anti-Soviet unrest, 257-8
“liberation of captive peoples” goal of US, 256, 257-8
Soviet domination over, 210-11, 221, 226, 229, 258, 469
Yalta discussion on, 206-7, 211
Eastland, James, 319-20, 323
Eastman, Max, 202, 628
Eccles, Marriner, 75, 102, 287
“economic bill of rights” of FDR, 16, 202-3, 276-7, 344, 666
economic equality, 77, 84, 538, 637, 667
see also equality of opportunity
Economic Opportunity Act, 566, 567
economic planning, 77, 102-3, 560, 563-5
corporate, 563, 573
“democratic,” 565
New Deal era failures, 130-1, 214-15
economics, 553-4, 560-5, 571-2
Chicago School of, 562
Galbraith, 562-3
Hayek, 560
Keynesian, 102, 103, 130, 561-2
laissez-faire views, 42, 560-1
Marxist, neo-Marxist, 564-5
monetarism, 562, 564
supply-side, 639-40, 641
economic security, 16, 41, 75, 122, 202-3, 213, 538-9, 560, 666
economy:
Carter policies, 558-60, 562, 639, 641
centralization vs. decentralization debate of 1930s, 28, 74, 77, 103-4, 128
Great Depression, 18-19, 31, 39-41
interventionism in, 554-7, 560-1 (see also economic planning)
New Deal programs, 23-7, 30-5, 37, 40-1, 62, 63-6, 75-6, 214-15 (see also New Deal)
in 1950s, 264, 267, 555
Nixon/Ford policies, 554-8
Reagan years, 633, 638, 639-42;
recession, 562, 640-1
Roosevelt recession of 1937-39, 101-4, 114, 128, 130, 214
rural South, 314, 315
stagflation, 557-8, 559, 639
wartime, 182-4, 186, 215
see also banking; business; industry; inflation; unemployment
Eden, Anthony, 195, 206, 255, 341, 405
Edison, Thomas, 270, 542
Editor & Publisher, 282
education, 553, 594, 596-8, 663-5, 681-2
federal role in, 553, 629;
Eisenhower measures, 285, 320;
Great Society (LBJ) measures, 389, 566; K
ennedy measures, 370, 566;
Reagan cuts, 639
racial discrimination in, 236, 314, 321-3, 365, 370, 378 (see also schools)
sex discrimination in, 433, 439
trivializalion of, 597-8, 601
Egypt, 257, 486-7, 574
Camp David accord, 525-6
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 295
Ehrlichman, John, 467, 503-5, 513
Einstein, Albert, 269, 544-7
Eisenhower, David, 510
Eisenhower, Dwight D,, 236, 246, 263, 266, 289, 448, 543, 593, 607
and McCarthy, 249-50, 252-3, 258
and Nixon, 250, 326
as President, 252-63, 267, 277, 285, 418, 466, 467, 560-1, 573, 630; “Atoms for Peace” plan, 256; and civil rights issue, 322-3, 352, 359; domestic measures, 285, 320, 321, 322-3; evaluation and criticism, 255-6; foreign policy, 253-63, 285-7, 331, 340, 342, 490; and Korea, 254, 255, 418; military spending, 255, 256, 262; recession, 555; rejects atomic strikes and foreign adventurism, 255; and space program, 259, 579, 584, 585; Supreme Court appointments, 322, 652; U-2 incident, 261-3, 476
presidential candidacies, 460, 479, 637; 1952, 246-8, 249-51, 253, 286, 312; 1956, 257, 286
in World War II, 180, 198; as ETO commander, 199-201, 205, 206
elderly, Townsend proposals for, 67
elections and campaigns, 646-7
congressional: 1918, 190, 191; 1932, 19; 1934, 37, 63, 70; 1936, 87; 1938, 108-11, 117-18; 1942, 190-1; 1946, 230; 1948, 238; 1950, 245; 1952, 253, 285; 1964, 390, 404; 1972, 461, 479; 1980, 629, 632, 639
media use in, 312, 324, 613
presidential, 1860 and 1896, 655-6; 1912, 118-19, 236; 1924, 11-12, 46, 416, 656; 1928, 656; 1932, 3-6, 10-18, 42, 61, 656, 662; 1936, 79-86, 87, 91, 117-18, 656; 1940, 161, 163-5, 656; 1944, 203-5; 1948, 235-9; 1952, 246-51, 253, 625, 637; 1956, 257, 286, 287, 637; 1960, 262, 323-6, 331, 512, 555, 625, 637: 1964, 380-2, 625, 637; 1968, 412-16, 555-625, 637: 1972, 458, 460-2, 469, 479, 481, 511, 557; 1976, 521, 558, 613, 625, 637-8, 656; 1980, 530, 559, 638, 649, 656; 1984, 641, 644, 649, 661; 1988, 657-8, 659, 661-2, 668, 669-70; primary system, 117, 647, 662; reform proposals, 650
state: 1972, 53; 1934 (Wisconsin), 68; 1936, 87; 1938, 111; 1942, 190-1
