American Experiment
Page 334
AFL-CIO, 371, 457
Africa, 304, 338, 644
poverty in, 303
see also North Africa
Agent Orange, 406
Agnew, Spiro T., 460, 474, 488, 505, 558
Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War (1973), 485-6
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), 25, 30, 34, 42, 49, 64-6, 77, 122
Supreme Court invalidation of, 72, 82, 91
Aiken, Conrad, 140
Aiken, George, 484
aircraft industry, 183, 188, 189, 268
air pollution, 574
control, legislation, 389, 466
Alabama:
black voter registration in, 382-4
condition of blacks in, 1950s, 313-14, 322
see also Birmingham
Albert, Carl, 389
Aldrich, Winthrop, 71
Aldridge, John W., 616
Aldrin, Edwin, 581-2
Alexander, Charles, 138
alienation, in age of technology, 275
1960s youth, 394, 396
Alinsky, Saul, 566, 570
Allen, Pamela, 443
Allende, Salvador, 524
Alliance for Progress, 328, 331, 336
Allies, World War II, 182, 199-202, 210-11, 223-4
conferences, 195-9, 205-9, 224-226
Council of foreign Ministers, 226, 229
munitions edge over Axis, 183, 199, 200
second front discussions, 177-8, 180-1, 196-201, 207, 221-2
suspicions and differences, 197, 206-8, 210-11, 218, 220-2
Altgeld, John Peter, 249
Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 46, 55
Ambrose, Stephen, 255, 258, 262
“America Firsters,” 154
American Civil Liberties Union, 50, 310, 667
American Conservative Union, 637
American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 359
American Enterprise Institute, 624-5, 658
American Farm Bureau Federation, 49, 65
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 33, 45-6, 53, 54-6, 79, 97, 107-8, 157, 205, 603 see also AFL-CIO
American Guide Series, FWP, 139-40
American Independent party (1968), 415-16
American Labor party, 111
American League Against War and Fascism, 53
American Legion, 41
American Liberty League, 42-3, 45, 50, 63, 77, 81, 96
American Medical Association, 389
American Mercury, The (magazine), 252
American Political Science Association, 457
American Progress (monthly), 62
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), 236, 293, 310, 324, 326, 408, 607
American Telephone & Telegraph, 268, 439
American Writers’ Congress, 53
American Youth Congress, 53
Anderson, Marian, 113
anomie, 275, 285, 600
Anthony, Susan K., 452
antiballistic missiles, 478, 479
anticommunism, 230-2, 242-6, 282-3
in Congress, 230, 231-2, 233, 258-9
of Dulles under Eisenhower, 254
McCarthy, 244-6, 251-3, 258
of Nixon, 230, 232, 244, 418, 468, 480
of Reagan, 607, 642-4
in Truman Administration, 228-34, 238, 239, 243, 245
as unifier of conservative factions, 629
anti-nuclear movement, 391-2, 544, 546
churches involved in, 537-8
anti-Semitism, 45, 85, 218-19, 353
in Congress, 169, 219
anti-trust policies, 32, 214, 215, 563
anti-Vietnam War movement, 401, 407-10, 412-13, 418, 420-6, 431, 460-1, 536-7, 623
Apollo, Project, 581-2, 584-5
Appalachia, poverty in, 316
appeasement, 497
charged by anti-arms-control hawks, 333
LBJ’s fear in case of Vietnam, 401-2
Munich 1938, 158, 159
Appel, John, 308
Aptheker, Bellina, 395-6
Arab nations, 486-7, 525, 527, 558
oil, 255, 641, 644; embargo (1973), 574
Arendt, Hannah, 593
Argentina, 328, 329
arms:
exports, 155-6; to Middle East, 487; prewar embargo on, 158-9, 160
technology, 268
World War II production, 182-4
see also nuclear weapons
arms control, 333, 476-9, 488, 586
ABM Treaty (1972), 479
Eisenhower and, 256-7
Kennedy Test Ban Treaty (1963), 390, 392
SALT: I, 477-9; II, 523, 528-9, 645
