American Experiment

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American Experiment Page 337

by James Macgregor Burns


  FDR, 35, 36, 37, 72

  Nixon, 555-6

  Goldwater, Barry, 378, 381, 382, 390, 404, 491, 508, 566, 625-6, 637, 638, 656

  Gompers, Samuel, 45, 54

  Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 258

  Goodman, Paul, 394

  Good Neighbor League, 83, 117

  Good Neighbor Policy, 328, 524

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 633, 644

  Gordimer, Nadine, 620

  Gordon, Kermit, 561

  Göring, Hermann, 150

  Gorky, Arshile, 621

  government:

  American system: conditions of, 115, 120, 125-6, 129, 491, 632, 645-8, 655, 663; democratization of progressive era, 646-7; reform proposals, 648-50 (see also party system)

  federal: centralization of, 16, 29-30, 42, 74, 646; centralization vs. decentralization debate, under FDR, 28-9, 66, 74, 77, 122; invigorated by FDR, 213; prolabor, divergence from Marxist model, 48; reorganization bill (1937), 105-6, 115, 131

  Lippmann’s concept of, 289-90

  press as fourth branch of, 283

  government planning, see economic

  planning; planning, comprehensive government regulation, 466, 560

  New Deal, 42, 121, 122

  Reagan reversal, 639

  Graham, Billy, 465

  Graham, Martha, 593

  Graham, Otis, 122

  Grahn, Judy, 451

  grain deals, US-USSR, 476, 478, 644

  Grange, 49, 65

  Grant, Ulysses S., 178, 505

  Grass, Günter, 618-19

  Graubard, Stephen, 553

  Great Britain, 125, 295, 296

  appeasement of Hitler by, 157-8

  colonialism, 208, 338-9

  nuclear weapons of, 257

  in Suez crisis, 257

  in World War II, 159, 161-4, 175-6, 177-8, 180-1, 196-7, 199-200, 211, 222, 223-4; Battle of Britain, 164, 167; US aid, 161, 162, 164, 166-70