voter turnout decrease, 646, 661
electric power, 13, 14, 264
New Deal programs, 26, 76, 191, 214
electronics industry, 268, 273, 542-3, 550-1, 572
Eliot, T. S. 136, 233
Ellison, Ralph, 297, 408, 615, 620
Ellsberg, Daniel, 425-6, 499, 504, 513
Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, 546
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 142, 338
employment:
discrimination in: ethnic, 308; outlawed, 378, 437; racial, 188-9, 315; sex, 81, 188, 433, 437, 439, 446-7, 457
fair, 1948 and 1952 proposals, 236, 250
full, inflationary effect of, 561
wartime, 184, 188, 453, 648
women in, 188, 453
see also job programs
End Poverty in California (EPIC), 69, 603, 604
energy crisis, 1970s, 530, 574-5, 591
Engels, Friedrich, 567
entitlement programs, 41, 218, 641
environmental pollution, 552, 574, 575
environmental protection, 466, 629, 651
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974), 439
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 437, 439, 446
equality, 124-5, 635, 667-9
of condition, 124, 668
economic, 77, 84, 538, 635, 667
and liberty, 125, 267, 635, 679-80; as
competing values, 631, 679
of opportunity, 77, 122, 124-5, 278, 440, 454, 668, 679; FDR on, 16, 84, 203; JFK on, 370
equal pay for equal work, 188, 538
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 434, 438-9, 452, 457, 458-9, 628
Erikson, Erik, 348
Ervin, Sam, 502, 503-5
Escape from Freedom (Fromm), 279
estate tax, 76, 191, 639
Ethiopia, 63, 79, 156, 527
Europe:
1939 war danger, 149-51, 153, 155-9
postwar, 260, 294-6; goals of Eisenhower Administration for, 254, 256, 257-8; Marshall Plan aid to, 233, 265, 295, 496, 555; and NATO, 265; reaction to American literature in, 297-301; Soviet military buildup in, 528; Soviet sphere of domination, 210-11; Yalta discussions on, 206-7, 211
World War II in, 159-64, 166-70, 177, 180, 182, 196, 199-201, 206, 211, 223-4; cross-Channel attack, 177-8, 180-1, 196-201, 207
see also Eastern Europe; Western Europe
European Economic Community, 538
Evans, M. Stanton, 626
Evers, Medgar, 372, 380
executive branch (federal), 114-15, 647-8
FDR’s reorganization bill, 105-6, 115, 131
executive privilege, doctrine of, 505-6
existentialism, 394
Ezekiel, Mordecai, 102
Fairbank, John K., 469
Fair Deal, 236, 239, 320, 359, 461, 629, 639, 652
fair employment, 1948 and 1952
proposals for, 236, 250
Fair Employment Practices Committee, 321
Family Assistance Plan (FAP), 567
Fanon, Frantz, 388
Faraday, Michael, 269, 542, 547
Farley, James, 4, 11, 14, 15, 23, 80, 82, 102, 110-11, 117, 164, 243
Farmer, James, 356, 361-3, 371
Farmer-Labor party, 68
Farmers’ Alliance, 655
farming, farmers, 16, 49, 64-6, 81, 114, 122, 656
Depression effects on, 19
FDR’s goals for, 5, 16, 35, 64
foreclosures: 1930s, 19, 25; 1980s, 640
; New Deal programs for, 25, 40-1, 64-6, 81, 107, 213
production increases, 268
as special interest group, 107
subsidies and price controls, 629; Eisenhower Administration, 285, 320; Fair Deal, 236; Nixon Administration, 466
surpluses, 16, 64-5
technological advances in, 268
farm labor, 40, 54, 66, 81, 141, 268-9
strikes, 49-50, 452
Farm Security Administration, 104, 191
Farrell, James T., 144
fascism, 20, 54, 101, 137, 220, 279
FDR charged with, 43
Niebuhr and, 292-3
Faulkner, William, 297, 298-9, 593, 605, 615, 620
Fay, James H., 111
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 230, 361, 514, 546
in Watergate affair, 499-500, 501, 508
Federal Art Project (FAP), 134-5
federal budget, 559, 639
balancing, 13, 79, 560; Carter’s problems, 559; FDR’s dilemma, 19, 21, 35, 64, 101, 103, 214-15, 374; Ford and, 558; Kennedy and, 374; Reagan and, 639, 640, 641; supply-side theory, 639
deficit, 102, 103, 130, 215, 333, 555, 562; Reagan years, 633, 640, 645 see also federal spending
