American Experiment
Page 332
626 [“Hitch-hike along”]: quoted in Jonathan Martin Kolkey, The New Right, 1960-1968: With Epilogue, 1969-1980 (University Press of America, 1983), p. 248.
[Liberal establishment]: quoted in Blumenthal, p. 4.
[Rossiter on conservatism]: Rossiter, Conservatism in America (Knopf, 1955), pp. 224-35 and passim.
[Hartz on conservatism]: Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution (Harcourt, 1955).
[Hofstadter on conservatism]: Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics and Other Essays (Knopf 1965), chs. 3, 4.
[Crawford’s exposé of the New Right]: Crawford, Thunder on the Right (Pantheon, 1980), Viereck quoted on “rabble-rousing populism” on jacket.
[Explanations for rise of consevative movement]: George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945 (Basic Books, 1976), chs. 9-11; Blumenthal, ch 12 and passim: Crawford, pp. 30-41; Kolkey, esp. chs. 13-15; Peter Steinfels, The Neo Conservatives (Simon and Schuster, 1979), ch. 2 and passim.
627 [Ideas as weapons]: Max Lerner, Ideas Are Weapons: The History and Uses of Ideas (Viking, 1939); Richard M. Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences (Universitv of Chicago Press, 1948).
[“Massive public education”]: quoted in Kolkey, p. 250.
[Conservative journals]: Crawford, pp. 30-32, 181-207; Steinfels, pp. 4-12. [Conservative factions]: see Blumenthal, ch. 13 passim; Miles, esp. part 3; Steinfels; Kolkey, ch. 1 and pp. 334-39; Crawford; Richard Striner, “Can Conservatism Survive Laissez Faire?,” American Politics (December 1986), pp. 19-21; George F. Will, “The Soul of Conservatism,” Newsweek, vol. 106, no. 20 (November 11, 1985), p. 92; Will, Statecraft As Soulcraft: What Government Does (Simon and Schuster, 1983).
627-8 [New Christian right]: Robert C. Liebman and Robert Wuthnow, eds., The New Christian Right: Mobilization and Legitimation (Aldine, 1983); George Marsden, ed., Evangelicalism and Modern America (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1984); James D. Hunter, Evangelicalism: The Coming Generation (University of Chicago Press, 1987); A. James Reichley, Religion in American Public Life (Brookings Institution, 1985), pp. 311-31.
628 [Buckley and Eastman]: John Patrick Diggins, Up from Communism: Conservative Odysseys in American Intellectual History (Harper, 1975), p. 346.
[Reagan and the conservative movement]: Blumenthal, ch. 9; Robert Dallek, Ronald Reagan: The Politics of Symbolism (Harvard University Press, 1984), ch. 2.
629 [Blumenthal on Reaganism]: Blumenthal, p. 241.
[Liberalism’s successes]: see John E. Schwarz, America’s Hidden Success: A Reassessment of Twenty Years of Public Policy (Norton, 1983); see also Walter R. Mead, Mortal Splendor: The American Empire in Transition (Houghton Mifflin, 1987).
[Trilling on liberalism]: quoted in Wall Street Journal, April 15, 1986, p. 64.
[“New Public Philosophy”]: Robert B. Reich, “Toward a New Public Philosophy,” Atlantic, vol. 255, no. 5 (May 1985), pp. 68-79; see also Reich, “An Industrial Policy of the Right,” The Public Interest, vol. 73 (Fall 1983), pp. 3-17; Reich, Tales of a New America (Times Books, 1987); commencement address of Senator Gary Hart at Talladega College, Talladega, Ala., May 19, 1985.
[“Seriously underestimated”]: quoted in Walter Goodman, “Dr. Kenneth B. Clark: Bewilderment Replaces ‘Wishful Thinking’ on Race,” New York Times, December 27, 1984, p. A14.
[“Not God-ordained”]: ibid.
[“Greatest wave of social reform”]: Irving Howe, Socialism and America (Harcourt, 1985), p. 84.