arms race, 264, 333, 335, 396, 478, 527, 538, 552, 586-7
US superiority, 259, 264, 265, 333-4, 335
Armstrong, Neil, 581-2
Arnold, Gen. Henry “Hap,” 196
Aron, Raymond, 277
Arthur, Chester A., 625
art, artists, 138-9, 296, 615, 620-4, 664-5
New Deal programs for, 132-5, 138
New York School of, 621, 664
and red-baiting, 132, 134, 138, 231
Artists’ and Writers’ Union, 134
Ashmore, Harry S., 353, 355
Asia, 303, 304, 337-8
colonialism in, 338-9, 341-2
communism in, 342, 343
see also specific regions and countries
Asquith, Herbert, 90
astronomy, astrophysics, 541-2, 587
Atkinson, Brooks, 137
Atkinson. Ti-Grace, 444
Atlantic, Battle of the, 169-70, 171-2, 173, 175, 180, 197, 217, 403
Atlantic Charter, 171, 192, 338
atom bomb, 223, 224-6, 227, 465, 545, 548-9
Soviets in possession of, 239-40
atomic energy, 229, 256, 273, 548, 549, 552
Atomic Energy Commission, 391, 549
“Atoms for Peace,” 256
Attica prison (New York), 520
Attlee, Clement, 224
Auden, W. H., 159
Australia, 176, 265
Austria, German annexation of, 158
auto industry, 98, 572-8
foreign competition, 578,
production, 101, 182-3; postwar, 573
strikes, 187; 1930s, 49, 97-9; 1970, 573
automation, 272-4, 279, 285, 396, 543, 550
in printing, 281-2
Axis, Berlin-Rome-Tokyo, 157, 159, 166, 173, 177, 223-4
Allied munitions edge over, 183, 199, 200
Aycock, Alice, 623
baby-boomers, 279, 517, 660
Bachrach, Elinor, 577
Baez, Joan, 371, 396, 407, 427, 428
Bailey, Josiah W., 94
Bailyn, Bernard, 125
Baker, Ella, 357-8, 375, 379, 384
Baker, George Pierce, 136
Baker, Howard, 504
Baker, Newton D., 11
Bakke, Allan, 653
Baldwin, James, 369, 615, 620
Baldwin, Roger, 54
Balkans, 206, 211
Soviet domination of, 226, 229, 232
Ball, George, 334, 343, 410, 499
bank holiday of 1933, 24
Banking Act of 1935, 75
bankruptcies, 1980s, 640
banks and banking:
failures: Depression, 21; 1980s, 640
FDR policies, 75, 127, 213
regulation, 16, 40, 41
Baptist churches, 355, 594
Baran, Paul, 564
Barber, James David, 466
Barber, Philip, 136
Barkley, Alben, 76, 110-11, 164, 192, 203, 319
Barnett, Ross, 365
Baruch, Bernard, 10, 13, 45
bases, US, 239, 264-5
Russia encircled by, 265, 286, 334, 337
Batista, Fulgencio, 331
battered women and children, 449, 534
Bay of Pigs fiasco, 331-7, 343, 524
Beard, Charles A., 169
Beard, Mary, 29
Beatles, 429-30, 431, 432
/>
Beat subculture, 394, 426-32
Begin, Menachem, 525-6
Belafonte, Harry, 369
Belfrage, Sally, 381
Belgium, 162, 295
Bell, Daniel, 274, 277, 278
Bellah, Robert, 595, 598-9
Bell Laboratories, 550
Bellow, Saul, 297, 300, 408, 615, 619-20
Benes, Eduard, 158
Ben-Gurion, David, 546
Bennett, Harry, 573
Benny, Jack, 193-4
Benson, Elmer, 111, 114
Bentham, Jeremy, 600
Benton, Thomas Hart, 133
Benton, William, 287
Bentsen, Lloyd, 658, 659
Berkeley student rebellion, 394-6, 432
Berkshire County, Mass., 673-6, 682-3
Berle, Adolf, 13, 17, 28, 37, 64, 74, 101, 129, 213, 564
Berlin, Irving, 194
Berlin, Isaiah, 213, 219
Berlin crises, 238, 239, 240, 261, 333
Berman, Larry, 511
Bernstein, Barton, 127, 224
Bernstein, Carl, 501
Bernstein, Irving, 50, 55
Berrigan, Daniel and Philip, 421, 537
Berry, George L., 55
Bethlehem Steel, 100
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 113, 434
Bevel, James, 356, 380, 383
Bibby, John F., 663
Biddle, Francis, 190
Biddle, George, 133
Bigelow, Albert, 361
Bill of Rights, 131, 277, 281, 296, 309, 375, 539, 540, 634-640, 667, 679, 680
English, 539
Bird, Larry, 611
Birmingham, Ala., 361-2, 366-9, 372, 375
Black, Hugo, 321, 365, 667