  “Great Marianas Turkey Shoot,” 201

  Great Society, 390, 401, 516, 629, 630, 639

  Greece, 149, 169, 211, 229, 232-3, 239, 265

  Green, Theodore, 48

  Green, William, 33, 55-7, 105

  Greenberg, Daniel, 549-50

  Greenfield, Jeff, 428

  Greenstein, Fred I., 255

  Griffin, Susan, 449

  Griffith, D. W., 602

  Grissom, Gus, 580

  Gromyko, Andrei, 206, 211, 477, 486, 491

  Gross, Chaim, 135

  gross national product (GNP): US, 1950s, 264

  Western vs. communist bloc vs. Third World nations, 304

  Group, the (experimental theater), 145-6

  Grove Press, 447

  Gruening, Ernest, 403, 407

  Guadalcanal, battle of, 179

  Guantánamo Naval Base, 330, 337

  Guatemala, 331, 524

  Guevara, Ché, 336

  Guffey Bituminous Coal Act, 72, 90

  Gumbleton, Bishop Thomas J., 537

  Guthrie, Woody, 142-3, 428

  Haber, Al, 392

  Hagler, “Marvelous Marvin,” 609

  Hague, Frank, 16

  Haig, Alexander, 480, 482, 638, 645

  Haight-Ashbury culture, 430

  Haile Selassie, emperor of Ethiopia, 79, 137

  Haiti, 329-30

  Haldeman, H. R. “Bob,” 418, 473, 479, 503-4, 505, 513, 554, 557

  Hall, Gus, 243

  Hamer, Fannie Lou, 379-82

  Hamilton, Alexander, 507, 646, 648

  Hand, Learned, 667

  Hansen, Alvin, 561

  Harding, Warren G., 466, 505, 636

  Hargrove, Erwin C, 531

  Harlem, New York City, 385

  Harriman, W. Averell, 103, 206, 285, 287-8, 343

  Harris, David, 426

  Hart, Gary, 658

  Hartz, Louis, 122, 626

  Harvard Educational Review, 596-7

  Harvard University, 271, 519, 532, 538

  Havens, Richie, 427

  Hawaii, 176, 264

  Hawks, Howard, 605

  Hawley, Ellis, 214

  Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 299, 674

  Hayden, Casey, 442

  Hayden, Tom, 392

  Hayek, Friedrich August von, 560, 627

  Healey, Dorothy, 603

  health programs, 112, 389, 466, 559, 639

  Hearst, William Randolph, 10, 11, 31, 35, 82, 154, 282

  Hearst newspapers, 10, 31, 41, 46, 82, 105, 123, 205, 243, 282, 606

  Hechinger, Fred, 597

  Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 281, 461

  Height, Dorothy, 371

  Heisenberg, Werner, 269

  Heller, Walter, 287, 561

  Helsinki Accords, 488-9, 523

  Hemingway, Ernest, 297, 298-9, 593, 605, 615, 620

  Henderson, Leon, 102

  Hendrix, Jimi, 427

  Henry, Patrick, 634

  Herblock cartoons, 465, 624

  Hernandez, Aileen, 437, 440

  Herring, George, 406

  Hersey, John, 195, 311

  Hersh, Seymour M., 498, 500

  Hicks, Granville, 300

  High, Stanley, 68

  High Culture, 622, 623-4

  Hillman, Sidney, 46, 55-6, 84, 107, 204, 287

  hippie culture of 1960s, 394, 426-32

  Hiroshima, 225, 234, 391, 408

  Hiss, Alger, 231-2, 244, 252, 426, 468, 625

  Hitler, Adolf, 7, 20, 63, 105, 149-52, 221, 222, 260, 545

  acts of aggression, 149, 157-8, 159

  perversion of meaning of freedom, 202, 666

  Roosevelt and, 149-52, 173, 176, 202, 210

  and war declaration on US, 172, 175-6

  in World War II, 161-2, 164, 166-7, 169-72, 175-6, 180-1, 200

  Hobbes, Thomas, 600

  Ho Chi Minh, 341, 402, 406, 418

  Hoffman, Abbie, 432

  Hofstadter, Richard, 44, 288, 626

  Hollywood, 194, 601-3, 604-8, 620

  alleged communism in, 231

  Khrushchev’s visit to, 260, 301

  Hollywood Production Code, 606

  Hollywood Ten, 231

  Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 112, 216, 231

  Holocaust, 218-19, 267, 525

  home foreclosures, Depression years, 26, 41

  homelessness, Reagan years, 540

  homosexuality, 450, 533

  Hook, Sidney, 276, 277, 278

  Hoover, Herbert, 22, 58, 62, 123, 600, 625

  as enlightened conservative, 668

  1932 presidential candidate, 3, 14, 15, 16, 17-18, 55, 521

  in 1936 campaign, 83, 85

  as President, 20-1, 35, 101, 170, 253; and Latin America, 328, 329; and Supreme Court, 71, 93

  Hoover, J. Edgar, 462, 499

  Hoover Administration, 25, 40, 45-6

  Hopkins, Harry, 34, 102, 112, 114, 163, 168, 174-5, 196, 206, 223, 566, 570

  as WPA director, 76; cultural projects, 133, 134, 136, 140

  Hopkins, Jerry, 430

  Home, Lena, 369

  Horner, Henry, 249

  hostage crisis of 1979-80, 530, 531, 638

  Houghton Mifflin, 139, 140

  House Committee on Un-American Activities, 112, 132, 230-2, 395, 546

  Houseman, John, 136

  House of Representatives, US, 647-8, 655

  arts bills of 1938-39, killed by, 132

  and civil rights measures, 321, 375-6

  Democratic majorities in, 37, 87, 111, 238, 245, 390, 479, 555, 558, 639

  four-year term proposal, 650

  1937 reorganization bill killed, 106, 107

  Reagan coalition majorities in, 639-40

  Republican gains in, 1938, 111; 1942, 191

  Republican majorities in: 1947-48, 230; 1953-54; 253, 285

  House Judiciary Committee, 498, 506-7

  House Rules Committee, 106, 111, 321, 375-6

  House Un-American Activities Committee, see House Committee on Un-American Activities