632 [Possibilities of socialist-liberal coalition]: see ibid., pp. 147-75; see also Samuel P. Huntington, “The Visions of the Democratic Party,” The Public Interest, vol. 79 (Spring 1985), pp. 63-78.
15. The Decline of Leadership
633 [Gorbachev’s leadership]: Robert C. Tucker, Political Culture and Leadership in Soviet Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev (Norton, 1988); Michael Mandelbaum and Strobe Talbott, Reagan and Gorbachev (Vintage, 1987); Jerry Hough, Russia and the West: Gorbachev and the Politics of Reform (Simon and Schuster, 1988); Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroïka: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (Harper, 1987).
[“Being colonized”]: Rohatyn, “On the Brink,” New York Review of Books, vol. 34, no. 10 (June 11, 1987), pp. 3-6, quoted at p. 3.
634 [Reactions to proposals to amend the Constitution]: see Richard Lacayo, “Is It Broke? Should We Fix It?,” Time, vol. 130, no. 1 (July 6, 1987), pp. 54-55; Arthur M. Schlesinger. Jr., “Leave the Constitution Alone,” in Donald L. Robinson, ed., Reforming American Government: The Bicentennial Papers of the Committee on the Constitutional System (Westview Press, 1985), pp. 50-54; Hendrik Hertzberg, “Let’s Get Representative,” New Republic, vol. 196, no. 26 June 29, 1987), pp. 15-18; “Move Over, James Madison,” ibid., pp. 19-21.
[Liberty Weekend]: Time, vol. 128, no. 2 (July 14, 1986), pp. 10-20.
635 [Liberty Weekend conference]: Richard D. Heftner, ed., “Summary of Proceedings,” New York Marriott Marquis, July 5-6, 1986; Waller Goodman, “Liberty Panel Ponders Wherefores of Freedom,” New York Times, July 7, 1986, p. B4.
Republicans: Waiting for Mr. Right
636 [Harding’s mind]: James MacGregor Burns, The Workshop of Democracy (Knopf, 1985), p. 471.
[Trudeau on Reagan]: G. B. Trudeau, In Search of Reagan’s Brain (Henry Holt, 1981).
[“Barely above a whisper”]: quoted in Paul D. Trickson, Reagan Speaks: The Making of an American Myth (New York University Press, 1985), p. 14.
[Reagan’s misstatements]: Mark Green and Gail MacColl, eds., There He Goes Again: Ronald Reagan’s Reign of Error (Pantheon, 1983).
[White on Reagan]: White, America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956-1980 (Harper, 1982), p. 419.
637 [GOP in 1960s and 1970s]: Jonathan Martin Kolkey, The New Right, 1960-1968: With Epilogue, 1969-1980 (University Press of America, 1983); Kevin P. Phillips, The Emerging Republican Majority (Anchor, 1970); John F. Bibby, “Party Renewal in the National Republican Party,” in Gerald M. Pomper, ed., Party Renewal in America: Theory and Practice (Praeger, 1981), pp. 102-15; Alan Crawford, Thunder on the Right (Pantheon, 1980).
637 [Mayflower conference]: Frank van der Linden, The Real Reagan (Morrow, 1981), pp. 111-12, Reagan quoted at p. 112.
[Reagan’s meeting with conservative leaders]: ibid., pp. 112-16, quoted at pp. 115, 116.
[1980 election]: Elizabeth Drew, Portrait of an Election: The 1980 Presidential Campaign (Simon and Schuster, 1981); Jack W. Germond and Jules Witcover, Blue Smoke and Mirrors (Viking, 1981); Marlene Michels Pomper, ed., The Election of 1980: Reports and Interpretations (Chatham House, 1981); Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Administration (Putnam, 1982); Walter J. Stone and Alan I. Abramowitz, “Winning May Not Be Everything, But It’s More than We Thought: Presidential Party Activists in 1980,” American Political Science Review, vol. 77 (1983), pp. 945-56.