black culture, 399-400
Blackmun, Harry A., 506, 653
Black Muslims, 386, 398, 401
black nationalism, 398-9, 401
Black Panthers, 386, 399, 401
Black Power movement, 387-8, 398-401
blacks, 120, 122, 347, 460-1, 539, 610, 667 see also civil rights movement; racial
discrimination; segregation education and income, 571
FDR and, 113, 117, 321, 359, 371
loss of unity, 388, 400-1
middle class, 314, 316
migration of, 315, 385
and New Deal, 39, 81, 358-9
one-parent families and welfare, 631
and poverty, 313-16, 385, 570-1
radical leaders, 385-8
rural South, 313-16
stereotypical attitudes toward, 353
urban North, 385-6, 388, 397-401
versus the federal government, under Kennedy, 358-72, 374-5
violence against, 352, 357, 361-2, 365, 368-9, 372, 380, 382-4, 386
violent action by, 383, 388, 399, 413; race riots, 398, 400
voting rights for, 321-3, 357, 366, 371, 378-84; registration drives, 356, 378-81, 382-4
voting Democratic, 87, 237, 382, 657, 660
as wartime labor, 188-9, 358
women, 189, 315, 434, 439-40, 451-4, 570
black separatism, 398-9
Blair, Thomas L., 399
Blinder, Alan S., 562
Blitzstein, Marc, 138-9
Bloodworth, Dennis, 470
Bloom, Allan, 665
Blum, John, 195
Blumenthal, Sidney, 629
“boat people,” 489, 494
Bohlen, Charles, 252-3
Boland Amendment, 644
Bolivar, Simon, 331
Boiling, Richard, 389
book publishing, 612, 615-17, 620
Boone, Buford, 353
Boorstin, Daniel, 278
Borah, William, 154, 158, 160
Bork, Robert IL, 505, 654, 669
Born, Max, 547
Bosch, Juan, 404
Boston Irish, 306-9, 314
Bowen, Howard R., 597, 664
Bowles, Chester, 286, 287, 340, 343, 344
Bowles, Samuel, 564
Boyer, Ernest, 597
Bozell, L. Brent, 627
Brademas, John, 559
Bradley, Bill, 641
brain trusters, 13-14, 28
Brandeis, Louis D., 13, 45, 71, 73, 89, 91, 95, 112, 122, 667
decentralization advocate, 28, 64, 74, 77, 128
Brauer, Carl, 364
Braun, Ernest, 543
Brazil, 329, 330
Brecht, Bertold, 605
Breech, Ernest R., 573
Breines, Wini, 393
Brennan, William L., 652
Breslin, Jimmy, 409
Brett, George, 610
Breytenbach, Breyten, 620
Brezhnev, Leonid, 476-7, 485-8, 523, 529
Bricker, John, 111, 191, 203, 204
Bridges, Harry, 47, 48
Brinkley, Alan, 60, 671
“brinkmanship” in foreign policy, 286, 288
Broder, David, 414, 416, 612
Brokaw, Tom, 613
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 542
Brooks, Robert R. R., 48
Broun, Heywood, 15
Browder, Earl, 53, 137, 188, 204
Brown, Harold, 524
Brownmiller, Susan, 449
Brown v. Board of Education, 321-2, 347, 354-5, 596, 651
Brubeck, Dave, 593
Bryan, William Jennings, 600, 655
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 522, 523, 527-9
Buckley, William F., Jr., 246, 626-7, 628
Budenz, Louis, 243
Bundy, McGeorge, 343, 403, 412
Burger, Warren E., 505-6, 652-4
Burke, Edmund, 626
Burma, 176, 201, 341, 495
Burns, Arthur F., 467, 556-7
Burns, James MacGregor, 513
Bush, George, 638, 639, 670
Bush, Vannevar, 549
business, 86, 101-2, 462, 600, 646
mergers and acquisitions, 267
1930s: Depression effects, 18, 19; NRA provisions, 32-3, 41; opposition to New Deal, 41-5, 63, 71-3, 102-3
postwar, 267, 575-8; federal bailouts, 577-8; white-collar crime in, 514-15
small: New Deal and, 71, 103; wartime, 186
US enterprise abroad, 295, 329, 330-1
wartime gains of, 185-6
Business Advisory Council, 103
Business Week (magazine), 185
bus segregation, 315, 348-52, 361
Butler, Hugh, 244
Butler, M. Caldwell, 507
Butler, Samuel, 274
Byrd, Harry F., 30, 119, 126
Byrd, Robert C., 378
Byrnes, James F., 24, 203, 226, 229-30, 235, 244