  House Ways and Mea
ns Committee, 192

  housing problems, 540, 570, 633

  housing programs:

  Eisenhower Administration, 285, 320

  Fair Deal, 236

  Great Society (LBJ), 389

  New Deal, 26, 214, 648

  Reagan cuts, 639

  Howe, Irving, 409, 616, 631

  Howe, Louis, 3-4, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 64

  Howells, William Dean, 299

  HUAC, see House Committee on Un-American Activities

  Hubble Space Telescope, 587

  Hudson, Marion, 434, 441

  Hughes, Charles Evans, 22, 71, 72, 88, 89, 90, 92, 119, 593

  and Court-packing plan, 93, 94-5

  Hughes, Howard, 504

  Hughes, Robert, 622

  Hull, Cordell, 13, 17, 23, 35-6, 151, 154, 158-9, 163, 164, 166, 203, 219, 328

  human rights, 496, 522-3

  Helsinki Accords, 488-9, 523

  UN Declaration of, 523, 538-40

  US policy, 538-40; Carter, 522-4, 526, 528, 539; Reagan, 540, 638

  Humphrey, Hubert, 237, 259, 325, 381, 412

  as presidential candidate: in 1960, 324; in 1968, 415-16, 417, 461, 555

  as Senator, 319-20, 376-7

  as Vice President, 389

  Hungary, 158

  1956 revolt in, 258, 286, 288, 527

  Hunt-Perry, Patricia, 537

  Hurd, Peter, 135

  Huston Plan, 499

  Hutcheson, William “Big Bill,” 55, 56

  Hutchins, Robert, 594

  hydrogen bomb, 240, 256-7, 287, 391, 546, 549

  Soviets in possession of, 256

  Iacocca, Lee, 573, 577

  Ickes, Harold, 23, 29, 34, 37, 71, 73, 93, 102, 113, 114, 118, 133, 165, 216, 593

  opposes internment of Japanese, 190

  “soft on communism” charges against, 112

  as unilateralist, 154

  illiteracy, 566, 594

  immigration laws, 389

  impeachment, 506-7, 511, 648, 650

  imperialism, 208, 218, 338, 419, 444, 470

  American, 264-5, 397, 524;

  economic and cultural, 295-6

  “imperial presidency,” 510, 511, 646

  income:

  family: black vs. white, 314, 571; 1950-60s vs. 1970-80s increase, 660; rich vs. poor, 669; wartime increase, 184

  per capita, 266

  see also wages

  income tax, 76, 191, 554-5, 639

  India, 176, 208, 218, 338-9, 348, 472

  Eleanor Roosevelt’s visit to, 339

  Jacqueline Kennedy’s visit to, 340-1

  Kennedy policy toward, 339-41

  living conditions, 303, 305, 339

  question of independence for, 178, 208, 338, 341

  individualism, individual rights, 16, 42, 121, 123, 124, 213, 267, 275, 280-1, 296, 338, 539, 598-601, 672

  equality as competing value, 631

  of libertarians, 534, 627

  of New Left, 393

  vs. other-directedness and conformity, 279-80

  and self-indulgence, 600-1

  see also liberty, individual

  Individualism Reconsidered (Riesman), 280

  Indochina, 338, 341, 424

  French colonialism in, 178, 208, 255, 341-2

  Geneva Accords of 1954, 342, 405

  Japanese designs on, 171, 172

  “loss” of, 342, 401-2, 404

  US involvement: Eisenhower and, 255, 342; under Johnson, 401-2; Kennedy

  and, 342-4 (see also Vietnam War)

  industrial revolution, 57, 273, 274, 279

  industry, 31, 268-9

  automation in, 272-3, 274, 279, 543

  “human engineering” and “human relations” in, 271

  New Deal revival of, 30-1

  production, 266; mid-1930s, 101;

  postwar, 264; wartime, 182-4, 186, 199

  inflation:

  1970s, 531, 554-62 passim, 591

  postwar, 230,

  World War II, 187

  information revolution, 550-1, 552

  Ingersoll, Ralph, 283, 593

  initiative, referendum, recall, 647

  Institute for Advanced Study, 296, 545

  intellectualism, intellectuals, 15, 276-81, 298, 546-8

  critique of cold war policies by, 288-94

  left wing, 394, 409, 462, 565, 625, 629-32

  of 1960s movements, 394, 401, 409, 459-60, 461-2

  right wing, 625-8

  “New York,” 616-17

  intellectual leadership, 671-2

  gap, 35, 129-30, 214-16, 344, 667, 671

  Tocquevillian void in, 125, 214, 294, 518-19, 548, 593, 595, 665, 667-8, 671

  Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (1947), 265

  interest rates, 1970-80s, 531, 555, 562, 638

  Interim Agreement, US-USSR, 478

  internationalism, 36, 152-5, 165, 208

  postwar, 236, 247, 253

  of Roosevelt, 152, 155

  Wilsonian, 11, 35, 152

  International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 46, 55, 138

  International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA), 46-7

  International Monetary and Economic Conference (London, 1933), 35-6

  International Union of Electrical Workers, 273

  International Women’s Year Commission, 452

  interstate highway system, 285, 573-4

  interventionism, interventionists, 497

  1930s and World War II, 154, 155, 157, 165, 167, 169

  in Latin America, 328, 330-2, 490, 524

  investment tax credit, 556

  Iowa, U.S.S., 198

  Iran, 229, 266

  US relations with, 255, 643; hostage crisis, 530, 531, 638; secret dealings of Reagan White House, 495, 633

  Iran-Contra affair, 633, 644, 645, 647, 651, 655

  Irish immigrants, 305, 306-9, 313, 387

  “iron curtain,” 228

  IRS (Internal Revenue Service), 499

  isolationism, isolationists, 219

  postwar, 234, 236, 247, 286

  prewar, 36, 151, 153-7, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 167; and Lend-Lease, 169

  Israel, 546

  Camp David accord, 525-6

  Six-Day War, 486

  in Suez crisis, 257

  Yom Kippur War, 487, 574

  Italian-Americans, 387

  Italy, 295, 337

  fascist, 20, 149; as Axis member, 157, 159, 176; invasion of Albania, 149, 158; invasion of Ethiopia, 79, 156; in World War II, 163, 177, 196, 197-8, 211, 217

  Iwo Jima, 206, 211, 224, 675

  Jackson, Andrew, 88, 90, 218, 648, 679

  Jackson, George, 520

  Jackson, Henry M., 521

  Jackson, Jesse, 658, 661, 662

  Jackson, Jimmie Lee, 382-3

  Jackson State College, 425

  Jagger, Mick, 430

  James, Henry, 620

  James, William, 125, 217, 292, 671

  Janowitz, Morris, 612

  Japan, 341

  as Axis member, 157, 159, 167-8, 173, 176

  invasion of China, 157-8, 170-1, 173, 470

  postwar, 472, 548;