[Tax and budget cuts]: David A. Stockman, The Triumph of Politics: How the Reagan Revolution Failed (Harper, 1986), chs. 3-6; Robert Dallek, Ronald Reagan: The Politics of Symbolism (Harvard University Press, 1984), pp. 65-72; Paul Craig Roberts, The Supply-Side Revolution (Harvard University Press, 1984), chs. 4-5; Isabel Sawhill and John L. Palmer, eds., The Reagan Experiment (Urban Institute Press, 1982), part 1; Laurence I. Barrett, Gambling with History: Ronald Reagan in the White House (Doubleday, 1983), chs. 8-9; Martin Anderson, Revolution (Harcourt, 1988), esp. chs. 11-12.
[Supply-side economic]: Stockman, pp. 39-42, 64-66, quoted at p. 40; Roberts, chs. 1-3 passim; Robert Lekachman, Reaganomics: Greed Is Not Enough (Pantheon, 1982); Anderson, ch. 13.
639-40 [House vote on budget]: New York Times, May 8, 1981, pp. A1, A18.
640 [“So much of such magnitude”]: Time, vol. 118, no. 6 (August 10, 1981), p. 12.
[Recession]: Dallek, ch. 4 passim.
[Reagan’s rigidity in recession]: Stockman, chs. 11-12; Dallek, ch. 4; Roberts, chs. 7-8.
[�
�Damn it, Pete”]: quoted in Stockman, p. 351.
[“Real bullets”]: ibid., p. 354.
641 [“Attitudes, ideologies”]: Ralph Nader, “Introduction,” in Ronald Brownstein and Nina Eastoti, Reagan’s Ruling Class (Pantheon, 1983), pp. xv-xxvi, quoted at p. xvi.
[1984 election]: Ellis Sandoz and Cecil V. Crabb, eds., Election 84: Landslide Without a Mandate? (Mentor, 1985); Gerald Pomper et al., The Election of 1984: Reports and Interpretations (Chatham House, 1985); William A. Henry III, Visions of America: How We Saw the 1981 Election (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1985); Jack W. Germond and Jules Witcover, Wake Us When It’s Over (Macmillan, 1985); Elizabeth Drew, Campaign Journal: The Political Events of 1983-1984 (Macmillan, 1985).
[Tax reform]: Joseph A. Pechman, ed., Tax Reform and the U.S. Economy (Brookings Institution, 1987); Eugene Steuerle, “The New Tax Law,” in Phillip Cagan, ed., Deficits, Taxes, and Economic Adjustments (American Enterprise Institute, 1987), pp. 275-303; New York Times, September 26, 1986, pp. A1, D17; Eric D. Adelstein, “Reagan and the New Possibilities of Presidential Power,” unpublished thesis, Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., May 1987, pp. 89-138.
[“Let us move together”]: “Transcript of President’s State of Union Address,” New York Times, February 7, 1985, p. B8.
642 [Poll on tax simplification and tax system]: Everett Carll Ladd, “Tax Attitudes,” Public Opinion, vol. 8, no. 1 (February-March 1985), pp. 8-10; and ibid., pp. 19-27.
[“Couldn’t do it”]: Lynn Martin, quoted in New York Times, September 26, 1986, p. 19-27.
[Reagan and foreign policy]: Dallek, part 3; Barrett, chs. 13-17; Strobe Talbott, The Russians and Reagan (Vintage, 1984); Betty Glad, “Black and White Thinking: Ronald Reagan’s Approach to Foreign Policy,” paper prepared for presentation at the 50th Anniversary Program of the Institute For Psychoanalysis, n.d.; William D. Anderson and Sterling J. Kernek, “How 'Realistic’ Is Reagan’s Diplomacy?,” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 100, no. 3 (Fall 1985), pp. 389-409; Jett McMahan, Reagan and the World: Imperial Polity in the New Cold War (Monthly Review Press, 1985); Kenneth A. Oye et al., eds, Eagle Defiant: United States Foreign Policy in the 1980s (Little, Brown, 1983); some passages have been drawn from my earlier work, The Power to Lead: The Crisis of the American Presidency (Simon and Schuster, 1984), esp. pp. 64-66.