cable television, 607, 610, 611, 612, 613
Cadmus, Paul, 134
Cahill, Holger, 134-5
Cairo conferences (1943), 195, 198
Caldwell, Erskine, 49, 298
California, Southern, 601-4, 608-9
farm labor, 50
Calvinism, 276, 533, 600
Cambodia, 342, 418, 424-5, 527
Camp, Lawrence, 110
campaigns, political, see elections and campaigns
Camp David accord, 526
campus movement, 394-7, 413-14, 421-3, 425, 460, 532, 548
Camus, Albert, 298, 394
Cannon, Lou, 607
Cantwell, Robert, 140
capitalism, capitalists, 16, 52, 58, 101, 121, 200-1, 228, 292, 444, 517, 543, 563-5, 618, 608
ex-colonialist revolts against, 305
Khrushchev quoted on, 302
Marxist view not valid for US, 48
and New Deal, 41, 44, 45, 50-1, 72, 122-3, 131
capital punishment, 519
Cardozo, Benjamin N., 71, 89, 112
Carey, James B., 273, 287
Caribbean, 264, 328
see also Cuba; Dominican Republic
Carmichael, Stokely, 386-8, 399, 409, 442
Carnegie, Andrew, 99, 100, 543, 625
Caro, Robert, 552
car searches, 653-4
Carson, Rachel, 38
9
Carter, Hodding, 353
Carter, Jimmy, 521, 522, 629
and civil rights, 522, 524
as President, 521, 522-31; economic policy, 558-60, 562, 639, 641;
evaluation, 529-31; foreign policy, 522-9, 531, 644; human rights policy, 522-4, 526, 528, 539; “malaise” speech, 529-30, 591-3, 601, 638; self-evaluation, 530
presidential candidacies: 1976, 521, 558, 613, 625; 1980, 530, 559, 638
Carter, Rosalyn, 522
Casablanca Conference (1943), 195-7, 206
“cash and carry” exports, 160, 161
Castro, Fidel, 331-2, 336
Cater, Douglass, 283
Cather, Willa, 605
Catonsville Nine, the, 421
CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System), 59, 285, 530
censorship, 449, 534-5, 619, 635, 654
Central America, 626
US interventionism in, 328, 330-2, 490, 524, 527, 633, 644 see also Latin America
centralization vs. decentralization debate, 28-9, 66, 74, 77, 103-4, 122, 128, 560
Century Group, 164
Century of the Common Man, The (Wallace), 237, 277
Challenger space shuttle tragedy, 583-4
Chamberlain, Neville, 158, 161, 402
Chambers, Whittaker, 231-2
Chandler, A. B. “Happy,” 110-11
Chappaquiddick, 499, 511
checks and balances, see Constitution, US
chemistry, 268, 541, 553
Chevalier, Maurice, 429
Chiang Kai-shek, 171, 195, 198, 201, 208, 240, 254, 255, 337, 338, 341, 470, 473
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame 198, 240
Chicago, 19, 100, 400
Chicago Tribune. 31, 169, 202, 230, 283
child care services, 112, 440, 668
child labor, 32, 33, 667
children’s rights, 668
Chile, 330, 524
China, 218, 240, 469-70
Communist, 240, 254; bombardment of Quemoy and Matsu, 255; and India, 340, 472; in Korean War, 241-3, 418; Nixon/Kissinger policy, 468-9, 470-5, 488; nuclear weapons of, 485; Soviet estrangement, 260, 265, 469, 472, 474-6, 485-6, 488, 526-9; in triangular policy, 469, 474-6, 488, 496, 526-9; and Vietnam, 405, 472, 476, 529
Japanese aggression, 158, 170-1, 173, 470
“loss” of, 241, 243, 247, 342, 402, 404, 468
Nationalist, 240, 243, 254, 472, 578; US break with, 474, 529, 644; Western Allies and, 197, 198, 201, 470
Open Door policy, 170, 470
Stimson Doctrine, 170, 470
views in the US of, 469-70
views of the US in, 337-8, 470
“China card,” 528
China Lobby, 243, 468, 475
Chisholm, Shirley, 439, 457-8, 499
Chou En-lai, 405, 472-5
Christian, Meg, 451
Christian Voices, 627-8
Chrysler Corporation, 99, 577-8
churches, 594-6
as civil rights battle base, 355-6
degendering of, 457-8
membership statistics, 594-5
peace stance of, 536-8
Churchill, Sir Winston, 7, 122, 158, 161, 232, 255, 592