  economic competition, 556, 578, 633; US defense partner, 265

  prewar US relations with, 170-1, 172-4

  views of the US in, 337-8

  in World War II, 173-80, 201-2, 207-8, 210, 211, 224; capitulation, 225, 226

  Japanese-Americans, wartime “relocation” of, 189-90, 218

  Jaworski, Leon, 505

  Jefferson, Thomas, 88, 137, 142, 213, 218, 337, 341, 549, 634, 648

  Jefferson Airplane (rock group), 427, 430, 431

  Jeffersonians, 11, 13, 23, 42, 116, 679

  Jenner, William, 230, 249

  Jennings, Peter, 613

  Jews, 353, 387, 525, 595, 601

  Nazi persecution of, 218-19

  New York intellectuals, 616-17

  in Soviet Union, 488

  Jim Crow laws, 313, 355
r />   Job Corps, 390

  job discrimination, see employment: discrimination in

  job programs, 556

  New Deal, 25, 27, 34, 76, 81, 104

  training, 370, 566

  War on Poverty, 566

  John XXIII, Pope, 536

  Johnson, Andrew, 506

  Johnson, Hiram, 14, 16, 24, 36, 73, 94, 151

  Johnson, Gen. Hugh, 13, 32-3, 55, 77, 114

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 306, 317-20, 584

  background and education of, 317-18, 323

  and civil rights issue, 322-3, 324, 375, 377-8, 381-2, 383-4, 657

  as Congressman, 110-11, 318-19, 323

  exposure to poverty, 317-18, 323

  as a politician, 318-20

  populist compassion of, 319

  as President, 375-8, 382, 409, 496, 499, 549, 561, 651, 656-7; domestic program of, 375, 377-8, 383-4, 389-90, 439, 461; foreign policy, 467, 524; tax policy, 554-5; and Vietnam War, 391, 401-7, 410-13, 417-19, 491, 593; War on Poverty, 516, 566-7, 568, 570-1

  as presidential candidate: in 1960, 323-5; in 1964, 381-2, 637

  and Robert Kennedy, 325, 402, 413

  as Senator, 319-20; Majority Leader, 313, 320, 322-3, 578-9

  vice-presidential candidacy of, 325, 360, 373

  Johnson, Rebekah Baines, 317

  Johnson, Sam Ealy, 317

  Johnston, Eric, 267

  Jones, Jesse, 28, 48, 318-19

  Jong, Erica, 618

  Joplin, Janis, 430, 431

  Jordan, 486, 526

  Jordan, Barbara, 507

  Jordan, Hamilton, 530

  journalism, 282-3, 612

  see also newspapers

  Journal of Philosophy, The, 121

  Judaism, 57, 536

  judiciary, 116, 646, 651-2, 667

  see also Supreme Court, US Justice Department, and Watergate, 500, 505

  juvenile delinquency, 569

  Kalmbach, Herbert, 501

  Kant, Immanuel, 276, 600

  Katzenbach, Nicholas, 370

  Kazin, Alfred, 131, 139, 141, 409, 615-16

  Kearns, Doris, 319, 401, 403, 413

  Kefauver, Estes, 248, 286, 287, 319

  Kehler, Randy, 425-6

  Keller, Kent, 107

  Kemp, Jack, 641

  Kempton, Murray, 99

  Kennan, George, 288, 290, 293, 294, 538

  “long telegram” of, and X article, 227-8, 229, 234, 290

  Kennedy, Edward, 412, 499, 623

  1980 presidential candidacy, 530, 531, 559

  Kennedy, Jacqueline, 332, 340-1, 677-8

  Kennedy, John F., 306, 309-13, 377, 378, 382, 414, 521, 656-7, 677-8

  ancestry and background of, 309-10, 323

  assassination of, 373-4, 382, 460

  and civil rights issue, 323-4, 326, 359-60, 362, 365-6, 367-72, 374-5, 376

  as Congressman, 311-12, 323, 339

  King and, 326, 360

  personality of, 310-11, 323

  as President, 326-44, 359-60, 362, 365-6, 367-75, 461, 466, 504, 549, 561, 581, 584, 632, 651; Bay of Pigs fiasco, 331-2, 334-5, 336-7, 343, 524; and civil rights legislation, 360, 369, 370-1; in Cuban Missile Crisis, 334-5, 337, 495-6; domestic program, 360, 369, 370-1, 390, 554, 566-7; evaluation of, 342-4, 374-5, 677, 681; foreign policy, 328-9, 331-7, 339-44, 390-1, 491; “hawk” vs. “dove” advisers, 334-5, 343; inaugural address, 326-8, 335, 342, 566; steel price rollback, 651; and Vietnam, 342-4, 390-1, 402; women’s issues and, 433, 434, 437, 438

 

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