[Reagan on communism and communists]: quoted in Burns, Power to Lead, p. 64.
643 [“Terrible beast”]: June 9, 1982, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982), vol. 2, part 1, pp. 754-59, quoted at p. 757.
[“Extinction of mankind”]: June 8, 1982, in ibid., vol. 2, part 1, pp. 742-48, quoted at p. 743.
[Smith on Reagan]: Smith, “Events Force a Clearer Outline of Foreign Policy,” New York Times, May 20, 1982, p. A28.
[Reagan’s address to evangelists]: March 8, 1983, in Reagan Public Papers, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 359-64, quoted on “evil empire” at p. 364.
[Glad on Reagan]: quoted in Burns, Power to Lead, p. 65.
644 [Reagan-Gorbachev summit, 1988]: Fred Barnes, “In the Evil Empire,” New Republic, vol. 198, no. 25 (June 20, 1988), pp. 8-9.
[Conservative criticisms of Reagan]: Norman Podhoretz, “The Reagan Road to Detente,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 63, no. 3 (1985), pp. 447-64, Will’s quip at p. 459; William F. Buckley, Jr., “The Blandification of Ronald Reagan,” National Review, vol. 36, no. 6 (April 6, 1984), p. 62.
[Iran-Contra]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987); President’s Special Review Board, Report (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987); see also Leslie Cockburn, Out of Control (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987); Theodore Draper, “An Autopsy,” New York Review of Books, vol. 34, no. 20 (December 17, 1987), pp. 67-77.
645 [“Restore unity”]: Alexander M. Haig, Jr., Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy (Macmillan, 1984), p. 312.
The Structure of Disarray
[“The true Reagan Revolution”]: Stockman, p. 9.
[Committee on the Constitutional System diagnosis]: Committee on the Constitutional System (co-chairs Nancy Landon Kassebaum, C. Douglas Dillon, Lloyd N. Cutler), A Bicentennial Analysis of the American Political Structure: Report and Recommendations (January 1987), quoted on “institutional contest of wills” at p. 3; see Kassebaum, “Statement on Campaign Finance,” in Robinson, pp. 30-32; Dillon, “The Challenge of Modern Governance,” in ibid., pp. 24-29; Cutler, “To Form a Government,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 59, no. 1 (1980), pp. 126-43.
646 [Framers’ Constitution and parties]: Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System (University of California Press, 1969), esp. ch. 2; Roy F. Nichols, The Invention of the American Political Parties (Macmillan, 1967); John F. Hoadley, Origins of American Political Parties, 1789-1803 (University Press of Kentucky, 1986).
[Marshall’s nationalist decisions]: see McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheaton 315 (1819); Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheaton 1 (1824).
648 [Proposals for constitutional reform]: “Bicentennial Analysis,” pp. 8-18; James L. Sundquist, Constitutional Reform and Effective Government (Brookings Institution, 1986); Charles M. Hardin, Presidential Power and Accountability: Toward a New Constitution (University of Chicago Press, 1974); Robinson, passim: Stephen Horn, The Cabinet and Congress (Columbia University Press, 1960); Thomas K. Finletter, Can Representative Government Do the Job? (Reynal & Hitchcock, 1945).
[“Two fundamental arguments”]: Wilson, “Does the Separation of Powers Still Work?,” The Public Interest, no. 86 (Winter 1987), pp. 36-52, quoted at p. 49. [Scholars on party renewal]: Committee on Political Parties. American Political Science Association, “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System,” American Political Science Review, vol. 44, no. 3 (September 1950), supplement; Austin Ranney, “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Commentary,” American Political Science Review, vol. 45, no. 2 (June 1951), pp. 488-99; William J. Crotty, “The Philosophies of Party Reform,” in Pomper, Party Renewal, pp. 31-50.