Federal Employee Loyalty Program, 230
federal regulation, see government regulation
Federal Reserve Board, 75, 102, 555, 556, 562, 647
federal revenue sharing, 466-7, 556
federal spending, 466, 554-5, 558, 561-2
Keynesian arguments, 102, 103, 130, 215, 561-2
New Deal, 30, 64, 104, 107, 128, 214, 561
Reagan cuts, 639
special interest pressure for, 107, 641
Roosevelt cuts and recession, 101 see also defense spending; federal budget
Federal Theatre Project (FTP), 135-8
Federal Writers’ Project (FWP), 139-41
Federation of American Scientists, 549
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 436
feminism, 436-60, 534-5, 618 (see also women’s liberation movement)
Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce (FACT), 535
feminist publications, 439, 447
Feminists (group), 444
Field, Marshall, III, 283
Fields, Gracie, 184
filibuster, 321, 322, 323, 360, 376-7, 647
film industry, 601-3, 604-8, 612, 620
Finland, 160-1, 221
Firestone, Shulamith, 443-5
Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, 515
First Amendment rights, 281, 395, 426, 534-5, 651, 654, 667
fiscal policy:
FDR’s lack of strategy, 130-1, 214-15
Keynesian, 102-3, 130, 561-2
Nixon, 555
see also federal spending
Fish, Hamilton, 41, 165, 169, 190, 507
Fish, Hamilton, Jr., 507
FitzGerald, Frances, 406
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 296, 298, 568, 605, 608
Fitzgerald, John “Honey Fitz,” 309-10
Flacks, Richard, 422
Flanagan, Hallie, 136-8
Fletcher, Rear Adm. Frank Jack, 179
Flink, James, 574
folk music, 428-9
Fonda, Jane, 499
food stamp program, 639
Ford, Gerald R., 488, 521
as President, 557-8, 560, 586, 625, 630, 637; foreign policy, 488-9, 523, 524; pardon of Nixon, 498, 522, 558
as presidential candidate, 613, 625, 637-8
Ford, Henry, 21, 32, 543, 573, 576, 578
Ford, Henry, II, 271, 573, 575, 576-7
Ford Foundation, 296
Ford Motor Company, 56, 99, 183, 187, 188, 485, 515, 572-3, 576-7
as leader in automation, 272, 273, 274
Foreign Affairs (journal), 229
foreign affairs and policy, 489-96, 535-40
bipartisanship in, 204, 235, 285-6, 493, 494, 497
brinkmanship in, 286, 288
Carter Administration, 522-9, 531, 644
containment, 239, 286-7, 290, 491, 496
economics, 555-6
Eisenhower Administration, 253-63, 285-7, 331, 340, 342, 490
Ford Administration, 488-9, 523, 524
human rights, 496, 538-40, 638
intellectual critics of cold war policies, 288-94
Johnson Administration, 391, 401-6, 410-13, 467, 491, 524 (see also Vietnam War)
Kennedy Administration, 328-9, 331-7, 339-44, 390, 491, 495-6, 524
massive retaliation policy, 254, 286
national interest and, 291-2
Nixon Administration, 417-20, 422-6, 467-88, 491, 492-4, 496, 524
power exercised in, 291-2, 496
Reagan Administration, 537, 538, 624-5
realist thinking in, 290-2, 293-4
Realpolitik, 159, 216, 217, 223, 465, 488
Roosevelt Administration, 35-7, 149-57, 158-74, 205-12, 234, 290, 328 (see also World War II)
sphere-of-interest, balance-of-power policy, 232, 234, 239-40
triangular diplomacy, 469, 474-6, 488, 496, 527
Truman Administration, 229-30, 232-5, 239-43, 285-6, 289, 290, 340, 342, 402, 468, 490
see also arms control; cold war; détente; internationalism; interventionism; isolationism; summit meetings; unilateralism
foreign aid, 339-40, 669
foreign trade, 35-6, 264, 555-6
deficit, 557
tariffs, 17, 36, 490, 556
Forman, James, 371, 379, 384, 386
Forrestal, James, 229
Forsythe, David, 540
Fortune magazine, 55, 98, 108, 273, 276, 280, 563
Foster, William Z, 18
Four Freedoms, 203, 266, 276, 281, 666, 672
four-party politics, 119, 126, 236, 491
Fourteenth Amendment, 321, 438, 653
Fourth Amendment, 653
Fox, Richard W., 293
Frady, Marshall, 415
France, 126, 295, 296
