism”]: Philip P. Wiener, ed., Dictionary of the History of Ideas (Scribner’s, 1973), vol. 3. p. 554.

  295 [Holmes to James on Pragmatism]: Perry, vol. 2, p. 462. Earlier comments on James’s articles on pragmatism: Holmes to James, March 24, 1907, ibid., pp. 459–61; Holmes to James, April 1, 1907, ibid., pp. 461–62.

  [Holmes on the “life of the law”]: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (Little, Brown, 1881), p. 1. See also Note, “Holmes, Peirce and Legal Pragmatism,” Yale Law Journal, vol. 84, no. 5 (April 1975), pp. 1123–40.

  [Lochner v. New York]: 198 U.S. 45 (1905), quoted at 75; see also Max Lerner, ed., The Mind and Faith of Justice Holmes (Little, Brown, 1943), pp. 143–50.

  [Holmes on letting slaughterhouses be built]: quoted in Eric F. Goldman. Rendezvous with Destiny (Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), p. 136.

  296 [Rostow on Holmes’s opinions]: Eugene V. Rostow, “The Realist Tradition in AmericanLaw,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Morton White, eds.,
Paths of American Thought (Houghton Mifflin, 1970), p. 205.

  [Holmes on Brandeis as a crusader]: quoted in Perry, vol. 1, p. 518.

  [Aspects of pragmatism]: Morton White, Social Thought in America: The Revolt Against Formalism (Beacon Press, 1947); Charles Morris, The Pragmatic Movement in American Philosophy (George Braziller, 1970); Morton White, Pragmatism and the American Mind (Oxford University Press, 1973); Gail Kennedy, ed., Pragmatism and American Culture (D. C. Heath, 1950); AndrewJ. Reck, Introduction to William James (Indiana University Press, 1967), esp. chs. 5–6.

  297 [Pratt on James’s pragmatism]: James Bissett Pratt, What Is Pragmatism? (Macmillan, 1909).

  [James on bringing out the cash value of each word]: Pragmatism, p. 46.

  The Critics: Ideas vs. Interests?

  298 [Hofstadter on the newly rich]: Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (Alfred A. Knopf, 1955). p. 137.

  [Protestant ministry’s “massive”front]: Henry F. May, Protestant Churches and Industrial America (Harper & Bros., 1949), p. 91.

  [Shift of Protestant clergy and of legal profession]: Hofstadter, ch. 4.

  299 [Turner on the frontier]: Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (Henry Holt, 1920); see also Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier and Section: Selected Essays, Ray A. Billington, ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1961); Wilbur R.Jacobs, ed., Frederick Jackson Turner’s Legacy (Huntington Library, 1965).

  [Other progressive historians]: Orin Grant Libby, “The Geographical Distribution of the Vote of the Thirteen States of the Federal Constitution, 1787–1788,” in Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, Economics, Political Science and History Series, vol. 1, no. 1 (1934); J. Allen Smith, The Spirit of American Government (Macmillan, 1907).

  [Beard’s economic interpretation]: An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (Macmillan, 1913).

  [Beard’s early years]: Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians (Alfred A. Knopf, 1968), ch. 5; Goldman, op. cit., pp. 149–51.