649 [Critical reactions to scholars’ report]: Evron M. Kirkpatrick, “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: Political Science, Policy Science, or Pseudo-Science?,” American Political Science Review, vol. 65, no. 4 (December 1971), pp. 965-90; T. William Goodman, “How Much Political Party Centralization Do We Want?”Journal of Politics, vol. 13, no. 4 (November 1951), pp. 536-61; Murray S. Stedman, Jr., and Herbert Sonthoff, “Party Responsibility—A Critical Inquiry,” Western Political Quarterly, vol. 4, no. 3 (September 1951), pp. 454-68; Gerald M. Pomper, “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System? What, Again?,” Journal of Politics, vol. 33 (1971), pp. 916-40; see also David S. Broder, The Party’s Over: The failure of Politics in America (Harper, 1972), ch. to and pp. 244-47.
649 [Party reform and renewal, 1960s -1970s]: see Nelson W. Polsby, Consequences of Party Reform (Oxford University Press, 1983); Pomper, Party Renewal, passim; Austin Ranney, “The Political Parties; Reform and Decline,” in Anthony King, ed., The New American Political System (American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1978), pp. 213-47; Ranney, “Changing the Rules of the Nominating Game,” in James David Barber, ed., Choosing the President (Prentice-Hall, 1974), pp. 71-93; Xandra Kayden and Eddie Mahe, Jr., The Party Goes On: The Persistence of the Two-Party System in the United States (Basic Books, 1985), ch. 3; see also Party Line, an occasional publication of the Committee on Party Renewal.
[Judicial review]: Jesse H. Choper, Judicial Review and the National Political Process: A Functional Reconsideration of the Role of the Supreme Court (University of Chicago Press, 1980); Raoul Berger, Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment (Harvard University Press, 1977); see also Gary J. Jacobsohn, The Supreme Court and the Decline of Constitutional Aspiration (Rowman & Littlefield, 1986].
652 [Eisenhower on his Warren appointment]: Bernard Schwartz, Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court (New York University Press, 1983), p. 173.
653 [Court and Denver schools]: Keyes v. School District No, 1, Denver, Colorado, 413 U.S. 189 (1973).
[Detroit integration plan]: Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974); see also Alfred H. Kelly, Winfred A. Harbison, and Herman Belz, The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development, 6th ed. (Norton, 1983), pp. 710-11.
[Pasadena desegregation plan]: Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler, 427 U.S. 424 (1976).
[Bakke]: 438 U.S. 265 (1978), quoted at 319, 307, respectively; see also Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 711-15; Paul Brest, “Race Discrimination,” in Blasi, pp. 124-31; Timothy J. O’Neill, Bakke & The Politics of Equality (Wesleyan University Press, 1985); Laurence H. Tribe, Constitutional Choices (Harvard University Press, 1985), ch. 14. [Women’s discrimination and the Burger Court]: Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 715-18; Ruth Bader Ginsburg, “The Burger Court’s Grappling with Sex Discrimination,” in Blasi, pp. 132-57.
[Burger Court and the Fourth Amendment]: Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, pp. 645-48, 718-21; Funston, ch. 4; Yale Kamisar, “The Warren Court (Was It Really So Defense-Minded?), the Burger Court (Is It Really So Prosecution-Oriented?), and Police Investigatory Practices,” in Blasi, pp. 62-91; Schwartz, Burger Years, part 4. [“Justices gave state police”]: Kelly, Harbison, and Belz, p. 719.
654 [“Jurisprudence of Original lntention”]: Mecse address before the American Bar Association, July 9, 1985, Washington, D.C. (Department of Justice, 1985); “Excerpts of Brennan’s Speech on Constitution,” New York Times, October 13, 1985, p. 36; “Excerpts from Stevens’s Rebuttal of Meese,” ibid., October 26, 1985, p. 11; see also ibid., October 17, 1985, p. B10.