Allied D-Day invasion, 199-201; deliberations on, 177-8, 180-1, 196-9, 207
American writers celebrated in, 297-8
appeasement of Hitler by, 157-8
in Indochina, 171, 178, 208, 255, 341-2
nuclear weapons of, 257
in Suez crisis, 257
in World War II, 159, 162-3; Vichy government, 171, 181
Franco, Francisco, 149, 156, 181
Frank, Anne, diary of, 619
Frank, Jerome, 66
Frankel, Charles, 666
Frankel, Max, 497
Frankenthaler, Helen, 621
Frankfurter, Felix, 13, 28-9, 45, 73, 74, 77, 95, 112, 231, 321, 667
Franklin, Benjamin, 593
Frazier, E. Franklin, 355
“freed intelligence,” 124
freedom, 266-7, 275-81, 337-8, 532, 538-40, 598, 665-7, 679
American literary treatment of, 299-301
Atlantic Charier, 192, 338
Bill of Rights, 281, 296, 375, 667
civil-political vs. economic-social, 124, 303, 538-40, 666
Declaration of the United Nations, 178
definition, problems of, 121, 124, 276, 281, 539-40, 665-6, 672
economic intervention and, 42, 560
FDR’s achievements for, 131, 202-3, 213, 216, 218, 666; Four Freedoms, 203, 266, 276, 281, 666, 672
Hitler’s perversion of, 202, 666
as ideology, 276-8
Kennedy’s concept and inaugural words, 326-7, 335, 370, 375
Lippmann’s concept of, 289-90
meaning for blacks, 371-2, 375, 401
middle classes and, 278-9
PEN Congress debate on, 617-20
technology of, 266-75
Third World demands for, 305-6, 337-44, 404, 407, 539
Western tradition and sources, 539-40
Freedom Democratic Party, Mississippi, 380-2
“Freedom Summer,” 380, 384, 395
Freeman, Jo, 443, 453, 455-6
Freeman, Orville, 325
free-marketers, 267, 627-9
see also laissez-faire
Free Speech Movement (FSM), 395-6, 397
Freidel, Frank, 16, 24
Freud, Sigmund, 274, 276, 436
Frey, John, 55
Frick, Henry Clay, 99, 100
Friedan, Betty, 436-8, 439-41, 450, 454-5, 618
Friedman, Milton, 562, 627
Fromm, Erich, 279, 599
Frost, Robert, 297, 299-300, 593, 615, 674
Fulbright. J. William, 291
fundamentalism, 448, 458, 534, 627-8
Gable, Clark, 166, 605, 606
Gaddis, John Lewis, 496
Gagarin, Yuri A., 580, 581, 584
Gagey, Edmond, 137
Gaither, H. Rowan, Jr., 259
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 287, 340, 343, 510, 562-3, 573
Galenson, Walter, 98
Gandhi, Mohandas, 338, 339, 348, 352, 357, 364, 409, 421, 461, 546
Gannett, Frank, 105
Gans, Herbert, 622
GAP Communications, 613
Garfield, James R., 122
Garner, John, 11, 14, 22, 37, 93, 96, 110, 126, 159, 164
Garthoff, Raymond, 487
Garvey, Marcus, 385
gays, see homosexuals; lesbians
Gaza Strip, 482, 525-6
Gemini, Project, 582
General Electric Company, 268, 607
General Motors Corporation, 42, 43, 56, 98, 557, 572, 575-6
strikes: 1937, 98-9; 1970, 573
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (Keynes), 130
genetic experimentation, 552
Geneva Accords on Vietnam (1954), 342, 405
Geneva summit meeting (1955), 257
George, Walter, 110-11, 116, 118, 119, 126, 285, 319
George VI, King, 199
Gephardt, Richard, 641
Germany, 150, 219
Nazi regime, 20, 149-51, 166, 207; acts of aggression, 149, 157-8, 159; Axis member, 157, 159, 167, 173, 176; Holocaust, 218-19, 267; pact with Soviet Union, 151, 159, 197; in World War II, 159, 161-4, 166, 168, 175-6, 177-8, 180-1, 197, 200, 206, 211, 223-4
postwar, 224, 240; reunification issue, 256, 332 (see also West Germany)
Giap, Vo Nguyen, 419, 480
Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 269, 270, 542
Gide, André, 298
Gilford, Walter, 71
gift tax, 76, 191, 639
Gilder, George F., 627
Ginsberg, Allen, 394, 430
Ginzburg, Aleksandr, 523
Giraud, Henri, 195
Girdler, Thomas, 100
Gitlin, Todd, 431, 432
Glad, Betty, 521, 559, 643
Glass, Carter, 24, 30, 75, 110, 118
Glenn, John, 580-1, 586
Goebbels, Joseph, 224
Golan Heights, 486-7
Gold Clause cases, Supreme Court, 72, 89
Golden, Harry, 353
gold policy:
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